Шибеник у прошлости и садашњости.
Данашњи шибенски котар има готово исте границе што их је имала жупа кнезова брибирских, која је сезала до иза брибирских мостина, тамо уз десну обалу ријеке Крке.
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Данашњи шибенски котар има готово исте границе што их је имала жупа кнезова брибирских, која је сезала до иза брибирских мостина, тамо уз десну обалу ријеке Крке.
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In his text titled Comedy, included in the collection of essays named The End of the Poem, Giorgio Agamben — the famous contemporary Italian philosopher — took up the problem of the ambiguity of Dante Alighieri’s Divine Comedy title. This issue has always been present in Dante studies since the Comedy itself was written. However, Agamben’s essay concerning this topic has not yet been met with interest among researchers of medieval or Italian literature, which seems to be quite significant. In this paper the author critically examines Agamben’s suggestions for interpretation of the title to see if they can broaden the horizon of Dante research. The confrontation of Agamben’s theses with previous concepts — the historical (Giovanni Boccaccio, Benvenuto da Imola) and the contemporary (Erich Auerbach, Amilcare A. Ianucci, Teodolina Barolini) — reveals the originality, but also the controversy of his ideas. The Italian philosopher entangles himself in the philological tradition, pointedly disputing with personages from the exegetical history, but at the same time he expounds his own interpretation. Nevertheless, as the author proves, there is no doubt that Agamben makes a significant contribution to the state of research on the title of the Divine Comedy revealing — among other things — deeply hidden cultural motivations of this academic phenomenon.
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The paper contains a description of several manuscripts from the collections of the State Jewish Museum, namely Moshe ben Maimon-Maimonides’ works (the closing books of Mishne Torah dating from the year 1444 and others).
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The aspects of style termed ἔννοια, λέξις, σχήματα, μέθοδος, κῶλα, συνθήκη, ἀνάπαυσις, ῥυθμός, found in Hermogenes’ De Ideis, begin to appear as a self-standing sequence in post-twelfth century rhetorical handbooks. The sequence becomes the object of contemporary theoretical developments, responsive to late Byzantine literary and rhetorical practice. The eight elements are extrapolated and summarized in a single chapter in the treatise On the Eight Parts of the Rhetorical Discourse, contained in vol. 3 of Walz’s Rhetores Graeci, but are also present as an unfolded, multi-chapter sequence in two fourteenth-century compilations: the anonymous Rhetorica Marciana and the Synopsis Artis Rhetoricae by Joseph Rhacendyta. This is a new and separate curriculum development, which was used to complement instruction in the Hermogenean corpus.
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The paper analyzes the portrayal of collective identity in the works of Gennadios Scholarios, focusing on his autobiographical writings. Tracing his use of the terms Hellene ( Ἕλλην), fatherland (πατρίς), and race (γένος), it explores Scholarios’ understanding of his collective and political identity before and after the Fall of Constantinople. The portrayal of collective identity of a learned Byzantine and assessment of the elements he used to determine the group with which he identified provide grounds to reconstruct a broader picture of identity questions in the late Byzantine period, especially in the relationship between the terms Rhomaios and Hellene.
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The paper investigates the nature of the commemoration of saints using the cult of the evangelist Luke in late medieval Serbian lands as a case study. It analyses St. Luke’s veneration starting from the middle of the 14th century, focusing on the changes that occurred after the translation of the saint’s relics to Smederevo on January 12, 1453. The research showed that the cult was transformed with the frequency of commemoration and the importance attributed to Luke’s feast days. In addition, the content of the cult is related to the Serbian environment, especially the capital of the Serbian Despotate, in two ways: by translating Constantinopolitan texts associated with his cult and by compiling new writings. Thus, the veneration of all-Christian saints with stable and lasting cults also proves to be a very dynamic process, in which the focus on the saint’s relics has a vital role.
