Translations of Historical Writings Composed and Read in the Czech Lands up to the Hussite Revolution and Their Audience

Author(s): Marie Bláhová / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

As with most of the Latin cultural circle countries, the oldest written texts, including the historical writings, in the Czech Lands were written in Latin. In Bohemia, the first translations of texts on historical topics into vernacular languages appear in the second half of the 13th century. It begins with loose adaptations of “common historical” topics, such as the life of Alexander the Great, in German and from the end of the 13th century also in Czech. In the first half of the 14th century we can find real translations of historical texts, not from Latin into vernacular language, but on the contrary from Czech into Latin and into German (Chronicle of so called Dalimil). Following are the German chronicles in verse, already translated from Latin. While the Latin translation was probably meant for a highlevel laic, the German texts were written for the German monks living in the Bohemia, and perhaps for the Prague patricians. Further translations of historical texts were being written from the second half of the 14th century. Those are the translations of the official historical works from the Charles IV era into Czech, later also into German for the citizens of “incorporated lands of the Bohemian Crown”. At the end of the 14th and at the beginning of the 15th century, even the “common” texts of Latin culture were translated into Czech, such as Peter Comestorʼs Historia scholastica, Martin of Opavaʼs Chronicon pontificum et imperatorum or the German chronicle of Jacob Twinger of Königshofen. However, the readers were much more interested in pseudo-historical light literature. The translators were among the clergymen, but also laymen, and the translated texts were primarily meant for laic readers. In the 15th century, the Czech history was being translated also outside the Czech borders, mainly in Bavaria.

XV-wieczni królowie Czech w relacjach kronikarzy śląskich klasztorów kanoników regularnych oraz klasztoru kłodzkiego

Author(s): Antoni Barciak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2019

The paper analyses some 15th century chronicles from canons regular monasteries in Silesia andKłodzko, which relate to the kings of Bohemia of this century. The chroniclers perceive the rulers inthe context of the events in Silesia and Kłodzko and in the context of their links with the monasteries of the canon regulars. They also take note of the origins of the rulers and their relationship withthe Roman Catholic Church and then with the Hussites.

Dux ambulans: Princ Zikmund Jagellonský a modality prezentace osobní i dynastické autority ve Slezsku a Lužicích konce středověku a počátku raného novověku

Author(s): Petr Kozák / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2019

The study is aimed at analysing the itinerary of Prince Sigismund Jagiellon from the time when thisfuture Polish-Lithuanian monarch acted as one of the Silesian territorial princes and governor representing his brother Vladislav in Silesia and Lusatia. The centre of interest was mobility as one ofthe tools of the power representation of the late-medieval ruler.

Václav IV. a Dolní Lužice v písemnostech postupimského archivu

Author(s): Tereza Dufková / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2019

The government of Wenceslas IV is often viewed stereotypically, more or less negatively, which applies equally to the personality of the Czech king. Because of her broader interest in this monarch,the author attempts to explore one aspect of his government, namely Wenceslas’s relationship withthe neighbouring Lands of the Bohemian Crown. Lower Lusatia, hitherto an ignored Crown Land,served as a model. The main objective of this study is to take stock of the ruler’s documents concerning Lusatia dating from 1364–1419. The collections in the Brandenburg Regional Archives in Potsdam,where the vast majority of the documents for Lower Lusatia is deposited today, serve as the mainguidelines to me.

Carmen insignis Coronae Bohemiae, un appel à la paix chrétienne dans la tourmente hussite

Author(s): Marie Bláhová / Language(s): French Issue: 2/2019

Die Freiberger „Hussitenhandschrift“ X 8o 40 im Kontext einer Neudatierung

Author(s): Thomas Krzenck / Language(s): German Issue: 51/1/2021

In 1877 Josef Pekař first described the Hussite composite manuscript stored in Freiberg, Saxony, with the signature X 8o 40, which has now been re-dated to around 1510 due to the watermarks examined for the first time in the Leipzig handwriting center. The author of the present study analyzes the important content of the manuscript, which includes an old Czech translation of the Konstanz trial files of the Magisters Jan Hus and Hieronymus von Prag and, as the only source, the chronicle about the Hussite captain Jan Žižka, which was written between 1434 and 1470. The second and third parts of the study deal with the contextualization and transmission of the manuscript against the local background of the Reformation and finally with the description of the external characteristics of the Freiberg Hussite manuscript that has been made so far.

