Locul şi ponderea Văii Jiului în economia Dublei Monarhii 1880-1918

Author(s): Róbert Nagy / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 54/2015

Beginning with the 80th of the 19th century, in the coal mining region of the Jiu Valley began a rash development. As a result of this process, the region became the most important coal-field of the Hungarian part of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. The place occupied and the role played in the economy of the dualist state deserve a carefully analysis of the data’s. Comparing the production results in this period reported by the different companies shows a step by step growing of this valley, until it occupied the first place between the largest coal-producing regions of the Hungarian Kingdom. A relevant example is the Jiu Valley-subsidiary of the Salgótarján Coal- Mining Company, which in 1912 already realized a higher production than the parent establishment in the Salgótarján region.

Ismert vagy ismeretlen?

Author(s): Géza Závodszky / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 4/2015

The name of the less-known József Kliegl is mostly mentioned in Hungarian and foreign works on the history of printing. Gifted with an inventive mind, Kliegl spent decades trying to solve the problem of mechanical typesetting, but he was also obsessed with a couple of other technical ideas that looked fantastic in the first half of the 19th century. He was a trained and talented painter: some of his miniatures of high standard have survived, but from the documentation of his inventions almost nothing has been handed down to us. Relying on sources from the period, the paper dispels the commonplace about the genius, who–due to his unappreciated works and lack of support–went to waste, even though the business capital and the industrial background was of course missing. The Hungarian reform era is about an emerging Hungary with a growing middle class, when any performance reflective of the new age was met with instant response in the more and more lively public life. Kliegl's typesetting and distributing machine, whose main promoters were, not accidentally, people involved in literature, became a national matter, and the continuous patronage was far from insignificant, given the economic situation of the society. We also need to mention that in the summer months of the 1848 revolution the radical opposition suggested that the inventor receive government support. Kliegl was a Hungarian nobleman, who was as socially embedded as most landowners or public officials and creators with a noble background, and his hard life is an illustrative example of how the bourgeoisturned nobility related to bourgeois life. But at the time both the business capital and the industrial background were still missing for a successful career in technology.

Választók, választási részvétel és választói magatartás Székelyföldön a dualizmus korában

Author(s): Judit Pál / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2016

The paper focuses on the voters, the voter turnout and behavior in the era of the dual monarchy in Székely Land, one of the peripheral regions of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. Székely Land was, for several reasons, a special territory on the electoral map of Hungary at the time. On the one hand, the characteristics of those having the right to vote differentiated it from the other regions as it was here that the percentage of persons voting by their “hereditary rights” was the highest in the country, and this remained decisive until the end of the era despite that fact that their number was decreasing gradually. But due to the poverty of the population and the higher census in Transylvania, there was no “new blood” as a result of which the number of voters started falling, so much so that by the beginning of the 20th century it had reached levels below the national average. If the number of voters were gradually decreasing voter turnout had increased by the beginning of the 20th century, though this was observed in the whole of Transylvania so we cannot attribute it simply to the fact that with the disappearance of those voting by hereditary rights votes became more and more valuable. Status-consciousness probably influenced voter turnout significantly: for the decreasing number of voters it must have been important to emphasize that they had a word in politics as a result of which active participation was more and more becoming the norm. We can also observe that close election results and the number of voters did influence turnout. Yet it is difficult to decide to what extent the growth of electoral corruption, intensifying political debates or the growth of polarization played a role. As far as party affiliation was concerned, in Székely Land the advances of proindependence opposition arrived late in comparison to the other territories, mostly inhabited by Hungarians, it is detectable from 1905 only, though the picture had been much more diversified previously than in other parts of Transylvania. As to the other phenomenon examined in the paper, the percentage of “stranger” representatives: following the Transylvanian towns, the constituencies in Székely Land had the second highest percentage of elected representatives not connected in any way to the electoral district or even to Transylvania. It was in the constituencies where pro-government representatives were elected that the percentage of stranger representatives with weak bonds to the area was the highest, and vice versa.

