Quer durch das Revolutionäre Russland

Author(s): Constantin von Dietze / Language(s): German Issue: 09/1967

On the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the Bolshevik Revolution, the magazine "Osteuropa" publishes two special issues, "Experienced Red October" (9/1967) and "The World - 50 Years After Red October" (10/11, 1967). The present first issue deviates from our customs in two respects: instead of the present it is focused on the past, on the time around October 1917, furthermore it does not contain any investigations based on sources, but private recollections from eyewitnesses of the events of that time. Most of the authors are Germans, many of them longstanding members of the publisher of our journal, the „Deutsche Gesellschaft für Osteuropakunde“, or even their predecessor, the German Society for the Study of Eastern Europe, who here for the first time hand over their memories of that time to the public.

Zaungast der Oktoberrevolution

Author(s): Erich Ferdinand Pruck / Language(s): German Issue: 09/1967

On the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the Bolshevik Revolution, the magazine "Osteuropa" publishes two special issues, "Experienced Red October" (9/1967) and "The World - 50 Years After Red October" (10/11, 1967). The present first issue deviates from our customs in two respects: instead of the present it is focused on the past, on the time around October 1917, furthermore it does not contain any investigations based on sources, but private recollections from eyewitnesses of the events of that time. Most of the authors are Germans, many of them longstanding members of the publisher of our journal, the „Deutsche Gesellschaft für Osteuropakunde“, or even their predecessor, the German Society for the Study of Eastern Europe, who here for the first time hand over their memories of that time to the public.

Finis Austriae: pád dvouhlavého orla (říjen–listopad 1918). K mezinárodní konferenci konané v Paříži 8. a 9. února 2018

Author(s): Daniel Baric / Language(s): Czech Issue: 30/2018

This article is a translated essay from Daniel Baric.

A zsidó nemzeti mozgalom a nyugat-dunántúli zsidóság életében 1904–1919

Author(s): Levente Olosz / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2021

Korszerű előrelépés az 1919-es Tanácsköztársaság történetírásában

Author(s): Tibor Hajdú / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2021

Hatos Pál: Rosszfiúk világforradalma. Az 1919-es Magyarországi Tanácsköztársaság története. Jaffa, Budapest. 2021. 608. p.

Despre Trianon în epoca noului protest antirasist. Două dialoguri cu istoria și o încercare de conciliere

Author(s): Victor Rizescu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 10/2021

The article places the memory of the Trianon treaty and the entire protracted Romanian commemoration of the events of 1918-1920 issuing into the first consistent application at the global level of the principle of national state in relation with the contemporary debates about the memory of colonialism, themselves conjoined with a renewed rejection of racialist prejudices and of the culture of imperialism. It takes as a starting point the seeming contradiction between the two species of the dialogue with history thus delineated, in order to then argue that these ones can be harmonized by way of understanding the present demands of multiculturalism as resulting from the unfolding of the politics of national self determination over the long run of history. An understanding of the moderate strands of both multiculturalism and political correctness as constituting integral parts of democratic politics and culture goes together with this argumentation.

The Rise of a National Army or a Colonial One? Albanian Troops in the Austro-Hungarian Army during World War I

Author(s): Anastas Bezha / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

The article discusses the under-researched topic of the Albanian troops in the Austro-Hungarian military during World War One. The topic represents a forgotten moment in World War One Balkan historiography, and it is also an unstudied colonial example. Based on English, Hungarian, and German archival and secondary sources, the article first provides a short historical description of the Albanian fighting units under the Ottoman Empire, their organization, and their infamously bellicose nature, up until the independence of the country. The paper then analyzes how these units became part of the Great War (despite the fact that the country itself remained neutral) under the Austro-Hungarian Army; first, as irregular fighting troops (Freischärler Albanien) between 1914 and 1916 and later as ethnical regimental units (Albanisches Korps or Albanische Abteilungen) between 1916 and 1918. Finally, the article compares the Albanian troops to other colonial forces of the time, including how these Albanian units were recruited, trained, and used in the battlefields with the purpose of creating a sense of loyalty to the Habsburg Monarchy. The case study of the Albanian Corps is a prime example of how the inability to ensure safety by force in a newly created state met with the geo-strategic and war necessities of a Great Power through colonial martial practices disguised as transnational help.