Konserwacja i restauracja ściennego tabernakulum (sakrarium o budowie skrzyniowej) z Marianki Pasłęckiej. I połowa XV wieku

Author(s): Natalia Gruszczyk,Joanna M. Arszyńska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2014

The article concerns the issue of conservation and restoration of wooden elements of the cabinet construction of a church tabernacle and its decoration painted in the lean tempera technique. After the initial presentation of the object’s characteristics, technology of its creation, history and state of preservation, there is also a detailed description of treatment with some methods and means that were used during the conservation and restoration process. Furthermore, the work refers to some specific procedures of dealing with the strengthening of polychrome wooden boards with a weakened internal structure of wood, without the possibility of dismantling the artefact. Moreover, the article also describes the designed and implemented special aluminium outer construction that – embracing the whole church tabernacle from the outside - took over the load affecting the weakened structural joints. The description is complemented with the reference to the discussion on defining the extent of reconstruction of the Vir Dolorum painting located on the door of the tabernacle, where paint layer was damaged in more than 30%.

Panowanie króla Jerzego ze śląskiej perspektywy (w 550. rocznicę śmierci monarchy)

Author(s): Bogusław Czechowicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2021

Kto i kiedy zainicjował fundację klasztoru cysterek w Dorpacie?

Author(s): Maja Gąssowska / Language(s): English Issue: 25/2022

Celem niniejszego artykułu była próba odpowiedzi na pytanie, kto i kiedy zainicjował fundację żeńskiego klasztoru cysterskiego w estońskiej diecezji dorpackiej. Nie ulega wątpliwości, że zakładanie klasztorów żeńskich nie było sprawą priorytetową w świeżo chrystianizowanych, słabo zaludnionych i peryferyjnych Inflantach. Pierwsze klasztory męskie na tych ziemiach powstały w pierwszej dekadzie XIII w., klasztory żeńskie – dopiero na początku drugiej połowy XIII w. Fundatorami wszystkich byli lokalni władcy terytorialni – król duński i inflanccy biskupi (ryski, dorpacki i ozylski). Należy więc uznać, że podobnie było w wypadku klasztoru cysterek dorpackich, i szukać jego fundatora wśród dorpackich hierarchów. Wydaje się, że inicjatorem tej fundacji, która po raz pierwszy była wzmiankowana źródłowo dopiero w 1345 r., mógł być biskup dorpacki Frederick von Haseldorf, sprawujący tę godność w latach 1268 – ok. 1289. Sprzyjały temu stosunkowo długi czas jego pontyfikatu, potwierdzone źródłowo wcześniejsze zainteresowanie biskupa monastycyzmem kobiecym (jego rodzinny Holsztyn, Meklemburgia, Pomorze Zachodnie) oraz wysoka pozycja społeczna i majątkowa. Wydaje się, że zamiar fundacji powstał dopiero w ostatnich latach życia biskupa Fredericka von Haseldorfa i po jego śmierci przeznaczono na ten cel pieniądze sprowadzone przez dorpacką kapitułę katedralną ze Stralsundu, a stanowiące spuściznę po zmarłym biskupie. Samo powstanie klasztoru zapewne było rozciągnięte w czasie, podobnie jak w wypadku nieco lepiej oświetlonych źródłowo i wcześniejszych fundacji żeńskich klasztorów cysterek w Rydze i Rewalu, ale być może zaczął on funkcjonować jeszcze w XIII w. – zamykając okres chrystianizacji Inflant – do którego przynależały wszystkie fundacje cysterskie na terenie Dawnych Inflant.