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The paper examines the complex, multifaceted role that the settlement of Tana played for the Venetian and Genoese Republics, Byzantium, the Golden Horde, the Russian principalities, the Mendicant Orders, and long-distance trade in the Late Middle Ages. The author discusses some of the essential problems in the history of Tana, such as the relations between Venetian and Genoese settlers, between Venetian Tana and Genoese Caffa, and between the Western inhabitants of Tana and various groups of local population (Muslims, Greeks, Jews, Zich, and Circassians). It concludes that while the Venetians and the Genoese in Tana treated each other with a combination of rivalry and mistrust, they cooperated in trade to their mutual benefit and were usually able to form a united front in response to an external threat. In general, there was an intense confrontation between Venetian Tana and Genoese Caffa, but this does not seem to be the case between the Venetians and the Genoese within Tana. Other controversial issues raised in the paper include the so-called double suzerainty of the Italian settlements in Tana, the discrepancy between their economic and strategic significance and the size of the site, and the dating of the capture of Tana by the Ottomans.
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In one of his studies, Agostino Pertusi noted in a certain moment that “nel periodo che intercorre fra la morte del de Monacis ed i primi anni della seconda metà del ‘400, non vi furono storici che scrissero di cose veneziane. Molto probabilmente la situazione locale in aspro clima di guerra guerreggiata, prima contro i Carraresi ed i Genovesi, poi contro Francesco Sforza, non permise lo sviluppo di una storiografia.” In my opinion, the explanation given by the Italian historian includes two inaccuracies. First, the reference to the war period does not represent an evidence, since there are many cases when the periods of political crisis could not stop the historical writing: it is enough to refer in this sense to the moment when Doge Andrea Dandolo wrote his Chronica per extensium descripta, and this example is far of being singular. Secondly, A. Pertusi, having perhaps in mind the historical work of Flavio Biondo and regarding it as subsequent stage for Lorenzo de’ Monaci’s history, leaves completely aside the so-called “cronache di consultazione”, which continued to be compiled in the period taken into account. I refer here both to the chronicles ascribable to certain authors – such as Antonio Morosini, Fantino Pisani or Giorgio Delfino –, and to the numerous anonymous chronicles written in the 15th century. All of them developed to a large extent in the same time with the more or less ‘official’ Venetian histories (Lorenzo de’ Monaci, Flavio Biondo, Marcantonio Coccio Sabellico).
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Four kilometers from the village of Ideciu de Jos, in the area called Sânişoare, medieval iron objects and counterfeit coins were found by means of metal detectors. Documents do not mention any fortress in the area, tradition dating from the 18th century refers to the site as Sânişoare. Most of the material can be dated to the 14–15th century, the Sigismund of Luxembourg-era counterfeit coins have been of some help in this respect.
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The mound found north of Orăşeni and west of the mouth of Daia Creek was noticed by archaeologists in the 1960s. At this time, pebble extraction was started in order to provide materials for repaving the road and, as human remains had been uncovered during this work, the quarrying was halted. In 2015, during our archeological survey, we collected human bones from the recently plowed lower areas near the mound. During the autumn of the same year, we opened a small 1 × 3 m test pit in the higher, western area. In this we observed the traces of several graves, which convinced us to plan the excavation of a larger surface. We did this during the following year, when we opened a total of five 5 × 5 m excavation trenches, leaving 0.5 m thick walls between them in order to have stratigraphic reference. The excavation area covered about two thirds of the mound’s surface, with its north‑eastern side remaining unexcavated due to the presence of a very old tree, with a one meter thick trunk, which also prevented us from determining how far the cemetery stretched in this direction. During the excavation, which lasted several months, we identified the traces of 58 graves. There were no traces of any buildings which could have indicated the presence religious structures. Furthermore, the directions in which the graves were facing did not suggest that these had been oriented toward a nearby building, but instead, toward the positions where the sun would rise during different seasons. As such, we could observe considerable differences in the positioning of graves that had been dug during the same decade. The findings suggest that the cemetery had been in use since the turn of the 15th–16th centuries up to the second half of the 19th century, with a brief interruption during the 18th century. The artifacts recovered from the 16th–17th century graves don’t have any parallels in the inventories of church cemeteries found in Székely Land. Because of its rich yield of artifacts, and also its peripheral location, the cemetery requires a much closer inspection. The primary anthropological analysis of the bone fragments is complete.2 In this study we would like to present the archaeological results and the recovered artifacts. Naturally, we cannot overlook the history of the settlement and we have interpreted the newly acquired data in this context.
