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ПОГЛЯДИ ДЖОНА СПЕЛМЕНА НА СУТНІСТЬ КОРОЛІВСЬКОЇ ПРЕРОГАТИВИ

Author(s): O. Ivchenko / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 27/2016

The article deals with the contradictions between of supporters of Parliament and supporters of the King concerning royal prerogatives during the English Revolution of the XVII century. The author examines the types of extreme rights of kings, and the possibility of their implementation. Particular attention is paid to the views of John Spelmen as one of the brightest representatives of the constitutional royalism on the nature of the royal prerogative.

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ZABORAVLJENI MUDERRIS, MUFTIJA, MUNLA, VAIZ I VAKIF AHMED IBN MUSTAFA LOGAVIJA 1650.? – 1717.

Author(s): Haso Popara / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 38/2017

Based on unpublished court documents from the beginning of the 18th century, the author investigates the life path, from the birth and initial education in Sarajevo, to the departure and continuation of education in Istanbul, to obtaining the mulazamet and taking the apprenticeship examination, of Ahmed effendi, son of Mustafa effendi Logavija, known under the nickname of Uššaki-zade Damadi, and from 1099/1688 to 1128/1716. He chronologically follows his movement in service: from the muderris of Čauš basha Madrasa 1099/1688, Saray Galata madrasa 1108/1697, Kenan-pasha madrasa 1114/1702, Mahmud-pasha madrasa 1115/1703, and Atik Nishanjipasha madrasa 1118/1707 in Istanbul, then the muderrsis of Gazi Husrevbey's Madrasah in Sarajevo, 1119 / 1707-1123 / 1712, the Sarajevo munla 1119 / 1707-08, the Sarajevo Mufti 1119 / 1707-1123 / 1712, Vaiz in Ferhadbey (Ferhadija) mosque in Sarajevo, 1119/1708, the founder of a monetary vakf for the Hajji Hasan mosque in Kreševo in 1119/1707, a khadi in Tripolis in Sham 1124/1712, to a period of joblessness, returning to Sarajevo, and submitting of arshuhal to Sheikh-l-Islam on 27 Muharram 1128 (January 23, 1716), asking him to assign him to the position of the munla in Medina or any other service he could live on, repay debts and support the family. The paper argues for the first time that the Ahmed-effendi's contemporary Hashinieffendi Muzaferi was not a muderris of the Gazi Husrev-bey madrasah, as he was believed to be, but of some lower madrasah called Buq'a Ṣāliḥiyya that was destroyed in a great fire during the invasion of Sarajevo by Eugene of Savoy in 1697, for which we do not even know where it was located. The paper also points to a series of mistakes in the previous works on Ahmedeffedni’s vakf in Kreševo. At the end of the paper, the author, with brief comments, brings the integral text of Ahmed-effendi's endowment chart in the original Ottoman Turkish, translated into the Bosnian language.

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Franciszkańskie inwentarze muzyczne z II połowy XVII wieku ze zbiorów Biblioteki Uniwersyteckiej w Wilnie

Author(s): Alicja Dacewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2015

Research in the Manuscript Section of the Vilnius University Library has revealed three inventories, dating to the second half of the Seventeenth Century, containing musical documents of Franciscan ensembles active in Lvov, Drohiczyn and Przemyśl. The musical inventories of the Franciscan friars from Drohiczyn and Lvov (the Friary and Church of the Finding of the Holy Cross) have remained completely unknown till now, with only the 1677 inventory of Przemyśl known to the scholarly community since 1974. The newly discovered musical inventory from Przemyśl complements, in numerous areas, the Przemyśl inventory from 1677, providing more accurate information on the authors of musical works and their performers. In 2012, a critical edition of the three musical inventories appeared in an article from W nurcie franciszkańskim (Franciscan Trends), published by the Krakow-based Franciscan Scientific Association. This paper, therefore, focuses on presenting the contexts in which these lists of musical works were compiled and on a comparison of repertoires of the Conventual Franciscan ensembles active in the Seventeenth Century in Lvov, Drohiczyn and Przemyśl. The newly discovered Franciscan inventories show the preferred repertoire, the number of musicians and the musical genres performed in the Franciscan churches and friaries in the Lithuanian and Ruthenian Province in the second half of the Seventeenth Century by contemporary vocal and instrumental ensembles. They provide more information about musical works by such renowned composers as Marcin Mielczewski (1605–1651) or Marco Scacchi (1602–1662). They also contain scant information on Franciscan composers Andrzej Chyliński (post 1658), W. Dembołęcki (c. 1585 – c. 1647), Vincenzo Scapitta (1584–1656), citing, respectively, single works of theirs.

