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Cases associated with the failure to keep the terms of nuptial contracts are relevantfor the study of various aspects of the functioning of the burgher family in the Old Polish period. In Armenian records of court proceedings from Stanisławów (now: Ivano-Frankivsk) there were about a dozen of cases from which we may infer that there where situations when the terms of a contract were not kept. The position ofa woman in a family depended to a great extent on the terms of a nuptial contract.
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The last quarter of the 16th century marks a new era for the Mediterranean. As many historians agree, this was a new era that the ‘corsair warfare’ replaced the great naval battles. Although the corsair warfare appeared in different forms, the Muslim-Christian conflict was an important phase of it. The intense anti-Ottoman attacks of different corsair groups leaded by Malta, Spain and Knights of Santo Stefano had influenced every corner of the Mediterranean. The raids of the Knights of the Order, under the disposal of the Medici Grand Dukes, reached as far as the southern coasts of Anatolia. In this study, we will focus on the raids of Christian corsairs against Southern coasts of Anatolia and especially of Knights of Santo Stefano against Ayas, Anamur, Finike and Alanya.
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Since ancient times, curiosity (curiositas) was perceived as a misdeed, negative passion resulting from an irrepressible drive in the pursuit of knowledge and associated with conceit. However, its positive aspect did not go unnoticed. This was associated with moderate inquisitiveness, which did not exceed the limits of cognition, and was determined by the existing worldview (curiositas versus studiositas). There existed a conviction that women, being closer to nature and unable to control their emotions, were more likely to succumb to undesirable curiosity; the mythical Pandora and biblical Eve being cited as examples to further underscore the point. Hence, they were taught the ability to refrain from wanting to satisfy their curiosity. In spite of this, 17th century Europe witnessed the emergence of women, many of whom were authors of scholarly essays and dissertations, works of encyclopedic nature, of textbooks and manuals on natural philosophy, “books of secrets”, of women’s writing, and of poems describing the universe. In the Republic of Poland, though, this type of creative activity was, for quite some time, met with uter incomprehension or no acceptance, if not outright criticism.
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Samuel Brzeżewski is a long-forgotten Polish Baroque preacher. He left behind three written sermons, of which two take on Marian themes. Among those is Zaciąg dworzanów na kurię Najświętszej Królowej nieba i ziemi […] – „The recruitment of courtiers to the curia of the Blessed Queen of heaven and earth at a sermon on the day of her birth” (transl.), written in 1644 and published in 1645. It came into existence on the occasion of the anniversary of the birth of the Mother of God and has an interesting sermon-concept form. In spite of the fact that the author reached for the expression „queen”, from time immemorial applied with reference to Mary, he combined with it an interesting fictional plot by portraying the process of the recruiting of courtiers for the court of the queen (it is one of the few Old Polish texts referring to the manner of recruitment for the court of a monarch). Closer study of various desirable features of courtiers (beauty, education, bravery) leads Brzeżewski to arrive at the conclusion that the greatest opportunities for admission to the service of the Mother of God are gifted to „bandits” (i.e. hardened sinners rejected by all) and „agonizantes” (viz. the dying) – those to whom Mary shows her kindness and magnanimity
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The Restoration of Charles II Stuart in 1660 was reckoned in post-revolutionary England both in terms of a long-awaited relief and an inevitable menace. The return of the exiled prince, whose father’s disgraceful decapitation in the name of law eleven years earlier marked the end of the British monarchy, must have been looked forward to by those who expected rewards for their loyalty, inflexibility and royal affiliation in the turbulent times of the Interregnum. It must have been, however, feared by those who directly contributed to issuing the death warrant on the legally ruling king and to violating the irrefutable divine right of kings. Even though Charles II’s mercy was widely known, hardly anyone expected that the restored monarch’s inborn mildness would win over his well-grounded will to revenge his father’s death and the collapse of the British monarchy. It seems that Charles II was not exceptionally vindictive and was eager to show mercy and oblivion understood as an act of amnesty to those who sided with Cromwell and Parliament but did not contribute directly to the executioner raising his axe over the royal neck. On the other hand, the country’s unstable situation and the King’s newly-built reputation required some firm-handed actions taken by the sovereign in order to prevent further rebellions or plots in the future, and to strengthen the position of the monarchy so shattered by the Civil War and the Interregnum.
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This paper makes an attempt to call attention and point to the importance of Manchu historical records, but at the same time warns against the pitfalls of uncritical utilisation of these historical sources (the possibility of falsification and the fabrication of historical material). The authors focus on volume 20 of the 親征平定朔漠方略 Qinzhengpingdingshuo-mofanglüe (Beye dailame wargi amargi babe necihiyeme toktobuha bodogon i bithe. orici debtelin) written in Manchu. This Manchu historical document is of prime importance in the historical enquiry of the period. It gives a clear picture of the military strategy of the time and provides accurate facts concerning the exact names of persons and places, the system of administration, wartime munitions mobilisation, and much more.