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Teutonic castles in Prussia have long captivated the interest of scholars, with greater emphasis placed on the fortresses of Teutonic commanders and, notably, Malbork Castle. Lesser attention, however, has been given to the castles of lower-ranking Teutonic offi- cials. One such castle is the Teutonic Pflegers’ fortress in Bytów, which stands to this day. Research on this site has been ongoing since the early 20th century, primarily conducted by art historians who have predominantly relied on architectural elements to delve into the castle’s construction chronology and spatial arrangement. Remarkably, numerous writ- ten accounts, both medieval and modern (16th–17th centuries), have been preserved con- cerning this castle. By incorporating these historical documents alongside archaeological findings made over the past three decades, the authors have reassessed prior conclusions about the castle’s early history and reconstituted its medieval spatial layout. Regrettably, lit- tle information is available regarding the initial residence of the Teutonic Pflegers in Bytów during the latter half of the 14th century. The brick castle was erected around the turn of the 15th century, displaying a rectangular design with four corner towers. The primary build- ing was located on the northwestern side. Within the courtyard, a distinctive feature was a transverse wall that divided the castle into two sections, viewing from the side of the kitchen. This architectural choice was distinct from other fortifications of Teutonic officials constructed in the first half of the 15th century in Prussia. The design of the castle in By- tów was innovative, while its architecture and spatial layout were to align with the evolving demands of warfare, such as the development of firearms.
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In Historie florenckie Ewa Białkowska focuses on the vast cultural heritage of Renaissance Florence, however, she begins by mentioning a disastrous flood of the 1960s that could have easily ruined said heritage. The present article aims at presenting the main ideas of the book and more importantly to pinpoint those elements that contribute to its originality. Even though Historie florenckie focus mainly on showing the most important works of art of Tuscany’s capital, in their descriptions a vital role is played by identifying the relationship between a piece of art and a human, between culture and society in which it is created. The interaction between human and art appears to be the most interesting aspect of the book.
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Building materials, especially mortars, represent an important category of archaeological evidence, which reveal, depending on their quality and variety, the living standard and the level of civilization reached by human communities in a certain area. Moreover, the authenticity of such evidence is confirmed only when itis researched methodically, individually and scientifically. To this end, scientific methods with high analytical precision can be used, from imaging to physical, chemical and biological analyses, which provide the best means to understand the chronology, provenance/sources of raw materials, manufacture and the usage of the artifacts one studies, as well the processed materials origins. The archaeological research carried out in the medieval site of Old Orhei led to the discovery of different categories of construction materials used in the building of civil and military constructions. The paper presents the results obtained from the analyzes carried out for 24 mortar samples, taken from different sectors of the archaeological site of Old Orhei, particularly from the walls of the medieval fortifications. For the assessment of these mortars, non-destructive analytical methods (X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, OM/SEM microscopy) and petrographic analysis were used, in order to identify the various components present, based on the optical and morphological properties of the mortars. Thus, it was possible to establish the distinct characteristics and state of preservation of the mortars, which were grouped into mortars from the 14th century and from the 15th century.
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The demographic history of Dalmatia and its hinterland in the late Middle Ages and the early modern period is significantly marked by migrations and temporary or permanent migrations of larger groups of the Morlach (Vlach) population. In this respect, the Vrana area is poorly researched, and the same can be said for the entire Zadar region, especially when it comes to the 15th and 16th centuries. With this article, we will try to fill at least part of that historiographical gap, focusing on the period from the forties of the 15th century to the beginning of the Cyprus War in 1570. In the first part of the discussion, we will consider archival news about the seasonal migrations of Morlach clans, which often came from their habitats in the Croatian hinterland to the Venetian pastures near Vrana in the winter. Then we will focus on migration processes caused by the Ottoman conquests, where we will especially follow the traces of the Morlach population known as the Vlachs of Istria or the Istrian Morlachs, which from the 1520s gave a demographic imprint to the border area of the wider Zadar hinterland, burdened by Venetian-Ottoman friction and war conflicts.
