Két eddig ismeretlen oklevél az erdélyi 1514-es eseményekről

Author(s): Károly Vekov / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: III/2016

By presenting two, so far unpublished documents from the time of the Dózsa-rebellion, the author draws attention on two new Transylvanian localities where peasant revolts also took place in 1514. The mentioned properties are Leorinţ (Lőrincréve) and Meşcreac (Megykerék) from Alba county, both of them being in the properties of the altars of Saint Stephan, Saint Ladislaus and Prince Emeric and the Transfiguration of Christ in the cathedral of Alba Iulia, and thus both were ensuring the incomes of the altars. But, because the documents referring to the original donation of the two domains have been destroyed during the peasant uprise in 1514, the two above-presented documents are two new donation (nova donatio) diplomas, when the king re-issued the owners’ rights over the properties, along with the royal rights.

The Exsultet Chant in the Sixteenth-Century Missale Paulinorum

Author(s): Piotr Wiśniewski / Language(s): English Issue: 13/2015

In light of the information gleaned from musical analysis concerning the version of the Exsultet chant in the Missale Paulinorum, it should be stated that this is not a faithful copy of either the Norman melody widespread in Europe or of the Gniezno melody. Its melody is full of modifications of various types in relation to the selected comparative sources, for the most part reflecting favourably on the originality of the Pauline source. One can observe in it, for example, certain features shared with the Roman version or different to it, differing from the Gniezno version but close to the Roman, or else displaying a surprising similarity with the Gniezno version but differing from the Roman, a salient example being the initial leap of a fourth. It cannot be excluded that the Pauline and Gniezno versions made use of a common melodic model (from Cracow, for example), whilst the authors of each imparted to their notation an individual colouring. This kind of variability to the melody attests on one hand the considerable migration of this chant and on the other the growing differences between melodic versions towards the end of the Middle Ages. This may be regarded also as a kind of aspiration to breaking up the universality of this chant, or even a desire to throw off the dictates of the old conventions or to lend it a local colouring. The Pauline variant of the Easter Proclamation analysed here, displaying considerable artistry, is a case in point.

A Territory of Grace: Lampedusa during Early Modern Times

Author(s): Simon Mercieca,Joseph Muscat / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2013

Quellen

Author(s): / Language(s): German Issue: _/2015

Die deutsche Fassung dieser Bekenntnisschrift aus dem Jahre 1572 ist eine Übersetzung des lateinischen Textes, den Georg Daniel Teutsch herausgegeben hat1. Es gab einmal schon eine deutsche Übersetzung dieser Bekenntnisschrift, denn 1574 soll eine solche von der Synode der sächsischen Pfarrer der Sächsischen Nationsuniversität überreicht worden sein. Diese Übersetzung ist wahrscheinlich verloren gegangen. Die Formula Pii Consensus wurde in lateinischer Sprache verfasst, was Stil und Satzformen nahelegen.

Emlékezés és felejtés: a kora újkori uralmi rend kialakításának kommunikációs technikái Alsó-Ausztria és Magyarország 16–17. századi történetében

Author(s): Arno Strohmeyer / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/2016

Indigenatul austriac al familiei nobiliare Hâjdău

Author(s): Costin Feneşan / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2010

Am 4. Februar 1676 erteilte der neuerwählte polnische Konig Johann III.Sobieski, auf Gutheissen des Landtags, das polnische Indigenat und ein persönliches Wappen (eine für einen Fremden recht seltene Begünstigung) dem fürstlichmoldauischen Waffenbetreuer (armas) Georg Hajdau. Dieser war 1674 mit seinem vom Thron gestürzten Fürsten und Polenfreund, Stefan Petriceicu, nach Krakau undanschliessend Lemberg ins Exil gekommen. Ein zweites Mal, diesmal aber für immer, kam Georg Hajdau 1684 nach Polen, als treuer Begleiter seines erneut vom Thronverjagten Fürsten Stefan Petriceicu. Mit dem Gute Zarajsko (Kreis Sambor) vompolnischen König August III. dem Starken belehnt (1698), lebte sich die moldauische Familie auch durch verschiedene Heiraten in die polnische Gesellschaft tiefer ein. Aufmännlicher Linie wurde sie durch die Nachfolger von Stefan Hajdau (vermählt mitAlexandra, Schwester des moldauischen Fürsten Stefan Petriceicu) weiter geführt. Als1772, infolge der ersten Teilung Polens, Galizien mit der Stadt Lemberg (Lwow) – wodie Hajdau’s zuhause waren – an Österreich kam, musste die Familie um dieSicherstellung ihres adeligen Status sorgen. Dabei sollte ihr das frühere polnischeIndigenat entscheidend geholfen haben. Als Gaspar Hajdau, ein Sohn Stefans, 1782 einGesuch an das Lemberger Gericht mit der Bitte um die Anerkennung des adeligen Charakters seiner Familie einreichte, leitete dieses aufgrund der vorgelegtenAktenstücke das Verlangen befürwortend an das Galizische Gubernium weiter. Diedarauf erfolgte Genehmigung sicherte den Hajdau's das österreichische Indigenat mitdem Ritterrange zu. Das auf uns gekommene Familienwappen muss eben aus dieserZeit herrühren. Es übernimmt merkwürdigerweise das polnische Wappen von 1676getreu auf und gesellt ihm auch das moldauische Landeswappen hinzu, eine klareAnspielung auf die Verwandtschaft zum moldauischen Fürsten Stefan Petriceicu. Aufdie militärischen Verdienste der Familienmitglieder deuten das mit einen Pfeil sichkreuzende Schwert.