Buch des Gedächtniβ – najstarsza księga miasta Chojnic (1436–1544). Okoliczności powstania i komentarz kodykologiczny

Author(s): Julia Możdżeń / Language(s): Polish Issue: 25/2022

This article contains an analysis of the codicological context and circumstances surrounding the writing of the oldest city record of Chojnice. This volume is the most important source of information about the town’s medieval history. It is in the State Archive in Bydgoszcz in the section devoted to Documents of Chojnice under signature no. 33. The date of its writing has provoked controversy among scholars, as the date of 1436 was often misread as 1466. The author discusses and analyzes the structure of the volume, the phases of its production, and dates the paper on the basis of an analysis of the dating ofthe water marks. These water marks confirm that volume began to be kept in the 1430s and subsequent pages were sown in as the pages of the manuscript were filled up. It is a typical record of entries kept simultaneously by the council and the town court; it was kept through to the 1640s. The introductory section of the volume is unique. There the councilors present in minute detail the motives behind starting it. They call it a book of memory, one that aims to preserve a memory of official matters, court cases, and transactions entered into. The author also considers the circumstances that could have influenced the late establishment of the record – only in 1436 – and points out the self‑awareness of the members of the town council as guardians of the memory of the town’s history.

Książęta śląscy w relacjach Polski z Czechami w początkowym okresie rewolucji husyckiej

Author(s): Jerzy Sperka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 25/2022

From the start of his reign, Władysław Jagiełło he strove to normalize relations with the Silesian dukes, vassals of the Czech Crown, and neighbors of the Kingdom of Poland. These plans were initially disrupted by the war with Władysław Opolczyk and his nephews (1391–1396), but after it ended, relations were correct for the next two decades. Jagiełło’s wise policy towards the Silesian dukes also included his matrimonial policy, arranging marriages with representatives of the Giedyminowicz family. In the mid‑1420s, all the bordering Upper Silesian principalities were ruled by relatives of the Polish king. Despite this, the dukes of Upper Silesia remained faithful to their Czech rulers. When the Hussite Revolution broke out in Bohemia in 1419, the Silesian dukes supported Sigismund of Luxemburg, the successor of Wenceslas IV. At the same time, however, they tried to maintain proper relations with the Polish King Władysław Jagiełło, permitting – like the princes of Racibórz, Cieszyn, and Oświęcim – the Hussite legations to pass through their territories on the way to Poland and Lithuania with the offer of the crown of St. Wenceslas. The situation changed when, in September 1421 in Racibórz, Jan II Żelazny (who was married to Jagiełło’s niece Helena) imprisoned the Hussite legation sent by the Czech parliament. Despite pleas and threats from the Polish and Lithuanian sides demanding their release, the Duke of Racibórz, under great pressure, handed over the envoys to King Zygmunt. Consequently, the Silesian dukes, fearing for their principalities (at the hands of the Hussites and Poland), became closely associated with Sigismund of Luxemburg and became his allies in the conflict with Jagiełło and Witold. The culmination of these activities was that the Silesian dukes, at the beginning of 1423, joined a pact against Poland, the aim of which was its partition. However, when Sigismund of Luxemburg abruptly changed his policy and, in March 1423 in Kieżmark, concluded a treaty of friendship with King Jagiełło, the Silesian dukes realized that they had made a mistake by trusting their ruler excessively and adopting anti‑Polish rhetoric. So they took rapid steps to restore the former correct relations, apologizing to King Jagiełło and the Kingdom of Poland for their actions, a move that proved successful.

Wodzieradzcy herbu Gąska z Sieradzkiego

Author(s): Alicja Szymczakowa / Language(s): Polish Issue: 25/2022

In the Sieradz Province, the House of Gąsk was concentrated in several areas: in the vicinity of Błaszki (Wójcice), Gruszczyce (Równa), Sędziejowice (Lichawa, Kamostek, Sycanów), Marzenin (Pruszków, Dobra, Wola Rososza), and Drużbin (Rzechta). The Wodzieradzki family had a small estate including the villages of Wodzierady and areas in Dziechtarzew, Chorzeszów and Dobruchów. The centre of the estate was Wodzierady, in which Krzesław probably built a fortress [fortalicium]. Six generations of Wodzieradzki resided there in the years 1398–1559. The figure of Krzesław stands out most in the family history. He took part in the battle with the Teutonic Knights at Chojnice (1454), and towards the end of his life became kasztelan Konarski (senator) of Sieradz (1491–1497).