UNE FIGURE HISTORIQUE DE L’HISTOIRE SERBE – SOFIA JOVANOVIĆ

Author(s): Milena ž. Žikić,Tanja Milosavljević / Language(s): French Issue: 02/2022

La vie de Sofia Jovanović, femme soldat de 1912 à 1918, est restée méconnue des historiens serbes. Pourtant, elle a combattu presque toute sa vie pour la libération de sa patrie. Dans cet article, nous souhaitons mettre en lumière la vie de cette combattante restée dans l’ombre et pour ce faire, nous allons utiliser les sources historiques que nous avons collectées ainsi que les archives familiales que les arrière-petites-filles de Sofia ont mis à notre disposition.

Harp Ceridesine Göre 16’ncı Tümen’in Çanakkale Cephesi’nin Tahliyesi Sürecindeki Faaliyetleri

Author(s): Barış Borlat / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 42/2022

The Battle of Çanakkale commenced on February 19, 1915, and concluded on January 9, 1916. This period can be scrutinized by dividing it into two parts, i.e., naval battles and land battles. The former covers February 19, 1915 - March 18, 1915, while the latter covers April 25, 1915 - January 9, 1916. The evacuation of the battlefield was conducted in two phases by the Allies. Arıburnu and Anafarta area was evacuated on December 20, 1915, while Seddülbahir on January 9, 1916. These evacuations marked the end of the Çanakkale Battles. Founded in the Adana-Mersin district, the 16th Division was first sent to Istanbul and then to the Çanakkale Front after the declaration of mobilization. The division was positioned near the left flank of the front, especially Kanlısırt in the area of Arıburnu, until the end of the battles. Moreover, the division participated in major battles and military missions on the Çanakkale Front. Their last participation is in the evacuation of the front. The evacuation emerged as a compulsory action for the Allies because of many factors, such as endless and inconclusive trench warfare, the involvement of Bulgaria in the Great War, the functionalization of the Berlin Road, and the forthcoming winter conditions. This study aims to analyse the 16th Division’s role during the evacuation of the Çanakkale Front. Therefore, the basis for the study is constituted of war diaries of the division, and November-January 1916 period is examined. In addition, the study attempts to offer an answer to the long-debated discussions as per military documents on whether the Turkish side was aware of the evacuation and could interfere with it or not.

Egy család – két(féle) politikus – Návay Lajos és az 1907:27. tc. Eötvös József elméleti és gyakorlati munkássága tükrében

Author(s): Mariann Nagy / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2022

When the 58-year-old József Eötvös died, his grandson Lajos Návay – later MP and Speaker of the House in the Hungarian Parliament – was only one. Their political careers and views differed significantly. In this article, I summarize the political opinions of Eötvös on the nationality question by considering his intellectual work and his activity through his ministership. As I argue, although the Hungarian Parliament passed the Nationality Act of 1868, the ideal of the Hungarian political elite was the integrated national state of the Magyars. Lajos Návaywas the representative of those Hungarian politicians who followed the main ideologist of his time, Gusztáv Beksics, concerning the nationality question. Although Návay was liberal to an extent, he was insistently loyal to the idea of Hungarian supremacy. He believed this idea could be realized through education: he thought schools would be able to assimilate the different nationalities. Návay expressed his views in a study on the Act of Elementary Schools, published in 1907 in Budapesti Szemle (Budapest Review).

