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Eszmék, forradalmak, háborúk. Vadász Sándor 80 éves
Sándor Vadász was 80 years old in 2010. His colleagues greeted him with studies. At the end of the volume there is an interview with professor Vadász about his life.
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Sándor Vadász was 80 years old in 2010. His colleagues greeted him with studies. At the end of the volume there is an interview with professor Vadász about his life.
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The paper analyses selected stylistic and linguistic properties of Divković’s Sto čudesa aliti zlamen’ja blažene i slavne Bogorodice, Divice Marije (1611). Father Matija Divković was the founder of Bosnian literature, and paved the way for many later writers in the Bosnian, Herzegovinian and Croatian lands. His popular and widely- read religious and didactic works contributed to the spread of the written Štokavian dialect and infl uenced the standardisation of the Croatian language based on the Štokavian dialect. Divković’s work, therefore, belongs to both Croatian and Bosnian and Herzegovinian culture. He oriented his language aesthetically through traditional poetic devices and rhetorical and stylistic conventions inherited from Latin mediaeval literature, as well as from Croatian mediaeval prose. His relationship towards the original texts shows the author’s ability to articulate religious messages in his own way by selecting from a fund of available possibilities.
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The author reexamines the foundation of the statements that the Štokavian vernacular used for writing in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the 16th and 17th century is purely popular and without any backing in the previous tradition as well as that the idiom was undeveloped in the literary sense. At the fi rst glance the koine, in which Franciscan writers were writing, contains the characteristics which inconsistently but completely correspond to the contemporary peculiarities with regard to the substitution of phoneme yat in the spoken language of Kraljeva Sutjeska and its surrounding where they worked,as ir>ijer, the ijekavian substitute in the fl exive endings of nouns, pronouns and adjectives as well as ijekavian refl ex with the indefi nite pronouns. However, the occurrence of a relatively large number of ikavism-forms, gerunds derived by the suffi x –je without iotation, and also certain literary admixtures on the syntactic and lexical aspect is evidence of inheriting the manners of the previous tradition through ars dictaminis, which was known and spread also among Bosniaks and Croats.
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The presence of Sufis in Herzegovinian sanjak was noted almost from the very inclusion of this province into the Ottoman Empire. Some of their members went further with military units, while the others stayed and involved into activities of the city community. Some were military members of citadel garrisons, some were mosque officials, while a considerable number of Sufis was involved in business matters, thus structuring material basis for their existence and existence of their families, and wider community as well.
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Pod všeobecným pomenovaním „Thurzovci“ alebo „Thurzo“ si každý predstavuje niekoho iného. Pritom tých historicky významných Thurzovcov nebolo až tak veľa, ak si uvedomíme, že v porovnaní s inými aristokratickými rodmi žili Thurzovci (aspoň historicky) relatívne krátko, len niečo cez dve storočia (1430–1636). O to viac musí vyniknúť závratnosť kariéry, ktorú za dve storočia urobili. A boli práve na vrchole svojej slávy a bohatstva, keď ich postihla nepriazeň osudu, že ich rod vymrel v mužskej línii.
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Vo výskume uhorských správnych, politických a vojenskohistorických dejín 16. – 17. storočia sú vzťahy palatína a stolíc stále marginálnou témou. Najúplnejšie sprístupnenie prameňov sa uskutočnilo ešte v polovici 19. storočia: Károly Ráth (1829–1868) publikoval z bohatého archívu Rábskej stolice listy palatína Mikuláša Esterházyho (1625–1645) adresované stolici, Iván Nagy (1824–1898) zase listy a mandáty palatína Františka Wesselényiho Novohradskej stolici. Nasledujúca štúdia nadväzne na tieto výskumy načrtáva vzťah palatína Juraja Thurzu a dvoch stolíc západného Zadunajska, a to zo špeciálneho hľadiska, zo strany týchto úradov, na základe rozkazov palatína, mandátov, resp. stoličných zápisníc a intimátov. Žiaľ, z daného obdobia sú pramenné základne úplne rozdielne. Kým v stolici Vaš sa zachovala zápisnica z daného obdobia, v archíve rodu Batthyány v Pinkafelde sa objavili aj palatínove listy adresované stolici, zatiaľ Šopronská stolica z týchto rokov nemá ani zápisnicu z kongregácií, a aj z listov a mandátov palatína, adresovaných stolici, sa zachovalo len zopár.
