The Second Peace of Toruń of 19 October 1466 in the Polish, Prussian and Teutonic Historiography of the 15th–16th Centuries

Author(s): Sławomir Zonenberg / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2016

Na sposób pisania o II pokoju toruńskim poważnie wpłynęło środowisko społeczne i polityczne, z którego wywodzili się kronikarze, cel tworzenia utworów, ale także gatunek pisarski jaki uprawiali. Najobszerniej o pokoju pisała strona zwycięska, zwłaszcza w XV wieku. W dziejopisarstwie polskim nie przedstawiono całej treści traktatu, co w tym przypadku wynikało z założeń utworów i ich objętości. Wpływ na to mógł mieć też od pewnego momentu fakt opublikowania treści traktatu w Polsce. Co natomiast istotne, jeśli nawet nim dysponowano, nikt – oprócz Jana Długosza – nie ekscerpował go bezpośrednio. Relacje polskich kronikarzy z XVI wieku generalnie są już mniej szczegółowe, a ponadto nie zawierają występującego u Długosza emocjonalnego zaangażowania, poczucia triumfu i patriotyzmu oraz rozważań historiozoficzno-moralnych. Najpewniej z tego powodu, że kwestia ta – po likwidacji państwa krzyżackiego w 1525 r. – nie budziła w ich czasach, zwłaszcza zaś w 2. poł. XVI stulecia, już większego zainteresowania. W dziejopisarstwie pruskim dwóch autorów – tj. Jan Lindau i Hieronim Waldau, piszących w XV wieku – zaprezentowało całą treść traktatu. Wynikało to zapewne z faktu, że ich utwory nie miały charakteru stricte historiograficznego. W całym dziejopisarstwie pruskim analizowanego okresu w przypadku relacji o pokoju występuje wyraźny podział na autorów pozostających w bliskich kontaktach z rządzącymi oraz piszących od nich niezależnie. Informacje tych pierwszych są generalnie obszerne i szczegółowe, natomiast drugich skąpe. Odnosi się ponadto ogólne wrażenie, że dla dziejopisarzy pruskich II pokój toruński, który silnie wpłynął na losy ich ojczyzny, miał daleko większe znacznie niż dla kronikarzy polskich – zwłaszcza tych z XVI stulecia. W dziejopisarstwie krzyżackim i zwolenników Zakonu natomiast widać ewidentne dążenie do nieprzekazywania treści pokoju i jego bardzo negatywną ocenę. Można być przekonanym, że u przyczyn takiego postępowania legły czynniki polityczno-propagandowe.

Bonos Sforzos vietinės administracijos pareigūnai Lietuvos Didžiojoje Kunigaikštystėje: personalinis aspektas

Author(s): Rasa Leonavičiūtė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 1/2018

The article discusses the personal aspect in the administration of land complexes owned by Bona Sforza in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL). The officers of local administration personally assigned by Bona Sforza are the main object of the article. Therefore, their origin, career, significant social relations are analyzed in the article. The research explains what people Bona used assign to manage her lands in the GDL, highlights the typical tendencies and reveals the characteristics of the management of specific land complexes.

Az örökös ispánságok Zsigmond király korában

Author(s): Norbert C. Tóth / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 03/2011

The institution of perpetual ispáns (comites perpetui, örökös ispánok) in the medieval Hungarian Kingdom is a well researched field thanks to the work of Imre Hajnik, and, more recently, András Kubinyi and Richárd Horváth. Basically, the responsibilities of a perpetual ispán were similar to those of an ordinary ispán of a county: it was his duty to preserve and defend the rights of the county nobility, to guarantee compliance with royal mandates, to control the collection of royal revenues, and to secure the transport of salt and the free circulation of coins. The only important difference was that whereas the removal of the ordinary ispán was dependent upon the royal will (durante beneplacito or usque beneplacitum), the perpetual ispán held his office onto death. If the perpetual ispán was an ecclesiastic, mostly archbishop or bishop, he was naturally succeeded as ispán by his successor in the church office. If, on the other hand, the person holding the title of perpetual ispán was a layman, the office descended upon his heir within the family.