„Áldozatok” védője, „elkövetők” vádlója? Marczali Henrik az első világháborút lezáró békéről

Author(s): Iván Zoltán Dénes / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2022

Henrik Marczali regarded the dissolution of historical Hungary as a premeditated dismemberment, the result of autocratic abuse, and an unjust, dictated peace. The therapy, in his view, was the restoration of the country’s territorial integrity. Through thematical comparative analyses of Hungarian and European history, he offered types of conflict resolution and peace making, which were rooted in a comprehensive, profound historical knowledge and based on analogical comparisons. His comparisons were determined by the cultural perfectionism of national liberalism, the strategy of assimilation through extension of rights, the expansion of European civilisation, the assumption of Hungarian cultural superiority based on the opposition between civilised Hungarians versus uncivilised Slavs, and by the imperial belief in the Hungarian cultural mission in the Balkans.

Olaszország az első világháborúban

Author(s): Balázs Juhász / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2022

Horváth Jenő: Olaszország az első világháborúban. Bp., Nagy Háború Kutatásáért Közhasznú Alapítvány, 2021. 334 p.

Borderline Syndrome in Fiume: The Clash of Local and Imperial Interests

Author(s): Ágnes Ordasi / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

As the only seaport city of the Hungarian Kingdom, Fiume (present day Rijeka, Croatia) was a key area for policies implemented by the central government in the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. It was a multi-ethnic hub, an economic, social, political and cultural center, and a highly intensive contact zone where people from various parts of world with different interests and aims met. Fiume was a border, a filter, and a frontier. Moreover, it was an important area in the Hungarian state-defense system. Three important factors deserve particular attention. First, that Fiume was physically enclosed within the Croatian Kingdom, and very much as if it had been an enclave, it did not have common borders with Hungary. Second, due to the way the Hungarian government exercised power and devised its strategies to create a support base (and also because of a fear of efforts towards expansion by Slavs), the government created an Italian-speaking political elite that ruled over Fiume. Third, Fiume enjoyed extraordinarily wide municipal autonomy which included the right to maintain public order and security in the city. The local elites wanted to preserve these rights from the encroaching state. My study has two purposes. First, I discuss the main reasons for the establishment of the border police. Why was it such a vital question for the Hungarian state at the national and the local level, and why did Fiume became the most problematic element in this issue? I highlight how and why the problem of the border police emerged as one of the most crucial conflicts in relations between the state and its port city.

The True Story of the Christmas Truce: British and German Eyewitness Accounts from the First World War

Author(s): Róbert Károly Szabó / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

The True Story of the Christmas Truce: British and German Eyewitness Accounts from the First World War. By Anthony Richards. Barnsley: Greenhill Books, 2021. 228. pp

KONCERTY CHARYTATYWNE W LUBLINIE W ŚWIETLE RELACJI PRASOWYCH (1900-1914)

Author(s): Anna Kubas / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2022

The article thesis is based on a corpus made by the author of this paper. The corpus consists of selected Lublin journals from 1900-1914 that constitute a source of information regarding charity concerts of the period mentioned above.After facing consecutive defeats in national uprisings, Poles abandoned their military quest for independence. Instead, they stressed the importance of basic work in the field of education of the young generation in accordance with the positivistic approach of the times. It aimed at maintaining Polishness in the hearts of the youth that, in the future, was to be ready to fight for liberty.That philosophy was followed by not only private people but, even more frequently, by societies and social organizations. They organized fund-raising concerts, the income of which was used to support poor students. That social activity was partly facilitated by the First Russian Revolution which took place on the territory of the Russian Partition in 1905-1907.Numerous artists, both local and visiting ones, were willing to partake in those musical events. Their repertoire, very diverse and surprising is presented in this paper.