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History of crime and punishment is not a marginal history. Quite the opposite, by showing which kinds of behaviour were unacceptable and punishable by the law, judicial records reveal norms of behaviour imposed by society on men and women. The author addresses several questions: What were the most frequent and typical charges brought against women? How does it correspond to the criminality of men? Were women and men treated differently for the same crime? Were there any gender differences in the punitive patterns? The paper uses examples from the four towns of Upper Hungary (present-day Eastern Slovakia) Kosice, Levoca, Bardejov and Presov, mainly from the second half of the sixteenth century, as judicial sources of an earlier date are rather scarce. Contemporary notion of crime and ways of dealing with criminal activities reflect the norms and values of the society. One of the most important immaterial property and value deeply entrenched in the mentality of the people of the 16th century was their good reputation. In case of men, it was based more on a concept of honour and in case of women, it was their chastity that counted. As a result, cases of defamation or slander were rather frequent among towns people. At the same time, the sixteenth century saw the increasing tendency of town authorities to regulate conduct, sexual behaviour and the family life of ordinary people. This phenomenon, called sometimes moralization of society or social disciplining was stimulated by the spread of the Reformation and the subsequent internal reform of the Catholic Church. Sexual offences and offences against the institution of marriage such as fornication, prostitution, desertion of one's husband, adultery, bigamy and incest were punished severely. It is interesting that the law did not discriminated between prostitution and fornication, using "fornication" as a blanket term for all kinds of immoral behaviour of unmarried people. Public shaming or flogging at the pillory and banishment were usual punishments for fornication. If there were no obstacles, the court would force the couple convicted of fornication to marry in prison. Sexual relations of married people with anybody other than their lawful husband or wife were punished in a similar way, but usually more strictly and capital punishment was not rare in such cases. It was one of the above-mentioned offences against morality and marriage that women were most frequently charged with. At the same time, courts would often for the same offence pronounce different sentence for a women and different for her partner. While the woman was flogged and banished, the man would get awav with a fine. On the other hand, men were most frequently accused of thievery. Punishments for thieves varied enormously, depending on individual circum stances of each case. Overall, however, male thieves used to get harsher punishments than women did. This might be explained by the fact, that women, unlike men, were mostly opportunistic petty thieves, who were in general treated more leniently. In murder charges, women were almost unheard of as the accused, unless we include a special group of infanticides into the category. Infanticide was a typical crime of single girls and was punished by the death penalty. Witchcraft charges were brought to the court only exceptionally in the sixteenth century and even then, accused women were pronounced innocent or discharged with an admonition only. The sex of the condemned determined also a kind of punishment they would get. Women were never hanged, broken by the wheel or quartered. On the other hand, death penalty by drowning was used only on women. Similarly, impalement in the grave, the usual penalty for infanticide was a typical female punishment. Urban judiciary had a unique place in the Hungarian judicial system and it seems that town authorities imposed stricter penalties than any other court.
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The privilege granted to the town of Cluj in 1405 by the Hungarian king Sigismund was of great significance for its future development. Since the second half of the 15th century, the town used the law of Buda. The guild statutes regulated not only how artisans should perform their craft, but also other, private spheres of their lives. Guild and municipal statutes from the medieval period as well as the later ones form the 16th century concerned guild members who were, obviously, all men. However, in guild documents we can find some legal records that relate to women, especially in connection with the daughters and wives of late guild masters. At the first sight, it might seem that the guilds tried to protect lonely women in all the cases. Nevertheless, the guild statutes differed and sometimes a guild would change the clauses over the time. For example, at first a guild masters ' widow was allowed to take over her late husband's craft over some period of time (usually one year) or as long as she kept his family name. A woman living on her own could practice the craft only under the condition that the products met the standards of the guild. In Cluj, there was a custom, widespread in other municipal laws, according to which the wife’s and husband's possessions became their common property after the wedding. On the other hand, unlike in many municipal laws, where a husband and a wife got equal share, in Cluj, after the death of a partner the man got two thirds and the woman only one third of their common property. It is characteristic of the period that wives, daughters and widows did not have the same position as their male counterparts. Nonetheless, they had certain rights in the municipal law system, e.g. they could inherit their paternal family house, make their last wills, freely decide about their property and even practice the craft of their deceased husbands for a limited time. A woman could be involved in business and after her husband's death received one third of the jointly acquired property during the marriage. A widow paid the same taxes as the others, but if she married a noble or away from the town, she lost her municipal right of the house. The taxes were the same for women and men because it was a house or a piece of land that were taxed, not the owner.
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Medieval epigraphs written in Arabic and found in the Middle Volga region provide some very important historical evidence for any student of the regional history. For they preserved an important page of the medieval written culture. The authors address a corpus of Arabic inscriptions made on stones in the first half of the 16th century, identified during the excavations on the territory of the Kazan Kremlin in the early 2000s. Fragments of stones stored in the Museum of Archaeology (Institute of Archaeology, Academy of Sciences, Republic of Tatarstan) contain some fragments of texts in Arabic, including fragments of words and some separate letters. The paper describes the context in which these inscriptions were revealed and offers a reading of the texts on stones. Specific usages of these stones are suggested. Some fragments could be architectural elements.
