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Îndreptări şi completări cu privire la situaţia Bisericii din Moldova în prima domnie a lui Alexandru Lăpuşneanu

Author(s): Iulian Marcel Ciubotaru / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2012

Cet article vise à examiner et à corriger certaines opinions historiographiques sur le début et la fin des fonctions ecclésiastiques exercité par les métropolites Gheorghie II de la Moldavie et Grégoire du Neamţ. Cet études complète la biographie de ces personnages est completée maintenant, après les contributions présentée par Matei Corugă, en 1971, grâce à la relecture des sources documentaires publiées antérieurement, mais avec des erreurs dues à une traduction en langue polonaise du XIXième siècle. Ainsi, nous pouvons savoir, après lʼanalyse du traité moldo-polonais du 22 Juin 1553, que le métropolite Gregoire Neamţeanul occupait, avant dʼêtre nommé métropolit, le siege dʼévêque à Rădăuţi, parce qu'il est attesté dans cette dignité dans ce document. Du point de vue de lʼhistoire ecclésiastique, lʼacte de 22 Juin 1553 est extrêmement important, même sʼil nʼest pas été publié, encore, sans les erreurs signalées tout au long de cet article.

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Neamul Dereptate în secolele al XVI-lea-al XVII-lea. Câteva precizări genealogice

Author(s): Paul-Ionel Nedeloiu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2012

Attested in the first half of the 16th century, Dereptate family was included among the families of the old Moldavian boyars. Although mentioned later, some of its members can be chronologically placed in the first half of the 15th century. Due to the lack of maleline descendants, Dereptate family was extinguished in the first half of the 17th century century. This family continued through the female line, in Boldescu, Ciocârlie, Buhuş, Bercea, and probably Mihăilescu families. His land properties, including the villages of Dereptate, Cozmeşti and Mirceşti, should have been brought to naught in the 15th-17th centuries. Its kinship with the powerful aristocratic families whose members have occupied important positions in the administration of Moldavia proves that the family took a significant part in the period. Since it seems that it had founded the princely monastery of Probota, a possible connection to the princely family could be suggested.

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Rolul relaţiilor româno-franceze în politica orientală a Franţei (sec. al XVI-lea)

Author(s): Daniela Hadîrca-Nastas / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2015

Romanian country's relations with Western states have emerged in the second half of the 16th century in the context of increasing European interest in the Eastern Question. Romanian countries, under Ottoman control, became an important pawn for both: the Ottoman Empire and the West. From the dispute between Ottoman Empire and Western states, Romanian princes, in turn, oriented to obtain personal benefits for themselves. Romanian countries, in the mid-16th century, are marked by the struggle for the throne between noble families, so there are more attempts of the representatives of these families to involve Western powers in the royal seat hoarding. Among the first collaborations of Romanian courts with western states were established with France. French Dynamics relations with Romanian countries will increase gradually from mid-16th century, thanks to the international context and will have overwhelming influences both the Romanian political situation and the increasing importance of these regions in the international arena. Common information coming from French ambassadors, travelers, historians and residents from Constantinople, to the Court of Paris, about occurrences of Romanian princes policy and socio-economic situation of the Romanian countries shows the strategic role of these territories in diplomatic games of the kings of France.

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A fejedelemség kori törvénykezési szakaszokról (1556–1600)

Author(s): Zsolt Bogdándi / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2015

It’s a well-known fact that the court of the Royal Table became the principal royal conciliar court at the second half of the 15th century. The discussions usually took place during the judicial terms (generally four each year), the so-called octaves. The Royal Table of the elected king II. János Szapolyai has been mainly patterned after the medieval Table of the kings. The emerging new state’s characteristics, in particular the fact that it was composed of two slightly different regions (the so-called Partium and Transylvania with three privileged communities, Hungarian noblemen, Saxons and Szeklers) was reflected in the organization and the functioning of the Table. Different court sessions were held for the noblemen from Partium, for the Szeklers and for the noblemen of Transylvania. These octave courts (generally two for each privileged community) at the beginning of the studied period have started on the day of major feasts (Epiphany, St George, Lucae ev., Reminiscere) and from 1571 on the eighth day of these feasts, and they lasted around thirty days. The court sessions took place mostly in Gyulafehérvár (Alba Iulia), Kolozsvár (Cluj) and Székelyvásárhely (Târgu Mureș).