Două autografe ale reginei Elisabeta a României

Author(s): Maria Ioniță / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 8/1994

Queen Elisabeth s two autographes appear on two very important papers written by her and kept in the patrimony of the National History Museum of Romania: a copy of her journey diary On the Danube and a book of impressions on Capșa House.

Hrisovul de organizare autonomă a breslei brutarilor bucureșteni din anul 1818

Author(s): Gabriel Petric / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/1975

The article studies a document from 1818, from Caragea Vodă, and under which the bakers corporation

Contribuții la istoria marinei și navigației în România, 1829-1866

Author(s): Sergiu Columbeanu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/1975

Treaty of Adrianople of 1829, which internationalized the maritime traffic of the Black Sea, opened Romanian ports to ships of all countries. In the ports of the maritime Danube: Sulina, Galatzi, Braila, an intense commercial activity develops, being recorded in the statistics of the time.

Drumuri mehedințene din perioada Regulamentului Organic

Author(s): Mite Măneanu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/1975

In the department of Mehedinţi many trails and roads appear in a long time, some of which have a particular interest in the conduct of economic exchanges

Date noi privind începuturile Academiei Mihăilene din Iași

Author(s): Maria Ioniță / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/1975

To begin with, the seal of the Academia Mihăileană, dating from 1834, was used to demonstrate that the day of the constitution was not June 16, 1835, a date which appeared in all the works of specialty, but November 1834 , period of beginning of the courses at the Academy.

Contribuții documentare cu privire la cunoașterea cheltuielilor pentru trupele de ocupație a Bucureștilor în anii 1848-1851

Author(s): Mihai C. Savin / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/1975

From the autumn of 1848 to the spring of 1851, Bucharest was occupied by the Turkish and Russian armies. Their presence meant the end of the revolution of 1848 and the direct intervention of the Supreme Court and the Protecting Court in the political affairs of the Romanian countries, also taking into account the existence of the extraordinary commissioners who, by mutual agreement, gave their "advice" to the princes

Două documente semnificative din anii 1862 și 1891 privind lupta pentru drepturi și libertăți a populației românești din Lăpuș, Satmar, Chioar și Sălaj

Author(s): Blaga Mihoc / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/1975

The author presents two interesting documents concerning the struggle of the Romanian population of Lăpuş, Sătmar, Chioar and Sălaj for political and cultural rights.

O corespondență inedită din timpul războiului pentru cucerirea independenței de stat a României

Author(s): Mircea Dumitriu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/1975

The author of the letters, the military doctor Georges Constantinesco, of the eighth regiment "Dorobanţi", participated in the campaign of the Romanian army in 1877-1878 when, thanks to this great and important human sacrifice

Documente inedite privind moștenirea muzeografică a lui George Barițiu

Author(s): Ion I. Drăgoescu,Răzvan Ciucă / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/1975

At the State Archives of Sibiu, the treasury of Astra, were preserved old unpublished documents on the museum heritage of G. Bariţiu.

Date privind construirea Palatului Poștelor, actualul sediu al Muzeului de Istorie al R.S. România

Author(s): Nicolae Perciun / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/1975

After the great development of the postal and telecommunications services, after the Union of the Principalities appears of necessity of construction of a palace of posts in the capital.

Az Osztrák–Magyar Monarchia és az Oszmán Birodalom közötti vasúti összeköttetés létrejötte

Author(s): Csaba Sándor Horváth / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2017

Reshaped by the Berlin Congress and the treaty of San Stefano of 1878, which ended the Russian–Turkish war, the Balkans did not have a railway link with Europe at the time. This also meant that the railway system that had already been set up beforehand was not linked to the “Old Continent”. The Monarchy (and Hungary) used all its powers to establish a railway connection between the western part of Europe and the Balkans. First, Gyula Andrássy, the Monarchy’s minister of foreign affairs, achieved some success after lengthy negotiations: the Turkish government agreed to establish a railway link through the Monarchy (Hungary). The final breakthrough came after the Congress of Berlin in 1878, where decision was taken about the construction of further railway lines in the Balkans. After signing a contract with Hungary, the Serbian government committed itself to building a railway line from Belgrade to Nis, which was to connect also to Constantinople through Sofia. The Hungarian parliament passed law No. XLII. in 1880 that entitled the government to establish a railway line between Budapest and Zemun. They intended to link Belgrade, the gate of the Balkans, to the European network this way. It was such a significant project that the preliminary ruling procedure attracted international attention and many newspapers reported on it. Finally, railway services to Zemun started in June 1883. The first engine arrived to the Bulgarian–Serbian border from the direction of Sofia in the summer of 1888, by which time the link to Constantinople had been established.