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The destinies of the states which had developed on the basis of the Golden Horde were similar (all of them were incorporated into the Russian State), but differed in details (ways by which they were absorbed). One of such states is the Siberian Khanate of Kuchum: its history needs a more complete description. Thus, attention is paid to the collapse of the khanate as a result of the Russian expansion. Three stages are distinguished: Yermak’s campaign, inactive presence of the Russians in Siberia, systematic actions aimed to destroy the Khanate. It is suggested that the future tsar Boris Godunov played an important role in the organizations of a major campaign led by Prince Yeletsky.
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In the early 16th century, the Nogai Horde reached its natural boundaries, limited from the west by the Volga River. However, this obstacle hampered their migrations, limiting the space required by the Manghits. So almost immediately they started a longed struggle for new territories with their neighbors — the Crimean and Astrakhan khanates. In 1530—1550, the struggle reached its peak, but neither of the parties at war managed to resolve the problem of ownership rights to the territories along the banks of the Volga River and its Delta distributaries in their favor. The problem of nomadic hordes delimitation was ultimately resolved after the conquest of the Volga region by the Russian State.
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On Localization of the “Trekhstenny Gorodok” site on the Lower Terek: issues of 13th—17th-century historical geography.°In this work, an attempt is made to verify the information about the fortification discovered in 1930 by E. M. Krupnov, who connected it with the “Trekhstennyi gorodok” site from documentary sources. A comparison of the fortress remains with the ramparts of Terek (Terki) city of 1588 made it possible to identify the “Trekhstennyi gorodok” site with the place of inflow of the Terek and its distributaries into the Caspian Sea (I. Güldenstedt). Explanations are offered to the reasons of Terek city construction in the center of the former “Tyumen Principality” (“Caucasian Tyumen”), which had been established within the “Djulat area”, devastated by Timur.
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In recent years my academic work has focused increasingly on Ferdinand I (1503-1564) and the sons from his marriage to Anna Jagiellon (1503-1547); Maximilian II (1527-1576), Charles of Styria (1540- 1590) and Ferdinand of Tyrol (1529-1595). Although the lives of these Habsburgs have received a great deal of attention from historians stretching back from the 19th century to the present day, studies by researchers in several world languages have usually ignored the final years of these rulers, who suffered from various serious illnesses which affected their ability to govern. In order to find out more about this period through their perspective and the eyes of their social circle, I had to opt for a less traditional methodological understanding of the theme and undertake time-consuming research examining neglected personal and official sources, particularly in foreign archives and libraries. I began to think about the methodological basis I would use during my initial deliberations on Ferdinand I’s illness, death and funeral, which I included among the aspects of his passing.
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The dynamics of political and religious development of 16th century England anticipated the arrival of series of changes, conflicts and crises that were to change the country beyond recognition. Despite those dynamic times, a timeless character of William Cecile, the closest adviser of Queen Elizabeth I., won recognition through his intellect, political contacts and dispassionate point of view. Even in the times of the threat of the English Queen’s reign, it was the mentioned William Cecile who was able to consider a possible unification of the island kingdoms under one ruler or a dynasty. Therefore, this research examines various aspects of William Cecile’s unification vision that was put into the context of the political situation of 16th century Europe. The core of this work is formed by the analysis of selected historical sources from edition A Collection of State Papers relating to Affairs in the Reigns of King Henry VIII., King Edward VI., Queen Mary and Queen Elizabeth: From the Years 1542–1570 by Samuel Haynes.
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Human skeletal remains are important source in exploring past populations. As a part of our research in places of executions in South Moravian region, four comprehensive archaeological excavations were conducted. Numerous anthropological skeletal material was obtained there. A total number of 5 405 human bones have been examined, which have been preserved in various ways (from only a piece of bone to complete bones and skulls). Anthropological examination focused on assessing the state of bone preservation, estimating the minimum number of individuals (MNI), estimating basic demographic determinants (sex, age and stature), pathological changes, and traces of violence related to punishment. The largest group consists of skeletal remains from Ivančice gallows site (2 761 fragments of bones, MNI 18 persons), from Křenovice/Slavkov u Brna gallows site (1 772 fragments of bones, MNI 15 persons) and from Tišnov gallows site (786 fragments of bones, MNI 13 persons). From other sites the number of bones is limited to isolated findings of human bones. The assessed skeletal remains belonged mostly to adult males, some bones belonged to juveniles and quite exceptional is the finding of an infant’s femur. On several bones some pathological conditions were observed (like fractures or inflammations). These conditions were rather chronic in character and probably affected the individuals’ social positions (for example social exclusion or social marginality). Traces of direct violence were represented by perimortal fractures, which can be related to the execution by wheel.
