![Presuda sarajevskog kadije iz 1613. godine: svojedobno tumačenje načela zimma](/api/image/getissuecoverimage?id=picture_2015_27069.jpg)
Presuda sarajevskog kadije iz 1613. godine: svojedobno tumačenje načela zimma
A Verdict of the Sarajevo Kadı (Judge) from 1613: A Light on the Interpretation of the Zimma Principle at the Time
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A Verdict of the Sarajevo Kadı (Judge) from 1613: A Light on the Interpretation of the Zimma Principle at the Time
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The foundation activity of the Princes of the House of Sanguszko in the turn of the 17th and 18th centurypresented in this paper does not depict the whole religious experience and people’s faith who passed away. Among many outstanding personages the greatest were Szymon Samuel Sanguszko and his heirs, especially Paweł Karol Sanguszko, who played an important role in founding churches and convents. Such an expansive foundation activity of the Sanguszkos in their ancestral possessions, especially the borderlands, had its powerbase. The sources of which were, among others, the financial status, the positions held and indeed it was characteristic of the fall of the baroque epoch, according to which one ought to take care of their eternal life by being helpful. This helpfulness boiled down to numerous foundations and philanthropic activity for the deprived. What is more, the founders secured for themselves, often after stormy lives, prayers for their souls in the convents and churches they donated, which also usually became the places of their burials. It is worth emphasizing that many of the Sanguszko family chose religious vocations as priests, monks or nuns. Undoubtedly, it was a manifestation of living faith and deep religious devotion of one of the most important families in the Republic of Poland and Latvia in the 17th and 18th century.
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A significant number of issues related to the history of the late Russian chronicles are still being discussed by historians. The objective of this paper is to study the following issues – definition of genre typology of The Tomsk’s Voivode Record that accompanies a majority of manuscripts of the Tomsk’s Version of Naryshkin’s Edition of Siberian Chronicle Code. The tasks that are set in this paper are aimed at the establishment of the nature of The Tomsk’s Voivode Record: whether it was a departmental document or a specific type of chronicle writings. A research technique used in this paper is based on the comparison of the list of the 17th century Tomsk’s officials with the similar lists in registers from various editions of the aforementioned chronicle code. Among them is a description of Russian towns and stockade settlements in Siberia. Dvina and Ustyug chronicles are also studied. Our conclusions prove that The Tomsk Voivode Record, like a register of Tobolsk administrators of the late 16th – first quarter of the 17th century that is preserved in the form of one manuscript only, cannot be regarded as an abstract from the Siberian Chronicle Code. It must be treated as an independent piece of writing. Therefore, it has to be compared with similar abstracts on Beryozov, Verkhoturia and Narym, which were well known to G. F. Miller. In all likelihood, the record was composed by Tomsk administration on the basis of official records. It was done to ascertain the succession and chronology of voivodes and deacons sent to serve in one of the major Siberian administrative clusters. Consequently, there are grounds to consider this work to be a piece of chronicle writings, though it should not be associated with the so-called town chronicles. As an administrative directory, composed in the 17th century as a typical form of annual entries, The Tomsk Voivode Record shows the ways in which late Russian Middle Ages documental sources influenced the contents and the style of chronicle writing.
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The article deals with the contradictions between of supporters of Parliament and supporters of the King concerning royal prerogatives during the English Revolution of the XVII century. The author examines the types of extreme rights of kings, and the possibility of their implementation. Particular attention is paid to the views of John Spelmen as one of the brightest representatives of the constitutional royalism on the nature of the royal prerogative.