Augusta Costiuc Radosav, Vocile unei istorii neterminate: presa idiș din spațiul românesc extra-carpatic 1855-1900 (Voices of an Unfinished History: the Yiddish Press in the Extra-Carpathian Romanian Territories 1855-1900), Cluj-Napoca, Argonaut, Meg

Author(s): Lucian-Zeev Herșcovici / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

Tehetség és tapasztalat. Görgei Artúr és Aulich Lajos együttműködése 1848–1849-ben

Author(s): Gyula Kedves / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/2018

The cooperation and relationship between generals Artúr Görgei and Lajos Aulich was almost unprecedented in the Hungarian military leadership during the Hungarian War of Independence of 1848-49. This is especially surprising since they were different in almost every way, such as their age, personal motivations, family background, social background, personality, and life goals. While the 30 years old Görgei, who did not only leave the military earlier but also rejected its way of thinking and behavioral norms, was made the country’s most important military leader by the revolution in Autumn 1848, his 55 years old compatriot embraced the military lifestyle, and he was an officer of the Austrian army with rich practical knowledge and significant experience as a battlefield commander. Görgei was a scion of one of the oldest Hungarian noble families, even though he came from an impoverished branch, therefore he became a soldier out of necessity. Aulich was born into a wealthy bourgeois family, and he joined the military because he wanted to, choosing the career of the professional soldier. Görgei’s progress was facilitated by the revolutionaries who considered him one of their own, while they were suspicious of Aulich, and they only gave him limited opportunities out of necessity due to the lack of trained military leaders. Despite all of this they could learn to work together quickly because of their mutual respect based on the acknowledgment of each other’s merits. Despite being his superior for the majority of their relationship, Göregi did not consider Aulich a mere subordinate, but a significantly more experienced peer. However, the’elderly’ soldier did not only subordinate himself to the younger soldier but also trusted his ability as a leader and gladly carried out his ideas he considered appropriate. The first phase of their cooperation was the winter campaign when Aulich became the second most important commander of the army corps led by Görgei. It earned him a promotion to the rank of general as well, and this period from late February to early April also strengthened their respect for each other. The new general was still Görgei’s primary aide, and he also didn’t become his rival when he was no longer his direct subordinate. The spring campaign was the most successful period of their cooperation, this campaign yielded significant results. This period made Aulich a real military leader, on whom the main commander could rely to carry out tasks independently. The last phase of their relationship took place during the direst times, but their mutual respect didn’t fade, and by that time they have developed a bond of friendship as well. Aulich reached the top of the military hierarchy – he took over the position of Minister of War from his former superior, who was forced to resign –, but he remained Görgei’s admirer while supporting him to the best of his abilities, and even served his efforts for Kossuth’s rebellion with deep conviction. However, the rebellion’s last Minister of War could not resolve the conflict between the two leaders. He became a martyr of Hungarian independence in Arad as Kossuth’s general and Görgei’s loyal friend.