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Considerații preliminare privind negocierea dintre Jan Potocki și Sigismund al III-lea din 1601-1602. Poziție în dezbaterea privind afinitatea lui Jan Zamoyski și fidelitățile multiple

Author(s): Cristian Bobicescu Antim / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 10/2018

The purpose of this paper is to shed a new light on the precise moment of appearing of a personal bond between one of the Potocki brothers and the king Sigismund III. The five, latter four brothers, where part of Jan Zamoyski's affinity and their links with the great chancellor and great hetman of the Crown where old, being a heritage of the link between Zamoyski's father and their father. Giving that, their intention to open a lieson with Sigismund III, an adversary of the chancellor, is more significant for the Polish historiography debate regarding the survival or the crisis of the Zamoyski's entourage during his final years of life, and during the conflict with the king.

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SPİNOZA’NIN CONATUS, ARZU, SEVİNÇ, KEDER VE ÖZGÜR İRADE KAVRAMLARI İLE İNSAN DOĞASI ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME

Author(s): Muammer Aktay / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 24/2018

As a basic principle, Spinoza distinguished clearly between theology and philosophy, accentuating the prevalence of inherent rules within each discipline. However, seen from a linguistic perspective, he considered the philosophical language to be more adequate to give a more accurate definition of specific terms, such as proof, axiom, or definition per se. Having set the philosophical language as a basic guideline, the significance of the method is far more crucial. The most obvious example of this approach is delivered by former philosophers, theologians who announced "the kingdom of man in the kingdom of nature". Therefore Spinoza postulates axiomatic concepts for a better understanding of human nature to be the starting point. Thus, first of all, the origin and the nature of human emotions have to be analyzed in accordance with the laws of determinism. By putting an emphasis on emotions and their significant influence on humans to grasp the nature of man, it can be said that Spinoza had also an effect on the Cartesian philosophy. For Spinoza, Conatus is the concept which forms the actual essence of man's nature according to which Conatus produces the spark creating the entire universe or rather the power of existence as an activity. It prepares the basis for the life of man to start off immediately and not at any indefinite time. What is more, this power of existence burning in a human being is important for the transition from the aspect of expression to expression itself.

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Z dziejów Nieświeża i nieświeskiego zamku w czasach Michała Kazimierza Radziwiłła (1635-1680) i Katarzyny z Sobieskich Radziwiłłowej (1634-1694)

Author(s): Magdalena Barbara Opęchowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2018

Like a legend said as long as Nieśwież exists it will bless family of Radziwiłł. This article is study of the role of Nieśwież during the reign of Deputy Chancellor of Lithuania, Michał Kazimierz Radziwiłł (1635- 1680) and his wife Katarzyna z Sobieskich Radziwiłłowa (1654-1694). Nieśwież as the main manor house of Radziwiłł magnates, determined the identity and value of this clan. During the reign of Michał Kazimierz Radziwiłł town and castle of Nieśwież experienced many hardships and restorations. Michał Kazimierz was one of the members of the Radziwiłł clan who fought in the defence of family heritage. Because of his marriage with king sister he could help Nieśwież in development. After his death Katarzyna took over patronage of the town and castle, she restored the church and created big collection of books and paintings. Nieśwież remained in this family until 1813.

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Városi eskük a kora újkori Bártfán mint kulturális és szociális történelmi forrás

Author(s): Éva Császári / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2-3/2018

Benka, Peter: Mestské prísahy v Bardejove v ranom novoveku ako prameň kultúrnych a sociálnych dejín. = Historický časopis. 66. r. 2018. 1. no. 27–54. p.

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The itineraries prior to the ascension to the throne of Matei Basarab

Author(s): George Cătălin Ciurea / Language(s): English Issue: 02/2017

The reign continues to have a central role in the political world in the first half of the 17th century in Wallachia; the numerous documents, the detailed descriptions or the internal and external narrations are a proof of this. An important figure of this period was Matei Basarab (1632-1654), one of the most appreciated princes of the 17th century in the South Carpathian space. Besides his accomplishments as a prince, both internally and externally, it is interesting to watch his journeys before the actual rise to the power. The study proposes to observe and analyze these itineraries, how much he travels, why he travels and how these routes affect the way the reign develops afterwards.