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In article the way of development of public forms of playing music on an example of activity of the Italian professional and amateur associations in XVII item is traced. The concerts centers are defined and signs which characterize primary concerts forms are revealed.
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In article by Reva L. into the cultural and civilized phone across literature are investigate the role of personality. For the example of her evolution from the beginning of the Renaissance time XVII c. to our days we are to rush to clear up why individual- personality sometimes to lose his identical, to break in globalistik process, to send away for the models of literature.
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The article depicts the Great Marshall of Lithuania Aleksander Hilary Połubiński’s (1626–1679) political activity in his late years. The author analysed hitherto research as well as archival records and proposed a conclusion that in this period of time Połubiński rather endeavoured to create his own party than to support king’s policy. It might be the reason why Połubiński was not granted with privileges despite his significant public activity and why king John III leaned toward Sapieha Family.
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Review of: Jacek Pielas - Edycje źródeł staropolskich w sytuacji braku podstawowych zespołów archiwalnych (Testamenty szlachty Prus Królewskich z XVII wieku, opracowanie i wydanie Jacek Kowalkowski i Wiesław Nowosad, Wydawnictwo DiG, Warszawa 2013, ss. 436, seria wydawnicza: „Szlachta i ziemiaństwo na ziemiach dawnej Rzeczypospolitej”)
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Review of: Weronika Pawlik-Kwaśniewska - Natalie Zemon Davis, Kobiety na marginesach. Trzy siedemnastowieczne życiorysy, tłum. B. Hlebowicz, Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, Warszawa 2012, ss. 392
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The article shows a role of a correspondence in prosopographical research of the life of Lviv city clerk in the 1st half of 17th century, Wojciech Zimnicki. A main direction of research is a closer definition of biographical facts, secretaries work, as well as Wojciech Zimnicki’s private life. On a basis of this kind of sources it is possible to picture an image of an official of those times: a city clerk, a head of secretariat, bourgeois and a member of judicial board, and also a father and a husband.
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In the article the problem of narrator in Aleksey Karpiuk’s novel “Biala Dama” is discussed. The novel involves detective and historical elements. The first narrator presents the events revealing the mystery of the heroine. The second narrator (Katarzyna Wałkowicz), who lived in the second part of the 17th century, describes her life which was full of adventures and experience.
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The border region separating the Hungarian Kingdom and the Transylvanian Principality from Ottoman Hungary was a frontline of daily battles, aimed at forcing new territories to pay tribute. This study presents the submission process in Bihar county from the Transylvanian border region, with special emphasis on the Tatar invasion of 1599, which devastated more than half of the localities. The description of the 17th century tributes, of the exposure of the villages, and of the division of the lands between the Hungarian and Turkish landowners is based on a Hungarian investigation from 1645. The tributes imposed in the previous century have increased manifold, and the Ottoman owners have also begun to hold judgements and impose fines. Neither the Hungarian soldiers of the Transylvanian castles, nor the Hungarian owners of the settlements were able to limit these excesses.
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The two mansions of Izvoru de Sus village, known as the “large castle” and the “small castle”, are parts of the former manor that is likely to have been established in mid-17th century. The domain of Izvoru was initially owned by Ştirbei family, who founded “Saint Nicholas” Church, as the manor chapel that subsequently became parish church. Close to the church, the boyars built a house too, the cellars of which can still be seen today under the “small castle”. In the 19th century, the property passed into the posses- sion of Perticari family who set up the “big castle” and restored the old house which became the “small castle”. Nowadays, the “castles” of Izvoru de Sus have been falling in ruins with every passing day and nobody can or wants to deter this process. Some parts thereof, like the floors of the “big castle”, are widely destroyed. The moral deterioration that both mansions have been undergoing since 1947 is enhanced by the physical deterioration started 33 years ago. The present-day situation of these buildings is not only the consequence of the 1977 earthquake. On the contrary, de-allocation, lack of maintenance, and robbery are the crucial causes of the deplorable state of these heritage objectives.
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In the article the considered achievements of composers and musical theorists of XVII of century : N. Dileckiy, S.Ribak, M. Berezovskii, G. Golovni, S. Bishakovskie, that inculcated, in that time, the single general and specialized musical departmental teaching.
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The article deals with the activities of the first Czech visitors to Brazil. They travelled there as soldiers in the service of the Dutch West Indies Company (WIC). The company strove to establish commercial bases and colonies in the period 1630- 1654 in conflict with the Portuguese, but in the end it failed. The theme is placed in the wider context of Dutch expansion in the Atlantic region, which reached its peak in the second quarter of the 17th century.
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In article is analized relevant musical scores: tabulatures for lute and organ, and manuscript codes of XVII centuries.
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Black is defined as a neutral color, that is, absence of color when surface absorbed all the light without leaving behind to reflect any of it. Black has always took place in color charts through history until 17th century British scientist Sir Isaac Newton's discovery of the spectrum, and its presence in history of art goes back to first samples of cave murals. The study is a research on black in the context of western art, and qualitative research is followed as a method.
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