Austro-Hungarian Prisoners of War during World War I in the Territory of Present-day Uzbekistan – the Estate of Ferenc Palkovics (1892–1919)

Author(s): Márton Forgács / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2022

Specialist literature about prisoners of war during World War I in Russia only marginally deals with the Central Asian region. This paper undertakes to give an insight into the life of Austro-Hungarian POWs in the camps of present-day Uzbekistan, primarily based on the estate of Hungarian Second Lieutenant Ferenc Palkovics (1892–1919), which is preserved in the Collection of Manuscripts in the Hungarian MoD Military History Institute and Museum. Palkovics was taken prisoner by the Russians in December 1914 and spent five years in the camps of Namangan, Jizzakh, Samarkand, and Skobelev. The letters and picture postcards he sent to his family are interesting in several aspects because they not only depict the region in this period but also contain information about the everyday life of POW officers and portray a personal fate that ended tragically.

Cmentarz wojenny w Szadkowicach – próba identyfikacji poległych żołnierzy na podstawie zachowanych nagrobków

Author(s): Bartłomiej Czyżewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 22/2022

After heavy fights between German, Austro-Hungarian and Russian armies in November-December 1914, a dozen or so war cemeteries were created in the vicinity of Szadek. One of such places is the war cemetery in Szadkowice, which still exists today. Initially 21 soldiers were buried there, but after exhumations and closing down of several other war cemeteries, about 200 more bodies were moved to Szadkowice. Along with the remains of the soldiers, tombstones from other necropolises were moved to the Szadkowice war cemetery. Until now, only 60 tombstones have survived in the Szadkowice cemetery, and only 33 of them have inscriptions. Based on these inscriptions the author of the article made an attempt to identify the killed soldiers and to find out in which units they served and where they lived or were born.

Rosyjski projekt operacji desantowej w strefie Kanału Cesarza Wilhelma w 1914 roku

Author(s): Marek Herma / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2022

The paper discusses a scheme for a landing operation in the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal area (German Kaiser-Wilhelm-Kanal, from 1948 the Nord-Ostsee-Kanal, the Kiel Ca- nal in international terminology), whose aim was to capture and destroy the German- built transportation route that connected the Baltic Sea with the North Sea. The canal bore a strategic importance after the outbreak of World War I, as the German navy had to operate both in the North Sea against its main adversary, the British fleet, and to ensure Germany’s strategic control in the Baltic. The scheme, which has received little attention in literature to date, was developed after the outbreak of World War I, in the autumn of 1914, by Captain 2nd Rank (Commander) Alexander Bubnov, an officer in the Staff of the Commander-in-Chief of the Imperial Russian Army, Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich. The article proposes an analysis of the assumptions of Bubnov’s scheme, the question of who it was inspired by, and discusses the reasons why the scheme was not implemented, also in the context of the cooperation between the Al- lies (Russia and Great Britain) at the beginning of the war.

Kolumny i tarcze legionów polskich. Przykład Wadowic i okolicznych miast

Author(s): Krzysztof Koźbiał / Language(s): Polish Issue: 6/2001

Mało znanym aspektem istnienia Legionów Polskich są tzw. Tarcze Legionów, których powstanie było ściśle związane z początkowym okresem I wojny światowej. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie idei ich powstania oraz przebiegu jej realizacji na przykładzie tarcz z Wadowice i kilku pobliskich ośrodków miejskich.

Áttelepítés vagy genocídium? Az örménykérdés végső megoldása az Oszmán Birodalomban

Author(s): Zsanett Vákár / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 03/2023

Between 1915 and 1923, under the cover of the First World War, the Ottoman Turks managed to carry out the first systematic genocide of the 20th century. The mass extermination and ethnic cleansing process resulted in the deaths of almost 1.5 million Armenians from execution, starvation, disease, and physical abuse. In addition, another 500,000 people were uprooted from their homeland. The Armenian property was lost, destroyed, or stolen. A 3,000-year-old civilisation of great cultural significance practically ceased to exist. How can it be that a state-organised crime on such a scale has gone undiscovered for so long and almost forgotten? The answers must be sought in the context of the Ottoman Empire, ruled by the extremely nationalistic Young Turks, and the modern-day Republic of Türkiye.