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Filotei de Putna, episcop de Roman în vremea lui Mihai Viteazul (15 iunie – 6 septembrie 1600)

Author(s): Monah Iustin Taban / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2018

The present study investigates the possible identity between Filotheus, Bishop of Roman (1600) and Huși (1605–1607), and hegumen Filotheus of Putna, whose name appears on a page of a Gospel Book from the time of Ieremia Movilă. The author carefully analyzes the biographical intertwining between the two characters, using the diptychs of Putna Monastery and the singularity of this name among the hierarchs of the Church of Moldavia, and concludes that there is only one Filotheus, who was the hegumen of Putna (before 1597) and Galata (1597), then Bishop of Roman (1600) and Huși (1605–1607). The study also discusses the canonicity of the election of Filotheus as a bishop during the reign of Michael the Brave, i.e. a time of political crisis, arguing for its validity, irrespective of the Movilești’s view of the matter and the relation between the latter and Filotheus from later on.

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Georgius Frommius (1605–1651) and Danish Astronomy in the Post-Tychonian Era

Author(s): Helge Kragh / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2015

Danish astronomy in the first half of the seventeenth century reflected the enduring legacy of Tycho Brahe and was dominated by his former assistant Longomontanus. This paper focuses on his successor as professor of astronomy, Jørgen From (1605–1651) or Georgius Frommius in the Latin version, who was also the second director of the Round Tower observatory in Copenhagen. Before becoming a professor, Frommius travelled to the Netherlands and other countries. The letters from his journey cast light on the training of a young astronomer at the time. He most likely was the first Dane to observe the heavens with a telescope. In the 1640s, he got involved in a controversy with the French astronomer and astrologist Jean Morin, and he later contributed to Pierre Gassendi’s pioneering biography of Tycho Brahe. Although Frommius died at the age of 46, his brief career as professor and astronomer is of interest to national as well as international history of science.

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Tartu as the Eastern Outpost of European Medicine in the First Half of the 17th Century

Author(s): Kaarina Rein / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2014

The history of medicine in Tartu begins with medieval monastic Medicine. There is data about an infirmary and an almshouse at the Holy Spirit Church, which were probably founded in the middle of the 13th century. The First pharmacy in Tartu was founded between 14222 and 1430 by a learned physician who arrived from Tallinn. Up to the beginning of the 17th century, the owners of the pharmacy were the only representatives of academic medicine in Tartu. Academic medical education in Tartu had its beginnings with the academic gymnasium founded in 1630 and the university founded in 1632. One of the three higher faculties at the University of Tartu at that time was the Faculty of Medicine. It was planned to have two professorships, although in reality only one professor of medicine was employed. The model of the University of Paris demanded that all “proper” universities must have a medical faculty. There were very few students studying at the Faculty of Medicine in Tartu in the 17th century. Only two names—David Cunitius and Olaus Oestenius—could be mentioned from among those who studied medicine at Academia Gustaviana and were later active as physicians. There were also students who studied in some other faculty in Tartu and later continued their studies in the field of medicine elsewhere in Europe. However, the Swedish University of Tartu can be considered an important centre of early modern medical thought in the Eastern Europe. The article tries to give some idea about the medical situation in Tartu before the founding of the University of Tartu and during its early period of existence. The task is to investigate whether the academic medicine of the first half of the 17th century has introduced any changes into the history of medicine of Tartu.

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Wpływ wojny z Rosją na kształt i funkcjonowanie sądownictwa na terenie Wilna w latach 1655–1660

Author(s): Oskar Kanecki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2018

The success of Russia in the war against the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the middle of the 17th century was followed by the occupation of a large area of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The invader’s intention to strengthen its influence in the conquered territory resulted in introducing changes in the political system of Lithuania. As a result, a new judicial organization was established between 1655 and 1656, however, it was not unified across the whole country. The Russian authorities established in Vilnius at that time coexisted with the Lithuanian judicial system. The aim of this study is to present their organization and functioning since their establishment until the liberation of the city in 1660. A historical and legal method was applied in this research.