Recepcja pruskiego przywileju inkorporacyjnego Kazimierza Jagiellończyka w Gdańsku w XV–XVI w.

Author(s): Marcin Grulkowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 25/2022

In 1454, King Kazimierz IV Jagiellończyk incorporated Prussia intothe Kingdom of Poland. This act became the direct cause of the Thirteen Years’ War with the Teutonic Order. The privilege of incorporation (Privilegium incorporationis) of March 6, 1454, granted to representatives of the Prussian states at that time, became the most important source of rights that created the legal basis for the autonomy of Royal Prussia within the Polish‑Lithuanian Commonwealth. The original of the document was kept in the Toruń archives. Numerous copies from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries testify to a considerable interest in issues relating to the autonomy of Royal Prussia. This resulted from the actions of the Commonwealth of Poland aimed at limiting the political separateness of Prussia. The subject of the article is the question of knowledge of the content of the incorporation privilege in Gdańsk in the period immediately after the end of the Thirteen Years’ War (after 1466). In 1470, Gdańsk obtained a copy of the privilege (which has not survived to this day), sent from Toruń. A second copy is in a manuscript drawn up in 1485 in connection with the participation of envoys from Gdańsk in the congress of Prussian states in Toruń. During this congress, King Kazimierz Jagiellończyk demanded the levying of new taxes in Prussia to meet the needs of royal policy. This met with opposition from the Prussian states and led to a dispute with the King. Central to the matter were the rights of the Prussian states set out in the Privilegium incorporationis of 1454. It is to be assumed that the Gdańsk sources presented in the article are among the oldest identified copies of the incorporation privilege.