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Egy szokatlan demográfiai jelenség és háttere a szegedi szandzsák területéről. Mikla puszta hirtelen várossá válása 1578-ban

Author(s): Miklós Fóti / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/2022

In 1578, a deserted place called Mikla (nahiye of Solt) was suddenly turned into a town by the influx of Hungarian reayas from three surrounding villages. The kadi of Kalocsa decreed that the missing population in these villages should be covered by pastoralist nomads (haymane) from two deserts belonging to the nahiye of Szabadka. The study explores the background of this semi-nomadic population, which was unregistered in the surveys of the sancak, thus remained almost invisible for the researchers. It examines the role of the haymanes in the organisations of peasantsoldiers of the Ottoman Empire, among the yürüks and voynuks. It reveals the Vlach origin of the semi-nomadic population in Southern Hungary, and their migration from the Vlach areas of the Northern Balkans.

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Mi is veszett Mohácsnál? Oszmán-török veszteséglista az 1526. évi hadjáratról

Author(s): Pál Fodor,András Mércz / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2023

A previously unknown source on the campaign and Battle of Mohács has been found in the codex M 17.3 of the Plantin-Moretus Museum in Antwerp. The volume is a thirteenth-century Latin Bible, which once enriched the collection of the Pauline monastery in Budaszentlőrinc near Buda, and fell into OttomanTurkish hands when the monastery was sacked in September 1526. On a blank page in the middle of the codex (fol. 247r), there is an Ottoman-Turkish entry which, according to its title, is a list of casualties of the 1526 campaign, or more precisely a copy of it. The 19 line-text gives an itemised list of the losses of the two belligerent parties, from the siege of Pétervárad [Petro varadin] in July to the return of the Ottoman army in October, and completes our knowledge on the campaign at several points. Hungarian losses are exaggerated (in fact, 4.5–5% of the country’s population was killed or taken prisoner), while Ottoman casualties are given realistically (at least 8.5–10% of their army was lost, but even a 15% loss cannot be ruled out). The list also gives authentic figures on the number of villages and towns devastated (2000 and 100 respectively) and the number of animals driven away (400 000 sheep and 50 000 cattle). The compiler of the list is unknown, but several circum stances suggest that it may have been the chief treasurer İskender Çelebi.

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Ali szegedi szandzsákbég személyének azonosítása, életpályája és birtoklástörténete (1567–1595)

Author(s): Miklós Fóti / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/2023

According to the survey register of the sancak of Segedin there was a district and a mosque in Bács town in 1578, called after Ali bey. Obviously he was the sancakbeyi of Segedin, however there were a dozen Ali bey on the top of various sancaks in Ottoman Hungary at that time, thus our bey was an unknown and anonymous Ali untill now. Fortunately he possessed a çiftlik in the nahiye of Bács, a special kind of has-estate, which he could continue to hold at his next posts, wherever may he be a bey, unlike regular hasestates. This çiftlik made him distinguishable from his namesakes. As the result of the research, this study identified him as the famous Kara Ali from the Bosnian Sokollus, whose concise biography is known from the chronicle of İbrahim Peçevi. We followed the main steps of his life-story with the help of the registers of appointments and other sources approximately 30 years long, untill his death at the siege of Esztergom in 1595.

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A történelmet a győztes ütközetek írják. Dicső Lepanto és elfeledett Preveza

Author(s): Zoltán Korpás / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/2022

The two battles–Preveza and Lepanto–are recorded in European historical memory in very different ways. In European historical memory, Lepanto has become the symbol of Christian victory over the invincible Ottoman Empire, even though it did not result in any significant tactical or strategic advantage or territorial change. The battle of Preveza, on the other hand, faded into oblivion. What similarities and differences can be drawn between the two battles? The historical context of the two battles provides an opportunity to draw parallels. Neither battle can be considered decisive in terms of military history. On 28 September 1538 and 7 October 1571, both battles saw two large enemy fleets clash. One of the most striking differences from the Holy League of 1538 was that in 1571 the Danubian Habsburg Monarchy did not join. In addition to the tactical and combat differences and analogies, we cannot ignore some technical developments: there are significant differences between the Christian galleys fighting in 1538 and 1571.