Krótkie życie i niespodziewana śmierć młodego magnata. Janusz Paweł ks. Ostrogski i jego testament z 6 sierpnia 1619 roku

Author(s): Zbigniew Anusik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2020

The article is devoted to prince Janusz Paweł Ostrogski (1597–1619). He was a descendant of one of the most powerful magnate families in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. After the early death of his father, the Volyn voivode Aleksander, he was brought up, together with older brother, by his mother. She led them to conversion from Orthodoxy to Catholicism. In the years 1611–1615 the young Ostrogski brothers took an educational journey around the Western Europe. After returning to the fatherland they took over a huge latifundium from their mother. Both brothers were known of their rude lifestyle and promiscuity. They were infected with syphilis, which was a cause of their premature death. After the death of his older brother, Janusz Paweł became one of the greatest landowners in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. He was going to get married. Death however, surprised him on his way to the home of his future father-in-law. The prince made an interesting last will before his death, the critical edition of which was included as an annex to this study.

Várdai Ferenc erdélyi püspök egyházi és világi helyettesei

Author(s): Mihai Kovács / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2020

The paper is a prosopographical analysis regarding the placeholders of Ferenc Várdai, bishop of Transylvania between 1513 and 1524. As well as in other bishoprics of late-Medieval Hungary, the exercise of episcopal authority was divided between three categories of personnel: the suffragan, the vicars in spiritualibus and the provisors of episcopal estates and revenues. Brief biographies of each member of the group are followed by the proper analysis. This shows that noble origin was necessary only for being a provisor, personal relationship with the bishop was important, albeit not sufficient, for the recruitment, a certain level of education and competence being also required for each office. The inquiry also partially reveals the complex relationship network between the members of the group. There is some evidence regarding the fact that the bishop and his entourage were perceived by other clerics as a united group, which allows the conclusion that the selection of placeholders was efficiently used in order to enhance the power of the bishop in local society.

Pieczęcie starostów księstw oświęcimskiego i zatorskiego do 1563 roku

Author(s): Karol Nabiałek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 85/2019

The paper deals with the seals of the captains (starosta) in the Duchies of Oświęcim and Zator from the years 1516-1562. They allows to observe the process of the formation of the office seal (originally private seals were used to confirm official acts). The need for special seals for the affairs of those duchies was probably caused by the fact that every real estate transaction had to be confirmed by a document from the captain and the land judge.

Hecrî Divânı’nda Şahsiyetler

Author(s): Musa Tilfarlioğlu / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2020

Among the sources of classical Turkish poetry, human has an important place. In particular, statesmen, scholars, poets, philosophers and mythological and legendary figures who lived in the past and left traces on societies with good or bad traits, elders of religion and mysticism were frequently used by poets in classical Turkish poetry. In this study, Hecrî, one of the scholar poets who lived in the 16th century has included in his poems are examined and it is tried to find out how the poet uses these personalities in his poems and how they benefit from their stories.

Susținerea tezei de doctor „Rolul agriculturii în economia oraşelor din Estul Europei (Rzeczpospolita şi Ţara Moldovei) în secolele XVI-XVII”

Author(s): Andrei Prohin / Language(s): Romany Issue: 29/2018

Prilog proučavanju biografije velikog vezira Mehmed-paše Sokolovića

Author(s): Alen Zečević / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 1/2019

The paper aims to, relying on relevant historical material and sources, contextualize and illuminate the political biography of Grand Vizier Mehmed-pasha Sokolović. Conceived in several thematically interdependent chapters, the review article deals in chronological order with the problem of ideological interpretations of national and religious identity, and the developing phases of Sokolović's military and political career in the service of the Ottoman Empire

Püspök a családban

Author(s): Gyula Várallyay / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 01/2021

Historical essay on the prominent Hungarian family Várallyay and on one of its most famous members, the bishop Szaniszló Várallyay.

A Monarch in Petticoat: Metaphors of the Body in Queen Elizabeth’s Representations

Author(s): Erzsébet Stróbl / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2020

Queen Elizabeth’s forty-five year reign is marked by refined representational strategies that aim to justify her rule as queen. One of the central issues she continuously addressed was female authority that defied traditional interpretations of the role of women within society. Instead of avoiding the question of her gender, Queen Elizabeth’s speeches, prayers and portraits consciously included corporeal references both to refute misogynist arguments and to manipulate gendered references as validation of female power. The article will analyse the metaphors of body in the Queen’s rhetoric and official representation in order to underline their significance as means to justify queenship in sixteenth-century England.