La révolte de Ioan Vodă et les relations moldavo-ottomanes, 1538-15741 (I)

Author(s): Mihnea Berindei / Language(s): French Issue: 3/2011

In order to underline the part that Moldavia played in the Ottoman political and economic system in the period indicated in the title, the author analyses the evolution of the tribute (harāǧ) and of gifts (peškeš) – the country’s contribution to the supplies of food and construction materials for the Empire, as well as to the military campaigns. The amount of the tribute rose spectacularly from 10,000 gold coins in 1538 to 40,000 in 1572. The vertiginous rise of the tribute is a consequence of the competition for the throne. The voivodes and their competitors are the ones who proposed the tribute rise and increasingly significant gifts in order to be appointed to or to keep the throne. Starting with 1538, Moldavia is more and more frequently solicited to provide supplies for Istanbul and the Imperial army. The Porte mainly asks for sheep and cattle, cereals (especially barely for the Imperial stables and the army), draft horses, suet, cloth and hemp for the needs of the recovering fleet after Lepanto, timber for the military constructions in the neighbourhood. These orders are paid at the market price or their value is deducted from the tribute. The two temporary interdictions of export, mentioned in this period of time for the products that interest the Porte in a specific way, cannot be interpreted as a proof for the establishment of a “commercial monopoly”. Between 1540 and 1568, Moldavia’s army was frequently mobilised to intervene in Transylvania, against the Habsburgs or their partisans, in Wallachia on the occasion of Mircea Ciobanul’s enthronement in 1553, but elsewhere as well. This considerable military effort had a positive consequence as well: the maintaining of the army’s potential and especially of the cavalry. Due to its value, Ioan Vodă managed to confront for several months the strong Ottoman army, in the summer of 1574.

La révolte de Ioan Vodă et les relations moldavo-ottomanes, 1538-1574 (II)*

Author(s): Mihnea Berindei / Language(s): French Issue: 4/2012

In the second part of the study dedicated to Ion Vodă’s revolt and Moldo-Ottoman relations in the period 1538-1574, the author reconstructs in detail the movie of the anti-Ottoman insurrection started by the Moldavian voivode in the spring of 1574 and the way in which the Ottoman state organized the counterattack, concluded with the defeat of the rebels in the battle of Cahul-Roşcani, on 10-11 June the same year. The author exploits a number of 250 unpublished Ottoman documents in the Turkish archives, especially from the collection of the “Register of Important Affairs” – Mühimme Defterleri. The content is structured in two major parts: 1) Ioan Vodă’s dismissal and the beginnings of the revolt and its evolution, and 2) the Ottoman counterattack, the defeat of Cahul-Roşcani and the fights on the rivers of Siret and Bârlad. In the whole paper, the author calls the attention on the way modern historians treat documents, especially eternal reports and accounts (Polish chroniclers), which are not in agreement with the description of the events, sometimes borrowed without much discernment. Taking the plot and whole passages from these chronicles, they use selectively the other documents, keeping those that corresponded with the pre-established schemes, forcing the interpretation of some of them or eliminating from the file those that did not fit. Thus, Ioan Vodă’s revolt ended up being exposed as a heroic epic, rather than as a historical analysis. The Ottoman documents disconfirm a whole series of affirmations by the Polish chroniclers, that the modern historians took into consideration for the reconstruction of the revolt. For instance, it is more than obvious that the Port did not ask for the doubling of the harāǧ, presented as the main reason of the insurrection. On the contrary, Ioan Vodă is the very one who proposed a rise of the tribute by 10,000 gold coins, hoping to keep thus the throne. We do not know whether the voivode invented this argument in order mobilise the boyars or if this was a mere invention by the chroniclers. Furthermore, the troops of the two armies that battled at Cahul-Roşcani were much more reduced, especially in the Ottoman camp, and more balanced from the numerical point of view, as well as from the standpoint of military technique, than historiography has shown by now. Finally, the Ottoman documents deny the dramatic episode that the Polish chroniclers told in relation to the betrayal of the Hetman, of the boyars and of the cavalry. They show, on the contrary, that they fought and were defeated. At the same time, the documents offer a different scenario for the end of the rebel voivode, confirmed by the account of the Wallachian emissary. Ioan Vodă would have been caught at the end of the battle and beheaded by order of Dāvūd, sanǧaqbeḡ of Silistra – the supreme commander –, and not of Yūsuf-Sinān Čiġalazāde, qapuǧı bašı.