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A császár gondolatainak tanúja. Történetírás az univerzális monarchia ideológiájának szolgálatában

Author(s): Barnabás Guitman / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/2022

Luis de Ávila’s writing Commentaries on the war in Germany under Charles V in the years 1546 and 1547 is one of the most widely recognized and read Spanish historical works, which fundamentally influenced not only the narrative of the war against the Protestants, but also defined the image of the emperor until the 19th century. Focused on the historical work of Luis de Ávila, the study intends to show how, after the victorious Schmalkaldic War, Charles V and his immediate environment consciously shaped the narrative about the series of events. In addition to the biography of the author, the circumstances of the creation of the historical work, translated into many languages, intended to influence the public, its publication history, as well as its contemporaneous resonance are discussed. All of these are good examples of how the emperor and his entourage used the public opinion-forming possibilities inherent in the printed text, at the same time the multilingual, multi-continental and fragmented monarchy of Charles V emerges. At the end of the study, a short excerpt from Ávila’s work can be read.

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A közös udvari szolgálattól a fegyveres konfliktusig. Egy spanyol és egy magyar nemes (Melchor de Robles és Pethő János) találkozásai a 16. századi Közép-Európában

Author(s): Tibor Martí,Géza Pálffy / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/2022

The careers of the two nobles Melchor de Robles and János Pethő were linked in several places in Central Europe: after their joint service in the Habsburg court in Vienna, they held military positions (captain-general and deputy captain-general respectively) in Kassa (Košice, SK) in the late 1550s. Their personal conflict in the centre of the northeastern part of the Kingdom of Hungary, however, escalated into violence at the coronation diet of Archduke Maximilian in Pozsony (Bratislava, SK) in September 1563. The scandal had a national and even international repercussion, reaching the Spanish royal court. While János Pethő continued to hold and obtain prominent military and secular dignitary positions in the Kingdom of Hungary, his Spanish contemporary’s career was shattered by the scandal, despite the fact that he had prominent patrons at both the Spanish courts in Vienna and Madrid. Robles finally died a heroic death at the Ottoman siege of Malta in 1565. Systematic research in Vienna and Simancas, as well as in archives in Hungary and Slovakia, has made it possible to reconstruct the two lives in detail.

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„A legemlékezetesebb és legmagasztosabb alkalom, amit a századok láttak”

Author(s): Zoltán Korpás / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/2022

Lepanto. La mar roja de sangre. Ed.: Claramunt Soto, Àlex. Madrid, Desperta Ferro Ediciones, 2021. 415 p.

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Lepanto és azon túl. A vallási idegenség képei Genovából és a keresztény Mediterráneumból

Author(s): Kristóf Szuromi / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/2022

Stagno, Laura – Llopis, Borja Franco (eds): Lepanto and Beyond. Images of Religious Alterity from Genoa and the Christian Mediterranean. Leuven, Leuven University Press, 2021. 324 p.

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Spanyol–japán kapcsolatkeresés II. Fülöp uralma idején

Author(s): Tamás Túróczi / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 4/2023

In 1549, the Jesuit mission opened the history of Ibero–Japanese relations, when the first converters landed in Japan. Thanks to the rapid success of evangelization, the Iberians – first the Portuguese, then the Spanish who followed them – sought to establish bilateral relations. But the same can be said about the Japanese. This study presents the initial period of the development of Spanish–Japanese relations, the forms of contacts and their results during the reign of Philip II.

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Buda oppugnata: Források Buda és Pest 1540–1542. évi ostromainak történetéhez

Author(s): Emőke Rita Szilágyi / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2023

Buda oppugnata: Források Buda és Pest 1540–1542. évi ostromainak történetéhez [Buda oppugnata: Sources on the history of the sieges of Buda and Pest in 1540–1542]. Edited by Péter Kasza. Budapest: Bölcsészettudományi Kutatóközpont Történettudományi Intézet, 2021. 571 pp.

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New Data on Marcin Broniowski (Broniewski) and His Tartariae Descriptio (1578)

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New Data on Marcin Broniowski (Broniewski) and His Tartariae Descriptio (1578)

Author(s): Mikhail Kizilov / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

The article is devoted to the biography of the Polish traveller and diplomat Marcin Broniowski (d. 1592), author of Tartariae descriptio (1578), a classic description of early modern Crimea. While working on the article, I discovered a number of previously unknown Polish sources relating to the diplomat’s biography. This allowed me to reconstruct Marcin Broniowski’s biography and the chronology of his visits to Crimea. I also analyse the main early modern editions and translations of Tartariae descriptio, as well as its influence on the history of European geographical thought.