Masa servită la Cluj de banul Mihalcea, un boier al lui Mihai Viteazul, în iunie 1600

Author(s): Maria Frînc / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 28/2020

The city of Cluj has hosted many guests in the Middle Ages. Among them was a boyar of Michael the Brave, Mihalcea Caragea, in the June 1600. The boyars’presence in Cluj is mentioned in the City Accounts with notes regarding his alimentation. In the present study I discuss the meal served in Cluj by Mihalcea based on the City Account as primary source. Firstly, I attempt to describe the culinary habits of the boyar. Apart from this, I also try to give a clear image of the expenses covered by the city in order to purchase food products. Lastly, I will focus on the possible origins of these products.

A mohácsi Törökdomb

Author(s): Norbert Pap,Pál Fodor,Máté Kitanics,Tamás Morva,Gábor Szalai,Péter Gyenizse / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 02/2018

This paper addresses issues related to Törökdomb, the memorial place built by the Ottomans on the battlefield after the battle of Mohács, which has perished over time. In this battle, the army lead by Hungarian and Czech King Louis II encountered the troops of Sultan Suleiman I. 12-15 thousand people lost their life in the battle on the Christian side, including the king and 5-6 thousand Czech infantrymen. The artificial hill was erected in Roman times next to a military road, but it gained special importance as a legendary site only after the battle in 1526, where Sultan Suleiman prayed for victory and watched the battle. The hill has played an important role as a memorial place for several centuries, which has undergone significant changes over time. Research into the battle of Mohács and the military landscape raises a complex set of problems; among other things, the scene of the battle is hotly debated. The findings of studies relying on historical sources, old maps, previous archaeological documentations, folk memory and on-site geographical investigations can pave the way not only for a more realistic assessment of the military landscape, but they can reveal much about the social changes of the last 500 years as well as the changing views on the battle and Hungarian identity.

Sátorhely vagy Majs? Földvár környezeti jellemzői – A mohácsi csata centrumtérségének lokalizálása

Author(s): Norbert Pap,Máté Kitanics,Péter Gyenizse,Gábor Szalai,Balázs Polgár / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 02/2019

Földvár is a medieval community with a large estate to the south of Mohács. According to István Brodarics’s report on the Battle of Mohács, the centre of the clash was here in 1526. The exact location of this village has been debated for about a hundred years. The authors of this paper examined the geographical references of medieval and modern sources and compared them with the features of the reconstructed landscape from sixteenth- and seventeenth-century sources, based on old maps, written sources and geoinformation modelling. Based on this, it was established that the environment of Majs does not correspond to the geographical features of medieval Földvár and that the description of the battle site also points to Sátorhely as the likely location. The village was somewhere in the administrative area of today’s Sátorhely, and the boundaries of the estate were clearly identifiable as the area connected to the “great ditch” north of the village, to the Danócz marsh / Vizslaki meadow in the east and to the valley of the Borza Stream in the west.

Az 1526. évi mohácsi csata helyszíneinek földrajzi jellemzői

Author(s): Norbert Pap,Péter Gyenizse,Máté Kitanics,Gábor Szalai / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 01/2020

The Danube’s branches, the Karasica, the streams of the Mohács plain and still waters played an important role in the course of the 1526 events. Maneuvers of the contending parties were strongly influenced by conditions of the water system. Skirmishes were taking place on both sides of the river and on the water, as well. Both the Ottoman and Hungarian troops were partially outfitted through the Danube and the Mohács lay-by could be used to provide supply. Their camp was set up south of this, next to the water (flood plain) and road of Eszék [Osijek, Croatia]. At that time the Danube’s main branch was the eastern (Baracska) one, while the Mohács branch was a side one, in contemporary terminology a “gap”. The survivors of the battle fled west-, north- and partly eastwards. Ships plying on the Danube also played role in the escape. It is reported by most Ottoman and some Christian sources that many of the fugitives lost their lives in the Danube and in the deep flood plain marshes along the river, respectively.