La révolte de Ioan Vodă et les relations moldavo-ottomanes 1538-1574 (III)*

Author(s): Mihnea Berindei / Language(s): French Issue: 5/2013

In this part of the study several aspects regarding the immediate consequences of the revolt are analysed: the measures of military nature that the Porte decided, the crisis of the Ottoman-Polish relations and the lacks of the Ottoman military system, highlighted by the documents of 1574. The author notices that the Porte received with obvious reserves the news about the defeat, arrestment and killing of Ioan Vodă, being not certain whether the revolt was completely annihilated or which the Poles’ attitude was going to be. The aftermath of the victory obtained at Cahul-Roşcani (20-22 June 1574) all military troops involved in this campaign are ordered to stay alert, the khan of Crimea is ordered to launch a punitive incursion to Poland, as a response to the Poles’ violation of the peace treaty by the support they had given Ioan Vodă. At the same time, some measures are taken in relation to the weakening military capacity of Moldavia: the occupation of the fortress of Hotin by a Ottoman garrison, the extension of the territory of the sanǧaq of Bender in the detriment of the country, the exploitation of the artillery pieces taken from Ion Vodă, the strengthening of the defensive capacity of the Empire by building the fortress of Čapčaqlu and the repairing or reinforcement of the existing ones. The main preoccupation of the Porte after Ioan Vodă’s defeat remained Poland’s attitude towards the new voivode. The Sultan aimed at avoiding a confrontation with the Poles, so, besides some demands and accusations he transmits to the King and the Diet, he proposes a reconfirmation of peace. The Porte’s requests are transmitted to the Poles by five letters, taken to Poland by Aḥmed čavuš. Willing to preserve their good relations with the Empire, the Poles send to the Porte as an ambassador Andreas Taranowski, with the mission to obtain the reconfirmation of the peace treaty. The Moldavia issue becomes secondary as soon as Poland’s throne is free, following Henry III’s abdication in July 1574. Having direct political interests in this part of Europe, the Sultan supports to the throne Stephen Bathory, voivode of Transylvania, whom the Diet would eventually elect as a successor of Henry of Valois on 15 December 1575. In the last part of the paper, the author searches for explanations for the obvious disproportion between the forces mobilised for the campaign in Moldavia and the ones that were necessary to repress the revolt in the end. The answer is mainly to be found in the lacks of the Ottoman military system. These lacks are identified and analysed one by one. We mention the slowness with which military commanders answered the calls for concentration coming from the Porte, the reticence with which the sipāhī, an essential unit of the Ottoman army, answered the mobilisation orders, the succeeding demands meant to change the supreme commanders of the campaign, thus creating confusion and uncertainty. In conclusion, the deficiencies of the Ottoman military systems that occurred in the second half of the 16th century all over the Empire were not yet able to seriously affect its force. The Ottoman Empire was still capable of great military efforts. Ioan Vodă’s revolt had no influence upon the main military operation planned and executed by the Porte in 1574: the reoccupation of Tunis and the reestablishment of the Ottoman supremacy in the Mediterranean Sea.

Lietuvos ir Italijos muzikiniai ryšiai XVI a.