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Szeged 16. századi szandzsákbégjei

Author(s): Miklós Fóti / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 4/2023

This study aims to compile a list of the sancakbeyis of Szeged in the 16th century, primarily using Turkish archival sources, which could serve as a resource for historians. However, the goal of the work is not just to present pure archonotolgical data: we attempted to figure out the governors’ family backgrounds, including their affiliations with the influential clans of Ottoman Hungary; significant details of their history of land ownership, which could help identifying people with shared given names (Mahmud, Ali, etc.); as well as finding their posts before and after their tenure in Szeged, and thus learning how their careers developed. By examining the archontological data about the Ottoman senior officials we can further our understanding of other aspects of the political system of Ottoman Hungary: information about their appointment and career can reveal the ambitions of the beyes and their descendants to gain positions and found their own dynasties after having conquered the Kingdom of Hungary. We can also learn about the life of the sancak of Szeged under Ottoman occupation through the careers of its beyes, an important example being the relocation of its seat to Bács.

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Mohács megértéséhez

Author(s): Zoltán Erdős / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 4/2023

Mohács szimfónia – Tanulmányok a mohácsi csatával kapcsolatos kutatások eredményeiből: Mohács Symphony – Studies on the new research achievements on the Battle of Mohács 1526. Szerk. Varga Szabolcs – Türk Attila. Budapest: Martin Opitz Kiadó – PPKE BTK Régészettudományi Intézet – Duna-Dráva Nemzeti Park Igazgatósága – Mohács 500 Egyesület, 2022. (Studia ad Archaeologiam Pazmaniensia) 249 oldal

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Judicial Organization and the Sources of Decision-Making in Sixteenth-Century Transylvania

Author(s): Zsolt Bogdándi / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

The paper describes the organization of the independent Transylvanian central court of law, the so-called Royal/Voivodal/Princely Table (Tabula) and its court of appeal, the court of personal presence (personalis presentia), in the light of the modest secondary literature, dietary decisions, and archival sources. Manuscript and published sources of law referred to in the course of litigation in the Transylvanian Royal/Voivodal/Princely Table (Tabula, Curia) in the second half of the sixteenth century are also presented. Based on the analysed archival sources—mainly the various allegationes lawyers made—it may be concluded that different sources provided the grounds that were frequently given for the court decisions. The analysis of available sources shows that, besides the Tripartitum, which was mostly referred to, during the litigations lawyers generally used the laws of the Hungarian Kingdom, and that the Decreta of the Transylvanian diets and the Table judged some cases according to their own custom.

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Early Modern Székely Society from a Legal Historical Perspective

Author(s): Balázs Viktor Rácz / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

The paper discusses the changes in Székely society during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The topic is presented from a legal historical perspective because the scholarly literature has either paid no substantial attention to the legal framework of the early modern era or failed to utilize the sources relevant for Székely society. By re-examining already known sources and analyzing new ones, i.e., judicial proceedings, testimonies, contract and personal letters, it appears that the main turning points of the history of Székely society have been misinterpreted in some aspects, and a series of new questions have emerged that are yet to be answered.

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An Unpublished Manuscript of the Correspondence of the Doge of Venice Francesco Donato to the Podestà of the City of Buje (16th Century)

Author(s): Radmilo Pekić,Marija N. Mitić / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2024

The 16th-century records produced by the office of the Venetian Doge comprise a rich collection of official documents. They were written according to the rules of ars dictaminis and represent important testimonies in the field of history, diplomacy, culture, and other related areas. One example of such documents is the ducal letter from the Venetian Doge Francesco Donato, dated to the 16th century and kept in the State Archives in Pazin. The paleographic characteristics of the manuscript make the text partially legible because it was written on parchment that has a missing part. On the other hand, when it comes to diplomatic features, it can be concluded that it is an official epistle, written in a formal register according to the rules of ars dictaminis and ars notariae, characteristic of Renaissance Italian documents. It is precisely for that reason that this source represents a valuable testimony within the framework of cultural heritage, history, and diplomacy.

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