A tábornok – szokatlan nézőpontokból. Négy emlékirat Görgei Artúrról

Author(s): Róbert Hermann / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/2018

Din arhivele sucevene: un Gromovnic putnean analizat și comentat de Artemon Bortnic, rectorul Seminarului din Cernăuți (1838)

Author(s): Olimpia Mitric / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2018

Récemment, un document des archives (un rapport), nous apporta au premier plan le nom du recteur du Séminaire théologique de Tchernovtsy, Artemon Bortnic, qui examine et commente le contenu d’un manuscrit, un Gromovnic (livre populaire à caractère astrologique), la propriété du monastère Putna. C’est pour la première fois que nous rencontrons dans nos collections, aussi, une attitude critique, de la part du clergé, dirigée contre un livre populaire, qui fait partie de la littérature astrologique d’augure et dont la lecture, comme on le sait, est interdite. Le document est révélateur, aussi, pour la manière de traduire et d’écrire du Scriptorium du monastère. Voilà le contexte dans lequel on dressa le rapport. Le 14 octobre 1834, Ghenadie Platenchi, l’higoumène du Monastère Putna, dans une adresse au Consistoire de Tchernovtsy, demande le retour des livres empruntés du Monastère Putna par l’évêque Isaia Baloșescu (les Vies des saints et un manuscrit en langue slavonne, un Gromovnic). On lui donna la réponse que le monastère peut prendre tous les volumes, à l’exception du Gromovnic, pour lequel on doit attendre la décision du Forum Impérial. On comprend, la tâche d’examiner le contenu du manuscrit revint à Artemon Bortnic. Le rapport, de 16/28 mai 1838, dans la langue allemande, est composé de deux parties; la première partie comprend une courte description externe du manuscrit, les observations concernant les quatre catégories de textes composantes (car, en effet, le manuscrit est un Miscellanées) et quelques corrections. Dans la seconde partie on met en évidence « les éléments utiles qu’on trouve dans ce livre ». Heureusement, le manuscrit qu’Artemon Bortnic étudia, n’a pas été perdu; le manuscrit est actuellement conservé à la Bibliothèque de l’Académie Roumaine. Il s’agit du Miscellanées slavon-roumain (inv. 4620), calligraphié à Putna, à la fin du XVI-ème siècle et le début du siècle suivant, connu spécialement pour le dernier texte, la plus ancienne et l’unique version roumaine complète de Floarea darurilor (La fleur des vertus). De cette manière, nous avons réussi à compléter le rapport avec des reproductions et des exemplifications de textes. Le rapport, le sujet de notre communication, représente une première étude du Miscellanées de Putna et enrichit la palette des écritures à caractère populaire présentes dans ses pages.

“A Hungarian for Hungarians, and Nothing for Mankind?” William Lloyd Garrison's Response to Kossuth's Stance on Slavery

Author(s): András Tarnóc / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

Following the crushing of the Hungarian Revolution and War of Independence of 1848–1849 Lajos Kossuth was forced into exile in Turkey. Thanks to intervention on behalf of the American government that he was able to travel to the United States in 1851–52. His visit left a lasting mark on American culture. He made over 500 speeches and public appearances, however his position on slavery led to a controversy eventually undermining his original purpose of securing American support for the potential renewal of the Hungarians’ struggle for freedom. While anti-slavery activists in the United States, especially William Lloyd Garrison, were looking forward to him openly supporting the abolitionist cause, Kossuth opted for a much-maligned policy of non-interference. In response, Garrison, while admiring Kossuth at first, changed his stance and launched a vitriolic attack in a book-sized publication titled Letter to Louis Kossuth Concerning Freedom and Slavery in the United States (1852). While the circumstances of Kossuth's visit have been a subject of numerous scholarly essays, I intend to focus on Garrison's text in the forthcoming analysis of its form and content.

Povodom 140 godina od pogubljenja šejha Muhameda ef. Hadžijamakovića i hafiza Abdulaha ef. Kaukčije

Author(s): Mehmed Hodžić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 1/2018

In 2018, 140 years have passed since execution of resistance leaders against the Austro-Hungarian occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Using the available literature, the author presents basic biographical data on Sheikh Muhamed Effendi Hadžijamaković and Hafiz Abdulah Effendi Kaukčija, two of the most important leaders of resistance to the occupation, executed according to the judgment of the Austrian court of appeal immediately after the establishment of a new government. The paper points to the importance and role of these two alims, imams and professors with a sword; it was written in a newspaper article; in a turning and very significant period of Bosnian history. The memory of these two Sarajevans was and remained alive with their fellow citizens, sometimes more, and sometimes less, depending on the period, and has kept until today.