ეგვიპტელი მამლუქების წინააღმდეგ თემურ-ლენგის ლაშქრობის შესახებ 1400-1401 წლებში

Author(s): George Akhalkatsishvili / Language(s): Georgian Issue: 2/2022

The end of the 14th century and the beginning of the 15th century are considered a very difficult period in the Middle East region, when a number of powerful Islamic states tried to gain hege­mony. During this period, the campaigns of Temur-Leng (1370-1405) caused great damage to the Middle East, including the Mamluks of Egypt. The history of Temur-Leng's campaigns against the Mamluks has not been studied in detail in Georgian historiography. We find information translated into Georgian in the work of the Armenian historian Tovma Metsofets (1378-1446) – „History of Temur-Leng and his descendants“ (Thomas of Metsoph. 1987)- and in the work of the 17th century Georgian historian Parsadan Gorgij­anidze - "Life of Georgia" (Parsadan Gorgijanidze. 2022: 251-253). We also get information about this matter through historians of non-Eastern origin - Persian and Arab. Among the Persian historians, the work Zafar nama ("The Book of Victory") (Nizam ad-Din Shami, 1937: 230-237) by Nizam ad-Din Shami, a historian of the court of Temur, created before Temur's death in 1405, and Zafername („The Book of Victory“) by Sharaf ad-Din Ali 'al-Yazd, published in 1424, are not­able (Şerrfeddin Ali Yezdi, 2019). As for Arab historians: Kalkashandi (1355-1418), Makriz (1364-1442), Ibn Qadi Shuhba (1377-1448), Ibn Hajar 'al-Askalan (1372/73 - 1449), Ibn Arabshah (1389-1450), In the works of 'Al-Ain (1451), Ibn Taghri Berdi (1411-1469), As-Sakhavi (1497) and Ibn Yas (1524) there are reports about Temur's campaigns against the Mamluks in Syria (A New Latin Source on Tamerlane's Conquest of Damascus (1400/1401), 1956: 202). Arab historians are evidently familiar with and share the accounts of Nizam ad-Din Sham and Sharaf ad-Din Ali 'al-Yazd regarding the capture of Damascus. But unlike the Persian historians, and because of their own background, they refer to Temur-Leng as „the tyrant“ and „the scourge of the earth“. (A New Latin Source on Tamerlane's Conquest of Damascus (1400/1401), 1956: 203).More complete and detailed information can be found in the accounts of Bertrand de Mignanelli, an Italian merchant living in Damascus, who personally knew the Mamluk Sultan Barquq (Sultan 1382–1389 and 1390–1399) and spoke Arabic well (D. Donald Sidney Richards; Chase F. Robinson, 2003: 258). After Bertrand's return to Italy (1416), he publishes his work in Latin – „The Life of Temur-Leng“ („Vita Tamerlani“), which was translated into English, studied with notes and comments by Walter J. Fishel. Also noteworthy is the account of one of the Italian merchants, Emanuele Piloto (1371- ca. 1441), whose trading area extended to the Eastern Mediterranean region. He spent almost twenty-two years in Mamluk Egypt, during which time he had to meet with Sultan Faraj several times and witnessed Temur's campaign in Syria (E. Piloti, 1950: 119-121). By studying and analyzing the literature listed above, we tried to provide information about the exact date of Temur-Leng's raids on the Mamluk Sultanate and the events that took place.On June 20, 1399, Mamluk Sultan Saif ad-Din Barquq (1390-1399) died. When Temur-Leng, who was in India, heard this news, he immediately decided to march to Syria (A New Latin Source on Tamerlane's Conquest of Damascus (1400/1401), 1956: 201-202). Before sacking the Syrian cities, Timur first sent an ambassador to Damascus, who was executed by the governor of Damascus, Sudun, appointed by the new Mamluk Sultan - Nasir ad-Din Faraj (1399-1405 /1405-1412)(https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Aleppo-1400) . Mamluk rule failed to properly assess Lang's forces. This time they had to deal with a much stronger and more ruthless enemy than in the battles with Ayun Jalut in 1260 or Albistan in 1277.In 1400, Lang started a war with the Mamluk sultan and sent his own army to Syria, who captured Aleppo (Hallab) in November and carried out a brutal massacre there, erecting towers of 20,000 skulls near the city walls (https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Aleppo-1400). Lang's plans did not include Aleppo alone, after subd­uing the latter, his cavalry moved south and conquered Hama, Homs, Baalbek (ucker, Spencer C. 2010: 140), Sivas, Malatya (in September 1400) and made his way to Damascus (A New Latin Source on Tamerlane's Conquest of Damascus (1400/1401), 1956: 209).After the victory over Damascus, Temur's army besieged the city, which is why the defeated sultan sent the great historian and philosopher Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406) as an ambassador from Cairo to the enemy's camp, who conducted unsuccessful peace negotiations with the enemy. His records, like Mignanelli's, are most noteworthy because, unlike other historians of the period, Khaldun was an eyewitness to the events unfolding there. He is therefore specially qualified to convey the picture of the siege and conquest of Damascus (A New Latin Source on Tamerlane's Conquest of Damascus (1400/ 1401), 1956: 203).If we rely on the report of Farsadan, which we quoted above, in the winter of 1401, Lang is in Baghdad and from there he plans to march to western Georgia in order to subjugate the fortress of Alinji, which is in the hands of the Georgians (Parsadan Gorgijanidze, 2022: 253). He moves from Baghdad to Tabriz, where he rests his army for four months before the campaign and enters Georgia by spring, which is confirmed by Nizam ad-Din Shami.Based on the sources and materials provided in the work, it is possible to draw the following chronological conclusion:Temur Lang's attack against the Mamluks, the subjugation of the city of Aleppo, as well as the battle with the city of Damascus and the conquest of the latter were carried out in the fall and early winter of 1400;Temur's campaign against the Mamluks and the big battles between them took place mainly in the territory of Syria, but the victory over Damascus pushed Temur's army to the south as well, as a result of which he took Jerusalem by 1400 and went from there to bless the holy cities of Mecca and Medina in 1401.