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Based on unpublished court documents from the beginning of the 18th century, the author investigates the life path, from the birth and initial education in Sarajevo, to the departure and continuation of education in Istanbul, to obtaining the mulazamet and taking the apprenticeship examination, of Ahmed effendi, son of Mustafa effendi Logavija, known under the nickname of Uššaki-zade Damadi, and from 1099/1688 to 1128/1716. He chronologically follows his movement in service: from the muderris of Čauš basha Madrasa 1099/1688, Saray Galata madrasa 1108/1697, Kenan-pasha madrasa 1114/1702, Mahmud-pasha madrasa 1115/1703, and Atik Nishanjipasha madrasa 1118/1707 in Istanbul, then the muderrsis of Gazi Husrevbey's Madrasah in Sarajevo, 1119 / 1707-1123 / 1712, the Sarajevo munla 1119 / 1707-08, the Sarajevo Mufti 1119 / 1707-1123 / 1712, Vaiz in Ferhadbey (Ferhadija) mosque in Sarajevo, 1119/1708, the founder of a monetary vakf for the Hajji Hasan mosque in Kreševo in 1119/1707, a khadi in Tripolis in Sham 1124/1712, to a period of joblessness, returning to Sarajevo, and submitting of arshuhal to Sheikh-l-Islam on 27 Muharram 1128 (January 23, 1716), asking him to assign him to the position of the munla in Medina or any other service he could live on, repay debts and support the family. The paper argues for the first time that the Ahmed-effendi's contemporary Hashinieffendi Muzaferi was not a muderris of the Gazi Husrev-bey madrasah, as he was believed to be, but of some lower madrasah called Buq'a Ṣāliḥiyya that was destroyed in a great fire during the invasion of Sarajevo by Eugene of Savoy in 1697, for which we do not even know where it was located. The paper also points to a series of mistakes in the previous works on Ahmedeffedni’s vakf in Kreševo. At the end of the paper, the author, with brief comments, brings the integral text of Ahmed-effendi's endowment chart in the original Ottoman Turkish, translated into the Bosnian language.
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This article analyzes the views for the rational knowledge importance and institutionalized education in the writings of professors and rectors Kyiv-Mohyla Academy – Innocentiy Gisel and Lazar Baranovych, in the XVII century.
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The Bethlen castle in Boiu-Ţopa, built at the beginning of the seventeenth century, extended and reconditioned during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries by the Bethlen family (its Balasz-Blasius branch), is today in a state of ruin. Valuable fragments from the castle, important for the history of Transylvanian art and architecture (sculptured stone window-frames of Renaissance influence, a stone inscription with the Bethlen coat of arms, ornamental fragments of stucco and plaster) have disappeared gradually during the past twenty years because of improper use and dereliction.The castle ruinous state of preservation allowed us to identify a large number of finished limestone blocks, ashlar (ca. 45 items), with similar dimensions, embedded in the castle masonry. Following this remark, we present the hypothesis that these blocks represent Roman lithic fragments (spolia) from a camp located in the vicinity of the castle. The usage of Roman lithic fragments from Roman ruins for the edification of noble residences was a practice often met in the period of sixteenth-eighteenth century in Transylvania. Moreover, the analysis of spolia included in noble residences can contribute with precious information regarding the ‘migration’ of antiquities in Transylvania. The present paper shows aspects related to the history and architecture of this noble residence together with an inventory of visible limestone fragments. Seven items among the spolia are presented in more detail; they have sculpted profiles and finished sides, and are accessible for research.
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As a basic principle, Spinoza distinguished clearly between theology and philosophy, accentuating the prevalence of inherent rules within each discipline. However, seen from a linguistic perspective, he considered the philosophical language to be more adequate to give a more accurate definition of specific terms, such as proof, axiom, or definition per se. Having set the philosophical language as a basic guideline, the significance of the method is far more crucial. The most obvious example of this approach is delivered by former philosophers, theologians who announced "the kingdom of man in the kingdom of nature". Therefore Spinoza postulates axiomatic concepts for a better understanding of human nature to be the starting point. Thus, first of all, the origin and the nature of human emotions have to be analyzed in accordance with the laws of determinism. By putting an emphasis on emotions and their significant influence on humans to grasp the nature of man, it can be said that Spinoza had also an effect on the Cartesian philosophy. For Spinoza, Conatus is the concept which forms the actual essence of man's nature according to which Conatus produces the spark creating the entire universe or rather the power of existence as an activity. It prepares the basis for the life of man to start off immediately and not at any indefinite time. What is more, this power of existence burning in a human being is important for the transition from the aspect of expression to expression itself.