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Based on the statutory, diplomatic and protostatistical sources (tithe census records), this paper analyzes the efficiency with which the Zagreb Chapter exploited the water resources on its estates in the 14th and 15th centuries. These resources include the traffic potential of the rivers on the estates, ferries, watermills, dams, ponds and bathing-places. The paper is also trying to establish the extent to which the Chapter managed the estates that were flooded either by human or by natural agency. The paper endeavors to prove that the Chapter was in constant interaction with its environment. This indicates that, even when the Chapter exploited its water resources to the maximum, it caused readjustment and changes in the environment.
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In this article, I analyze selected texts of epithalamia and epitaphs, on the basis of which we can conclude that it is no accident that male poets paid so much attention to women in these two genres. This is so because in wedding songs they needed a virtuous wife, and in funeral songs they had to prove that they had found one. In both types of works, the catalogue and the laudatio of female virtues are very similar. The difference is visible in the description of appearance, which in epitaphs is of secondary importance, because the body disintegrates after death, unlike the immortal soul. In the sixth epitaph to Elżbieta Szydłowiecka, Piotr Rojzjusz emphasizes the grace and beauty of the deceased, but puts them between two other virtues: kindness and holiness. All virtue lay at rest in the grave with this beautiful woman. The funeral laudatio coincides with the laudatio in wedding songs. The woman was to be the model of a good wife, a mother, and a Christian. The topos of the good wife required of her: good birth, love for her husband, piety, decency, honesty, modesty, unconditional obedience to her husband, and lack of a quarrelsome disposition (the epitaphs lack pulchra and pecuniosa). The topos of a good mother, however, includes giving birth and raising children. A good mother had to be pious, modest, and caring for her family and children. In each of these roles, the description of virtues is strongly prescriptive. A woman becomes a being programmed by nature and patriarchal society to fulfill the role of an obedient daughter, a virtuous wife, a caring mother, and a good housewife.
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Životni put padovanskog liječnika i učitelja Alessandra Benedettija (1450.-1512.), između Italije, Dalmacije i Grčke, izgleda kao da se prepliće sa životnim putem njegovog učitelja iz Hrvatske, Federika Grizogona (1472.-1538.). Obojica zabrinuti zbog pandemija, koje su ciklično harale Europom u XV. i XVI. stoljeću, pisali su kratke rasprave o kugi. Ovaj rad detaljno analizira njihov etiološki, dijagnostički i prognostički pristup zaraznim bolestima. Njihovo svjedočanstvo, u velikoj mjeri zahvaljujući tradicionalnoj liječničkoj misli, ipak otkriva trajni napredak znanstvene misli, kao i rasprave koja iz nje proizlazi.
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This paper examines the history of crossing the Sino-Chosŏn borders in various contexts. The evolution of border crossing can be traced from its origins as a political mission that was part of the diplomatic ritual to its later development as an economic circuit where individuals vied for profits, and finally to its status as a public program that carried significant weight in high-level politics. Throughout its history, border crossing was characterized by its dual nature, encompassing both ritual and mundane, exotic and domestic, national and international elements. It was emblematic of the ongoing interactions between China/Chinese and Korea/Koreans, and the flows of people and goods between them. These individuals and items were re-identified and re-categorized following their crossing of the borders, and the processes of identification and categorization shed light on the political dynamics of both countries.
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Review of: Dangiras Mačiulis, Rimvydas Petrauskas, and Darius Staliūnas (translated by Beata Piasecka), Kto wygrał bitwę pod Grunwaldem: Tradycja grunwaldzka wśród narodów Europy Środkowo–Wschodniej [Who Won the Battle of Grunwald? Tradition of Grunwald among the Nations of Central and Eastern Europe] (Warszawa: Instytut Pamięci Narodowej-Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu, 2020), 360 pp.
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Il saggio interpreta per la prima volta la lettera dell’umanista croato Antun Vrančić (1504 – 1573) al patrizio veneziano e viceré di Cipro Carlo Cappello (1492 – 1547) del 1546. La lettera è stata scritta da Venezia durante il soggiorno di Vrančić presso Francesco Cappello, il figlio di Carlo. Un’attenzione particolare è rivolta alle descrizioni di Vrančić delle tradizioni veneziane durante il carnevale e la Festa della Sensa. Inoltre, vengono qui confermate alcune notizie biografiche relative a Carlo Cappello.
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