ПЕЧАТИ КАНТАКУЗИНЕ-КАТАРИНЕ БРАНКОВИЋ ЦЕЉСКЕ

Author(s): Benjamin Hekić / Language(s): English,Serbian Issue: 43/2022

In this paper all of the known preserved seals of countess Katherina of Cilli will be published for the first time. Born as Kantakuzina, the younger daughter of Serbian despot Đurađ Branković, she became the last heiress of the Austrian and Hungarian noble family of Cilli as the widow of count Ulric II. Although she took part in politics and governance even before her husband’s death in 1456, the major part of Kantakuzina’s preserved sealed documents comes from the period after Ulric’s death, when she independently ruled former Hungarian possessions of the House of Cilli in Slavonia for almost five years. Kantakuzina’s seals, all made of wax, bore her heraldic emblem, often with an inscription with her name and titulature. In analysing the seals, their inscriptions have been reconstructed, their typology has been established according to size and manner of affixing, the tentative number of used matrices and tentative dates of their creation have been determined, as well as their place in the broader diplomatic patterns of Kantakuzina’s documentary production, and a comparison was made with the sigillographic patterns of Slavonian noblewoman, despotess Barbara Frankopan Branković, who was Kantakuzina’s contemporary and relative. Kantakuzina’s seals were also analysed in detail from a heraldic perspective, in view of the peculiarity of her coat of arms.

Kaplice czy kaplica? O zawiłych dziejach kaplic(y) św. Bartłomieja i św. Jadwigi w gdańskim kościele Najświętszej Maryi Panny i o ich znaczeniu dla badań nad średniowiecznymi elementami wystroju

Author(s): Alicja Grabowska-Lysenko / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2022

According to the findings of the research into the history of St. Mary’s Church in Gdańsk, in its eastern part, behind the main altar, three liturgical centres operated in the Middle Ages: the Chapels of the Holy Sepulchre and of St. Bartholomew, which divided the wide architectural space on the axis of the temple, as well as the Chapel of St. Hedwig, located to the south of them. In the latter, a set of wall paintings and a rere- dos have survived to the present day, the aspects of which have been analysed mainly in relation to the scanty information on the history of this chapel. The example of the decoration of a chapel referred to as ‘Chapel of St. Hedwig’ shows how important, from the point of view of historical and artistic research, it is to use written sources, both those contemporary to the created works of art, and those from a later period. An in-depth analysis of various source materials related to the history of the chap- els mentioned above, especially documents related to the Chapel of St. Bartholomew, founded in 1451, has made it possible to establish that in fact there were formerly only two chapels behind the main altar: The Chapel of the Holy Sepulchre (later also called the Chapel of St. Gertrude) and – on the southern side – the Chapel of St. Bartholo- mew, which as early as at the beginning of the 16th century was commonly referred to as the Chapel of St. Hedwig. Putting this issue in order will make it easier to analyse the objects found in the Chapel of St. Bartholomew/Hedwig in a more comprehensive manner – as a group of works that are the effect of a more uniform concept, and it will enable a more precise dating of the works, which in turn may serve as a starting point for further research into the artistic environment of mid-15th century Gdańsk.

W sprawie kopiariusza OF 80a i jego edycji

Author(s): Radosław Krajniak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2022

The purpose of this publication is to critically evaluate the source edition of the cartulary with a reference number OF 80a from the archives of the Geheimes Staats- archiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz in Berlin. The source text in question was created in the 15th century in the chancellery of the Cathedral Chapter of Frombork, most prob- ably in connection with disputes over the borders and the territory of the dominion of Warmia. The small-sized cartulary is limited to only 12 source texts. A significant part of the documents published in the edition was already known to researchers from the materials printed in the Diplomatic Codex of Warmia, as well as from a copy of one of the books of privileges kept in the Archives of the Archdiocese of Warmia in Olsz- tyn. This, however, does not change the fact that the intention to make the entirety of the cartulary available to a wider audience was certainly a good idea. Alicja Dobrosiel- ska, who undertook this task, made a number of mistakes in the explanatory footnotes while preparing the source text for printing. Therefore, the essential part of this article is to point out the erroneous and inaccurate information, mainly concerning the Can- ons of the Cathedral Chapter of Warmia, and to present correct data which should have been included in the discussed edition.