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The article covers the development of small arms in the army of Russia during the reign of emperors Nicholas I and Alexander II. Traditionally, after the defeat of Russia in the Crimean war, the Russian and Soviet historiography estimates the Nikolas I military system as outdated. Tradition later began to oppose stagnation and backwardness of preCrimean period to the successful experience of reforms, including the military, of Nicholas son and heir. The prestige of a number of Soviet scholars to a large extent contributed to the strengthening of these assessments in Western historiography. The article attempts to review this connection by the example of military training of the army in the period from 1831 to 1866. The chronological framework of the article is defined by two documentsthe army Filed Regulations of 1831 and the Regulations of 1866, which became the basis for the combat training of the Russian troops for the war of 18771878. It’s known, the law of the army are its Regulations. For the period 1831 to 1866 was passed a number of Regulations, the analysis of which in the development proves the futility of the accepted dichotomy between the Regulations of 1831 and 1866 excluding interim Regulations and changes in the army. Since the 1840s, the attempts began to create small arms that would combine the rate of fire of a smoothbore gun and the range of the rifled one. By the middle of this decade, this led to the beginning of a very modernlike technological arms race. New weapons required a new organization of the battle, and especially in case of infantrythe most numerous part of troops. This organization has lagged behind the progress of weapons.
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The early modernity inherited the ancient and medieval conviction that normally hidden knowledge about fellow humans could be obtained by an inspection of particular parts of their bodies. It was the hand that was considered especially informative, as it contained lines and other natural marks that were supposed to form a kind of alphabet that could disclose the “Inclinations, the Motions of the Soul, the Vertues and Vices”, and were even capable of revealing the examined person’s future. The present article explores the English boom in chiromancy in the 17th century, which saw new editions of old authorities as well as new treatises by, for instance, Richard Saunders and George Wharton, whose chiromantic texts aimed at elevating palmistry to the status of science that pursued the ancient nosce te ipsum philosophy. The striking feature of chiromancy was its preoccupation with the material and the bodily. Each chiromantic session was in fact a kind of symbolic dissection that consisted in identifying, naming and interpreting particular anatomical parts of the hand. Furthermore, palmists had to consider all unique physical attributes of their clients’ hands, whose varied size and shape – together with palm lines’ length, depth, colour, straightness or crookedness – always had to be taken into account. Chiromancy was thus founded on acknowledgment and contemplation of variety and changeability observable in the human bodies, which provided access to knowledge about humanity.
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Herbal motifs were depicted at every period in the history of painting art. Especially in the 17th century, plant motifs in paintings such as landscape and still life became the main topic of the painting. The most important reason for this was the fact that most of the vital needs of human beings meet plants and the culture developed accordingly. The plants were valuable both in symbolic sense and economically, included in the painting as a demonstration of prosperity. It is observed that the relation of the benefit created by people with nature and plants in daily life is also reflected to the art. The definition of plant that contains all the living things from grass to a gigantic tree, have become an endless visual resource for artists with their diversity, form, size, color, texture variety. The change in the way of view to nature has affected the development of painting art, and many artists have developed great interest and affection with ordinary plants. The different developing structures of plants, even from the same species, contain infinite variations of their forms; allowing them to be freely interpreted on the painting surface. Expressionist paintings also put important means of plants.
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The topic of this article is the way king John III Sobieski was presented by some foreign diarists in selected aspects: origin and education, interests in philosophy, command and military glory, participation in the Holy League, election and avarice, description and overall assessment.
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The present study analyses several fragments from the History of Scythians authored by Andrei Lîzlov in 1692. The History is a rather ample polemic work which circulated in manuscript form, initially among the Moscow elites, and which was intended to determine members of this elite to start a campaign against the Crimean Khanate and the Ottoman Empire. Through his work, Lîzlov brought the necessary arguments for a “crusade” against the two. Borrowing information from the Polish chroniclers, which he combined with various other Russian writings of a historical character, Lîzlov presents also, besides the history of the Scythian lands, events from the lives of the ones who fought either against the Tatars or the Ottomans, placing alongside each other events that happened at large time intervals. Thus he gives examples of rulers who defended Christendom, among them, Stephen the Great, voivode of Moldavia. That fight had to be continued, and the only ones who could do it were the “right-believing emperors from the East”.