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Kralovice leží asi čtyřicet kilometrů severně od Plzně, nedaleko cisterciáckého kláštera v Plasích. K plaskému klášteru se také primárně vztahují nejstarší písemné prameny, které ves Kralovice zmiňují. Velkým problémem při interpretaci renesanční přestavby kralovického kostela je velmi malé množství dochovaných písemných pramenů. Především z důvodu opakujících se požárů, kterými město ve své historii trpělo velmi často a to až do 19. století. Není doloženo ani přesné zahájení renesanční přestavby. Víme pouze, že objednavatelem přestavby byl Florian Gryspek z Griesbachu, nižší šlechtic pocházející z tyrolské šlechtické rodiny, jejíž původní sídlo leželo v Dolním Bavorsku.
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The 𝑇𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑣𝑜 𝐿𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑆𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑙 collections contain reports from the recurrent international symposium “Tarnovo Literary School”, which is the oldest and most respected forum on Old Bulgarian studies in Bulgaria and worldwide. It was held for the first time in 1971 under the auspices of UNESCO, and the first collection of articles came out in 1976. The𝑇𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑣𝑜 𝐿𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑆𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑙 collections are among the most cited editions in the fields of Old Bulgarian studies and research into medieval Bulgarian spiritual and material culture from its pre-Tarnovo and Tarnovo periods, as well as on the cultural and literary ties between Byzantium, Bulgaria, and the Eastern Orthodox Slavic world. The main purpose of 𝑇𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑣𝑜 𝐿𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑆𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑙 is to publish scholarly articles by Bulgarian and foreign researchers in the field of interdisciplinary medieval studies in order to explore the cultural and historical heritage of the Second Bulgarian Empire.
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The article analyses selected reports from the second half of the 16th century on the state of the Ottoman military forces facing the Croatian Military Border. Reports were usually written by Habsburg military commanders on the basis of spy reports and various intelligences. Reports analyzed in this article are rather precise and detailed. They were commissioned by the Court War Council in order to provide data on how to reform and restructure Habsburg military potentials on the Croatian Border. An insight into the Ottoman forces clearly suggests that Habsburg forces were fl awed and insufficient in many aspects such as the number of paid infantry and cavalry, the number of unpaid military and the number and condition of functional fortresses. Habsburg reforms that followed attempted to bring more balance into military affairs in the region. In addition to raw figures, reports brought data on the dispersion and usage of Ottoman forces as well as rather comprehensive lists of Ottoman military commanders by name and/or surname. Sometimes they even provided information on their family relations or their background which makes them highly usable in research of Ottoman military and social elites that resided opposite the Croatian Border. In order to facilitate the usage and comparison of data, spy reports are translated from German into Croatian and information are systematized in tables. Transcript of analyzed reports from Gothic into Latin script is attached in the appendix.
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Tematski spis Sorex primusjedan je u nizu bilo Dominisovih bilo spisa koji se izravno tiču splitskoga nadbiskupa Markantuna de Dominisa. Taj je spis na neki način nastavak na Dominisova djela Propovijed na prvu nedjelju došašća, Hridi kršćanskog brodolomaiO podrijetlu, napretku te gašenju ustanove papinstva. Na potonji se vrlo kritički bio osvrnuo profesor teologije kelnskoga sveučilišta, izvjesni Leonardo Marije, sa svojim kolegom Severinom Binijem. Sorex primus odgovor je toj dvojici, a napisao ga je Danijel Lochet (Lohet), Dominisov tajnik, inače Burgunđanin kojeg odlikuje vrlo dobro poznavanje pisane antičke baštine, ali i kršćanske teološke misli, i one prošle i one njemu suvremene. Svi nabrojeni spisi vremenski se poklapaju s Dominisovim boravkom u Engleskoj (1616. – 1622.) i obrađuju teološke teme koje se referiraju na opću povijest Crkve i brojne epizode iz Dominisova života, poglavito one koje se tiču njegova senjskoga i splitskoga razdoblja. Osim spomenutog vrlo širokog znanja, Lochet raspolaže i vrlo opsežnim repertoarom i dijapazonom vrlo oštrih te sočnih, pa i vulgarnih izraza i riječi kojima časti svoga protivnika, u ovom slučaju Leonarda Marija i njegova sudruga. To inače nije rijetkost u vehementnim raspravama kasne renesanse kraja 16. i početka 17. stoljeća.
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