Zur Diskussion über das Wismarer Verfestungsbuch 1353–1430

Author(s): Paweł Jeziorski / Language(s): German Issue: 2/2022

The presented text is a contribution to the discussion on the latest edition of the Wismar register of the proscribed from 1353–1430, published in 2019, and a themati- cally related collection of studies entitled Verfestungen, Stadtverweisungen, Urfehden. Kriminalität und ihre Ahndung in mittelalterlichen Hansestädten am Beispiel Wismars. The paper draws attention to those research issues that have been omitted or insuf- ficiently highlighted in the mentioned studies. In this regard the article mentions the rules for freeing oneself from proscription, the erroneous equation of proscription and banishment, and the means of deleting entries in registers of the proscribed. It was also noted that deleted entries generally occur in the most recent sections of registers of the proscribed. Their absence usually signals the sections of records from more distant times that have lost their relevance and thus no longer needed to be edited on an on- going basis. Moreover, the article emphasises the need for research into such issues as the social composition of the proscribed who appeared in the Wismar register, as well as their victims, female criminality, cases of relapse into crime among the proscribed, and the subsequent fate of such ‘recidivists’, or the attitude of municipal authorities to crimes committed against the representatives of the broadly understood social mar- gin. When researching these issues, the comparative perspective should be broadened to include registers of the proscribed from late medieval towns in the Kingdom of Poland and the Teutonic Order state in Prussia.

Chronologia wznoszenia krzyżackiego murowanego zamku prokuratorskiego w Nidzicy w świetle źródeł pisanych

Author(s): Sławomir Jóźwiak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2022

The erection of the brick castle of the Teutonic Order in Nidzica (border territory of the state of the Teutonic Order with Mazovia), intended as the seat of the Teutonic pfleger, directly subordinate to the commander of Ostróda, began at the end of the 14th century. The castle has so far been studied almost solely by historians of art, who were not entirely familiar with the numerous medieval written sources that referred to it. The analysis of the records (documents, correspondence, bills, stock lists) carried out in this article provides answers to two key questions. First, the brick castle of the Teutonic pfleger in Nidzica, which has survived to this day, was built in the period of 1399–1409, contrary to the suggestions of previous researchers, who dated it about 20 years earlier. The main (western) wing was completed in 1405. In the following years, intensive construction work was carried out on the other three wings of the main castle and the surrounding defensive curtain wall (and possibly the outer bailey). In March 1409, the first mention of a Teutonic pfleger appeared in the sources, and the newly built castle became his headquarters. Secondly, the earlier wood-earthen fortress (probably erected in the 1350s) was placed in a different location, which is still unrecognized today.

ПОВЕЉЕ ВЕЛИКОГ ЧЕЛНИКА РАДИЧA - ДИПЛОМАТИЧКА АНАЛИЗА

Author(s): Miloš Ivanović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 71/2022

This paper is dedicated to the diplomatic analysis of čelnik Radič’s charters, who was a prominent noble of Despots Stefan Lazarević and Đurađ Branković. In total, these are four charters intended for monasteries. The documents were created between 1430/1431 and 1433. By studying their diplomatic formulas certain features of these acts can be determined. The formulas such as intitulatio and sanction have a special significance for this research. Also, it is necessary to consider whether there were formularies for composing noblemen’s charters. These sources are important for understanding hierarchical relations between rulers and nobles in the Serbian medieval state during the last decades of its existence. The small number of preserved noblemen’s charters makes it impossible to draw firm conclusions.