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РАЗВОЈ ОДРЕДБИ О УПОТРЕБИ ВАТРЕ У БОРБЕНИМ ПРАВИЛИМА РУСКЕ ВОЈСКЕ ОД 1831. ДО 1866. ГОДИНЕ (Прилог проучавању питања руских војних реформи шездесетих и седамдесетих година XIX века)

Author(s): Oleg R. Airapetov / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2018

The article covers the development of small arms in the army of Russia during the reign of emperors Nicholas I and Alexander II. Traditionally, after the defeat of Russia in the Crimean war, the Russian and Soviet historiography estimates the Nikolas I military system as outdated. Tradition later began to oppose stagnation and backwardness of pre­Crimean period to the successful experience of reforms, including the military, of Nicholas son and heir. The prestige of a number of Soviet scholars to a large extent contributed to the strengthening of these assessments in Western historiography. The article attempts to review this connection by the example of military training of the army in the period from 1831 to 1866. The chronological framework of the article is defined by two documents­the army Filed Regulations of 1831 and the Regulations of 1866, which became the basis for the combat training of the Russian troops for the war of 1877­1878. It’s known, the law of the army are its Regulations. For the period 1831 to 1866 was passed a number of Regulations, the analysis of which in the development proves the futility of the accepted dichotomy between the Regulations of 1831 and 1866 excluding interim Regulations and changes in the army. Since the 1840s, the attempts began to create small arms that would combine the rate of fire of a smoothbore gun and the range of the rifled one. By the middle of this decade, this led to the beginning of a very modern­like technological arms race. New weapons required a new organization of the battle, and especially in case of infantrythe most numerous part of troops. This organization has lagged behind the progress of weapons.

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Through the Body: Chiromancy in 17th-Century England

Author(s): Paweł Rutkowski / Language(s): English Issue: 32/2019

The early modernity inherited the ancient and medieval conviction that normally hidden knowledge about fellow humans could be obtained by an inspection of particular parts of their bodies. It was the hand that was considered especially informative, as it contained lines and other natural marks that were supposed to form a kind of alphabet that could disclose the “Inclinations, the Motions of the Soul, the Vertues and Vices”, and were even capable of revealing the examined person’s future. The present article explores the English boom in chiromancy in the 17th century, which saw new editions of old authorities as well as new treatises by, for instance, Richard Saunders and George Wharton, whose chiromantic texts aimed at elevating palmistry to the status of science that pursued the ancient nosce te ipsum philosophy. The striking feature of chiromancy was its preoccupation with the material and the bodily. Each chiromantic session was in fact a kind of symbolic dissection that consisted in identifying, naming and interpreting particular anatomical parts of the hand. Furthermore, palmists had to consider all unique physical attributes of their clients’ hands, whose varied size and shape – together with palm lines’ length, depth, colour, straightness or crookedness – always had to be taken into account. Chiromancy was thus founded on acknowledgment and contemplation of variety and changeability observable in the human bodies, which provided access to knowledge about humanity.

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RESİMDE BİTKİSEL MOTİFLERİN YORUMLANIŞINA BAKIŞ

Author(s): Ezgi Yemenicioğlu Negir / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 28/2018

Herbal motifs were depicted at every period in the history of painting art. Especially in the 17th century, plant motifs in paintings such as landscape and still life became the main topic of the painting. The most important reason for this was the fact that most of the vital needs of human beings meet plants and the culture developed accordingly. The plants were valuable both in symbolic sense and economically, included in the painting as a demonstration of prosperity. It is observed that the relation of the benefit created by people with nature and plants in daily life is also reflected to the art. The definition of plant that contains all the living things from grass to a gigantic tree, have become an endless visual resource for artists with their diversity, form, size, color, texture variety. The change in the way of view to nature has affected the development of painting art, and many artists have developed great interest and affection with ordinary plants. The different developing structures of plants, even from the same species, contain infinite variations of their forms; allowing them to be freely interpreted on the painting surface. Expressionist paintings also put important means of plants.

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JAN SOBIESKI W OCZACH CUDZOZIEMSKICH PAMIĘTNIKARZY

Author(s): Dariusz Milewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2019

The topic of this article is the way king John III Sobieski was presented by some foreign diarists in selected aspects: origin and education, interests in philosophy, command and military glory, participation in the Holy League, election and avarice, description and overall assessment.