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The aim of this study is to examine a relatively small, yet important group of the princely court, namely the kitchen staff. Their responsibility was to provide food for certain members of the princely household: the family of the prince, the young men of the court, a part of the “familiars” (a specific type of vassals in Hungarian feudalism), and occasionally the envoys and their escorts. The kitchen personnel of the travelling household was smaller (around 20-40 persons) in Cluj-Napoca (Kolozsvár), than in Alba Iulia (Gyulafehérvár), the seat town of the Principality. The chefs (konyhamester) were responsible for the activity of the whole kitchen staff, and it was their duty, to provide the personnel and the necessary tools to the family of the prince at any time. In this respect, the role of Mihály Mikó, Gergely Aradi and especially of Gergely Ghillányi was of great importance during the time of the Rákóczis. They controlled the work of the stewards (konyhasáfár), of the chef (főszakács), of around 10 other cooks, of the pie maker (tésztamíves), as well as that of the apprentices of the kitchen. The bakers, the doorkeepers of the kitchen (konyhai ajtónállók), the outriders, the dishwashers, the kitchen carters and those guarding the carts also belonged to the staff of the kitchen.
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This essay carries on Zsolt Trócsányi’s study into the lower ranking staff of Treasury Officers, namely the cubicularii (cubicularius) and their offices via the two Bálintffy cubicularii introduced earlier, through the careers of László Bornemisza and his two brothers Gergely and Ferenc from a Kolozsvár Patrician family and also the probably related Tamás Bornemisza from Kolozsvár. The research has revealed that László who with his younger brother Ferenc turned Catholic under the influence of Jesuits and probably also has studied in foreign universities, never done any work in the administration of inland revenue but rather played a diplomatic role together with his brother. Prince Gábor Bethlen sent László as his envoy to Vienna and to the Porte on several occasions, while Ferenc was a key contact figure with France and the Porte. (It was also him who accompanied the prince’s nephew Péter Bethlen on his peregrinus trip.) Both brothers’ careers ended when György Rákóczi the new prince instigated procedures against their brother-in-law Kristóf Bálintffy. As opposed to the diplomat cubicularius László, Tamás, his relation was clearly involved in the administration of finances. The story of the Bornemiszas clearly shows that while ’cubicularius’ ment a person whose duties had to do mainly with the Treasury, as princely courtier (‚equerry’) he could be made useful in connection with many other duties. Only through investigating individual careers a clearer differentiation among specific duties can be made, which requires further research.
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We would like to present the Prince’s decisions and motivations in connection with treasury through data collected about a new-old fiscal office: that of the princely prefect. This research is only in its incipient phase as in presenting this office and its duties we can only refer to the incomplete collection of documents regarding Tamás Debreczeni, a princely prefect. In the sources this fiscal office appears as praefectus absolutus, and its most important functions are the following: administration of the estate, administration of the prince’s rights and establishing relations with cities and towns of the Principality of Transylvania. This office was created probably after the Hungarian financial administration system. During our research we could identify a new office, that of the treasury prefect, later referred to as treasurer. We can be sure that this latter one was a permanent office beginning from the late Báthory era and that there was a small size administrative personnel in its subordination.
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Described and discussed here are three ceramic stoves from Esztergom Castle, all made during the period after the recapture of the castle from the Turks by the Christian forces in 1686. All three ceramic stoves were made by highly skilled foreign stove-builders.
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In 1752 the Greek Catholic Bishop Michal Manuel Olšavský (1700 - 1767, bishop since 1742) performed a canonical visitation of his believers. In this period, from the standpoint of canon law, the Greek Catholics (the units) administratively belonged to the Latin Diocese of Eger. The bishop discovered that there was no unified practice in the ministry of the sacraments, so in 1752 he issued statutes in the Church-Slavonic language how correctly to divide the seven sacraments. These so-called older statutes united the sacramental discipline of the Eastern Rite under the Carpathians Mountains. In 1755 the bishop issued another so-called younger statutes in Latin. There were non-uniform practices in various everyday matters, doubts, and mistakenly been interpreted certain provisions of canon law. It was necessary to introduce some customs that belonged to a modern and cultural Theresian country, for example the registry records. The bishop had the greatest problem with arrogant priests, the Latin version of the statutes has been translated into the Church Slavonic language. The statutes were promulgated in 1758 and were read on public congregations. This prescription had to be memorized by each priest and had to be examined. If he did not or avoided the test, so was suspended. The statutes of the years 1752 - 1758 are one moral and legal entity. The bishop also sent them to Rome. The statutes of bishop Olšavský not yet published, are now published for the first time. This document is important for church history, canonical law, secular history, linguistics. The statutes describe the ecclesiastical, spiritual, religious and everyday customs of the Christians of the Eastern Rite under the Carpathians in the second half of the 18th century.
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