Author(s): Jūratė Trilupaitienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 1(26)/2002

The 16th c. was of great importance for the Lithuanian musical life. From the beginning of this century the relationships between the musical life of Lithuania and other countries begun to change. In earlier times, there were wandering musicians and members of neighbouring countries sovereigns' musical chapels who visited Lithuania, while starting from the thirties of the 16th c. more musicians from distant countries started working here. Among other Western countries, Italy became one of the most significant centres with which Lithuania launched direct musical relationships. The role of the Italian clergyman and musician Alesandro Pesenti must have been very important for the Lithuanian church music history. In Vilnius Pesenti served as a canon of the Cathedral, also he gained beneficium from Vilnius. He was distinguished among other musicians, because another artist from Italy, Gian Jacopo Caraglio, cast a medal, the averse of which indicated that Pesenti was the canon of Vilnius and the reverse showed various musical instruments. In the 16th c. most Italian musicians worked at the Palace of Lithuanian Grand Duke Žygimantas Augustas in Vilnius. Little is known about their musical work, although it is clear that the group of musicians brought the repertoire from the motherland of the Renaissance. The most famous performer and composer who came to the Grand Duke's Palace in Vilnius was Valentine Bakfark, the lute player of Hungarian descend. He brought to Lithuania the most important new aesthetical thought that was born in Italy, although there is no evidence about the genre variety, which may have reflected the most conspicuous features of his musical works.Lithuanian noblemen were interested in Italian art from the 16th c. They visited Italy, communicated with musicians of that country, and Italian composers used to dedicate to Lithuanians their musical collections which printed in Venice. The influence of Italian musical life, the features of baroque music were evident in plays of the academic theatre of Vilnius Jesuits and theatres of other colleges, also in frequently played paratheatrical performances, the significance of which grew in particular during the 17th c.

„Szerelemből” – a törvény elé

Author(s): Gyöngy Kovács Kiss / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 12/2016

Indoor and outdoor feasts have become increasingly frequent with the spread of the Renaissance way of life in 16th century Kolozsvár – Cluj. These were held at trade fairs, in taverns, and also in private houses, etc. Among their regular participants, we can find the male musicians called “fiddlers” and the women “meretrices” or “fiddler wives”. The study presents criminal lawsuits against prostitutes on the basis of the recorded testimonies, some of them prosecuted not only for fornication, but also for practicing witchcraft.

Hasan Kafija Pruščak - naučnik, mislilac i društveni reformator

Author(s): Sulejman Grozdanić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 01+02/1995

Hasan Kafija Pruščak, jedan tako krupan mislilac i plodan stvaralac iz područja gotovo svih humanističkih naučnih disciplina krajem 16. i početkom 17. vijeka u Bosni, nije se mogao samoniklo pojaviti i nije mogao steći tako široko i temeljito obrazovanje i usvojiti izrazito kritički način mišljenja izćlovano i bez veze sa svojim užim i širim kulturnim okruženjem. To je tim značajnije što je on najveći dio svog života, od rođenja i osnovnog i srednjeg školovanja pa do dugih godina zrelog i plodnog stvaralaštva i konačnog kraja, proveo u Bosni i u svom rodnom Pruscu. Hoću reći da je stanje obrazovanja, nauke, kulture i uopće duha bilo takvo da je moglo da iznjedri markantnu intelektualnu pojavu' Pruščakove ličnosti i njegovu inteligenciju, radoznalost, kritičnost, široko i svestrano obrazovanje, sistematičnost i stvaralački genij.

Jacobus Palaeologus Konstantinápolyban (1554–1555 és 1573). Egy radikális antitrinitárius sikertelen reformpróbálkozásának levantei háttere

Author(s): Martin Rothkegel / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2017

“God is One, and Jesus is His Anointed” – This formula contains the entire Christian faith necessary for salvation, according to the Greek-Italian theologian Jacobus Palaeologus (c. 1520–1585). Palaeologus was former Dominican friar from the island of Chios and lived as an exile in Bohemia, Poland, Transylvania and Moravia between 1561 and 1582.Palaeologus’ significance for the rise of Unitarianism has been the subject of intensive research by Hungarian, Polish and Italian scholars. What remained unknown until recently was that his career as a pioneer of Unitarianism in Eastern Middle Europe followed from his earlier activities as the leader of a religious reform movement among Latin Christians and Marranos in the Levant with circles of adherents in Chios, Constantinople and Salonica prior to 1561.In his De tribus gentibus (1572) Palaeologus proposed a radically reductionistredefinition of Christianity that would include the Muslims and even the Jews, insofar as they profess the messianity of Jesus in an analogous way that the Muslims do.He hoped that his proposal of a radical reformation of the Christian religion would open the way for a reintegration of Islam into Christianity and for a permanent Habsburg-Ottoman settlement. While these large political aspirations ultimately failed, Palaeologus’s theology exercised a significant influence on the rise of radical, non-adorantist Unitarianism in Transylvania.