A Magyar Királyság és a Bajor Hercegség diplomáciai-politikai kapcsolatai a 15–16. században

Author(s): Bence Péterfi / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2015

In this article I present the results of a research which was done in Munich libraries and archives (Bayerisches Hauptstaatsarchiv, Bayerische Staatsbiblitohek) in June and July 2014. Not considering the exploratory work undertaken by Karl Nehring in the 1970s, both collections have so far remained outside the scope of Hungarian medieval studies. In the course of the work, I relied on the manuscript notes of Nehring and Bela Ivanyi, on the information found in the secondary literature, and also on manuscript archival guides. Alongside a general collection of information, my aim was to gather material with regard to three major topics: the 1515 royal summit and Bavaria, Habsburg-Hunyadi relations (the Austrian wars of Matthias) and the landholding of the Kanizsai family at Neuburg am Inn. In all three fi elds the research has proved fruitful: what, however, turned out to be especially well enlightened with new information is the relationship of the Wittelsbach with the Hunyadis and the Jagiellonians respectively. To illustrate this, the newly discovered charters of Matthias as well as hitherto unknown sources on the battle of Mohacs are published in the appendix of the paper.

Régi egregiusok

Author(s): Szabolcs Varga / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2015

Tamás Pálosfalvi: The Noble Elite in the County of Körös (Križevci) 1400–1526. Bp., MTA Bölcsészettudományi Kutatóközpont Történettudományi Intézet, 2014. (Magyar Történelmi Emlékek. Értekezések.) 526 p.

ВЕЗЕ ЦЕТИЊА И БЕОГРАДА ЦРНОЈЕВИЋКИ УЗОРИ У БЕОГРАДСКОМ ЧЕТВОРОЈЕВАНЂЕЉУ

Author(s): Vladimir Tomić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3-4/2020

The paper is dedicated to the influence of Crnojević‘s printing on the Belgrade Four Gospels from 1552. The works printed in Cetinje served as a model for later, not only Serbian, but also Romanian printing houses. We see the repetition of Cetinje motifs in Cyrillic editions in Goražde, Rujno, Gračanica, Mileseva, Belgrade and Mrkšina Crkva, as well as Trgovište in Wallachia. If it existed, the Crnojević Four Gospels could serve as a template for the creation of the Vlach Four Gospels, which would mean that it became a model for all later four Gospels, the Rujan, Belgrade and Mrkšina Crkva.

Între delimitare și asumare: poziția regelui Carol al IX-lea față de Masacrul de Sfântul Bartolomeu

Author(s): Vasile-Robert Nechifor / Language(s): Romanian,French Issue: 7-9/2020

On August 24th, 1572, around 3:00 AM, the bells of Saint-Germain-l’Auxerrois church in Paris gave the signal to one of the most famous events of the first period of the French Protestantism: The Massacre of St. Bartholomew, in which the Admiral Gaspar II of Coligny-Châtillon (1519-1572), the Chief of the Huguenot party, along with other 2.000 fellow co-religionaries lost their lives. The position of king Charles IX (1550-1574) regarding these killings is illustrated in four declarations, issued on August 24th, 25th, 26th and 27th, in which the monarch denied at first any implications in the event, but later concluded that he had ordered it. This paper analyses these four declarations, in order to give a hint on the motives that led to the change of attitude in the king’s discourse.

Nicasius Ellebodius és az „Otium Litterarum”. Egy flamand filológus viszontagságai Pozsonyban (1571–1577)

Author(s): Áron Orbán / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2020

The study revisits Nicasius Ellebodius’s life and character as can be outlined from the sources of his Bratislavan (Pozsony) period. Ellebodius, who was born in Cassel in French Flanders in 1535 and studied in Leuven, Rome and Padua, became one of sixteenth-century Europe’s best classical philologists. Patronised by Bishop István Radéczy, he spent the last period of his life basically in Bratislava. He worked on editions or paraphrases of several – primarily Aristotelian – classical Greek works. While his major philological achievements have already been assessed by international research, scholars have not delved deep into his biography. His surviving correspondence – the majority of which belongs to his Bratislavan period – provides an opportunity to look behind the works and gain insight into his activities and personality. The study focuses on the problem how far he could realise the otium litterarum that he yearned so much and what challenges he had to face in his everyday life in Hungary.