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Despre Ștefan cel Mare și Moldova la sfârșitul secolului al XVII-lea. Note pe marginea unor fragmente de cronică târzie

Author(s): Ioan-Augustin Guriţă / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2018

The present study analyses several fragments from the History of Scythians authored by Andrei Lîzlov in 1692. The History is a rather ample polemic work which circulated in manuscript form, initially among the Moscow elites, and which was intended to determine members of this elite to start a campaign against the Crimean Khanate and the Ottoman Empire. Through his work, Lîzlov brought the necessary arguments for a “crusade” against the two. Borrowing information from the Polish chroniclers, which he combined with various other Russian writings of a historical character, Lîzlov presents also, besides the history of the Scythian lands, events from the lives of the ones who fought either against the Tatars or the Ottomans, placing alongside each other events that happened at large time intervals. Thus he gives examples of rulers who defended Christendom, among them, Stephen the Great, voivode of Moldavia. That fight had to be continued, and the only ones who could do it were the “right-believing emperors from the East”.

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Vázlat az udvari karrierekről a Rákócziak udvarából

Author(s): Annamária Jeney-Tóth / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: V/2018

The aim of this study is to examine a relatively small, yet important group of the princely court, namely the kitchen staff. Their responsibility was to provide food for certain members of the princely household: the family of the prince, the young men of the court, a part of the “familiars” (a specific type of vassals in Hungarian feudalism), and occasionally the envoys and their escorts. The kitchen personnel of the travelling household was smaller (around 20-40 persons) in Cluj-Napoca (Kolozsvár), than in Alba Iulia (Gyulafehérvár), the seat town of the Principality. The chefs (konyhamester) were responsible for the activity of the whole kitchen staff, and it was their duty, to provide the personnel and the necessary tools to the family of the prince at any time. In this respect, the role of Mihály Mikó, Gergely Aradi and especially of Gergely Ghillányi was of great importance during the time of the Rákóczis. They controlled the work of the stewards (konyhasáfár), of the chef (főszakács), of around 10 other cooks, of the pie maker (tésztamíves), as well as that of the apprentices of the kitchen. The bakers, the doorkeepers of the kitchen (konyhai ajtónállók), the outriders, the dishwashers, the kitchen carters and those guarding the carts also belonged to the staff of the kitchen.

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Egy cubicularius klán ismeretlen ága

Author(s): Veronka Dáné / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2019

This essay carries on Zsolt Trócsányi’s study into the lower ranking staff of Treasury Officers, namely the cubicularii (cubicularius) and their offices via the two Bálintffy cubicularii introduced earlier, through the careers of László Bornemisza and his two brothers Gergely and Ferenc from a Kolozsvár Patrician family and also the probably related Tamás Bornemisza from Kolozsvár. The research has revealed that László who with his younger brother Ferenc turned Catholic under the influence of Jesuits and probably also has studied in foreign universities, never done any work in the administration of inland revenue but rather played a diplomatic role together with his brother. Prince Gábor Bethlen sent László as his envoy to Vienna and to the Porte on several occasions, while Ferenc was a key contact figure with France and the Porte. (It was also him who accompanied the prince’s nephew Péter Bethlen on his peregrinus trip.) Both brothers’ careers ended when György Rákóczi the new prince instigated procedures against their brother-in-law Kristóf Bálintffy. As opposed to the diplomat cubicularius László, Tamás, his relation was clearly involved in the administration of finances. The story of the Bornemiszas clearly shows that while ’cubicularius’ ment a person whose duties had to do mainly with the Treasury, as princely courtier (‚equerry’) he could be made useful in connection with many other duties. Only through investigating individual careers a clearer differentiation among specific duties can be made, which requires further research.

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„Az Felséged praefecturája szegény hazánknak szabadságinak nagy romlására volt”

Author(s): Petra Mátyás-Rausch / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2019

We would like to present the Prince’s decisions and motivations in connection with treasury through data collected about a new-old fiscal office: that of the princely prefect. This research is only in its incipient phase as in presenting this office and its duties we can only refer to the incomplete collection of documents regarding Tamás Debreczeni, a princely prefect. In the sources this fiscal office appears as praefectus absolutus, and its most important functions are the following: administration of the estate, administration of the prince’s rights and establishing relations with cities and towns of the Principality of Transylvania. This office was created probably after the Hungarian financial administration system. During our research we could identify a new office, that of the treasury prefect, later referred to as treasurer. We can be sure that this latter one was a permanent office beginning from the late Báthory era and that there was a small size administrative personnel in its subordination.

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