PEROM KROZ PROŠLOST

Author(s): Redžep Kijametović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 35-36/2006

Prezviter Cvetko iz Godijeva živio je i radio u šesnaestom vijeku. Odvajaju nas od njega četiri stoljeća i nekoliko decenija više. Interesantan je Cvetko za istoriju kulture ovih prostora. Od njega je moguće pratiti pisanu riječ u stvaralačkom smislu za ljude iz Godijeva kojih je danas znatan broj. Riječ prezviter je zvanje i označava sveštenika uopšte. Međutim, u protestanskim crkvama zvanje prezviter je dobijao samo odabrani sveštenik.

Osmanlı Kaynaklarında Floransa’yı Aramak: Duka, Duka-i Françe ve Duka Gemileri İfadeleri Üzerine Bazı Bilgiler

Author(s): Mikail Acıpınar / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2016

Ottoman Empire, which entered into a process of transformation and development particularly in the political, military and commercial areas from the period of Mehmed II, also closely followed the developments in Italian peninsula as a component of its European policy. Following the Venice and Genoa, leading city states of Italian peninsula, the Republic of Florence began to participate in the Levant trade with the patronage of Mehmed the Conqueror since 15th century. This study aims to explain the some expressions about Florence in the Ottoman chronicles and documents. Particularly, it examines the meanings of the terms like Flordin, the Duke, the galleys of Duke and Ligorna, encountered in the Ottoman archival documents and chronicles.

Obrana Sigeta

Author(s): Darijo Mrnjavac / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1+2/2006

Sigetska bitka 1566. predstavlja prekretnicu u nadiranju Turaka prema Beču i srednjoj Europi. Nakon mjesec dana iscrpljuju će borbe Turci su uspjeli zauzeti Siget, ali su u daljnjem napredovanju bili zaustavljeni. Tako je Siget bio brana koja je zaustavila daljnje širenje turske moći u Europi i u svijetu.

Strpljenje i predanje

Author(s): Fra Zoran Topalović / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1+2/2015

Svjetovna povijest uglavnom pamti vojskovođe, careve, kraljeve i njihove bitke, popraćene krvavim događajima i nečijim pobjedama. Crkvena povijest bavi se također različitim događajima u Crkvi, ali voli staviti naglasak na posebne ljude, koji su više vodili bitke bez krvavih svršetaka. Na one ljude koji su se borili sa samima sobom i u toj borbi zadobili jedan drugačiji vijenac slave. Osoba koja je ostavila poseban trag u Crkvi u 16. st. bila je sv. Terezija Avilska. Papa Pavao VI. proglasio ju je 1967. naučiteljicom Crkve zajedno sa sv. Katarinom Sijenskom. Terezija iz Ávile utjecala je na obnovu unutar svoje redovničke zajednice, a samim time i na obnovu Crkve. Iza sebe je ostavila iznimno vrijedna djela duhovne tematike koja se i danas mnogo čitaju.

Закуп риболова дунавске моруне у XVI веку

Author(s): Dragana Amedoski / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 27/2006

Kościół i parafia we Wrzesinie w świetle protokołów powizytacyjnych z drugiej połowy XVI wieku

Author(s): Andrzej Kopiczko / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2016

In the Archives of the Archdiocese of Warmia in Olsztyn there are two documents of the latter part of the 16th century including information on the parish in Wrzesina. One of them is the description from around 1580, whereas the other post-visitation protocol is of 1598. They are not too detailed, but allow to trace back the date of the consecration of the church and the altars and its equipment. They also offer information about the pastors and teacher and in the case of the 1598 Protocol also the attitude of parishioners to the parish priest. Much attention was paid to material matters as well. From the description of about 1580 we can also learn about the towns belonging to the parish.

XVI. Yüzyılda Bozok, Kırşehir ve Niğde’de Köye Dönüşen Mezraalar

Author(s): Rafet Metin / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 54/2017

Arable field is described as place which contains wreck and water in code of laws. It is intended from wreck is place which is abandoned. Water is main element of housing and agriculture. In addition to this description, arable field also describe as place which is agricultural activities maintained. Arable fields generally registered as depending on a village and were seen as a indivisible part of village economy in Tahrir registers. Thus, arable fields perceived as lands which can do agriculture in addition to inadequate agricultural fields which is based within village boundaries. Definition of arable fields vary according to different regions and conditions of time because of the arable fields gained different features based on changing geographical conditions and economical effects in time. In this study, benefiting basically tahrir registers, it is tried to explain to how conditions of time influenced arable fields which were located Bozok (Yozgat), Kırşehir and Niğde when transform to village in XVI century.