Avec le général Piarron de Mondésir Un aller-retour de Brindisi à Valona, 18–24 décembre 1915

Author(s): Frédéric Guelton / Language(s): French Issue: 50/2019

At the beginning of December 1915, the French General Headquarters created a military mission commanded by General Piarron de Mondésir. Sent to Italy and Albania around mid-December, it was mainly intended to inform the French authorities on the exact situation of the Serbian army. When, on December 24, the main reports arrived in Paris, including the report of a direct meeting between General de Mondésir and King Peter I, General Joffre and the government discovered the reality of the situation of the Serbian army almost facing annihilation and became aware of the suffering the army has just endured. They also tookke stock of the double game, deadly for the Serbs, played by the Italians. They decide to do everything possible to save the Serbian army which also represents the future of Serbia by resupplying it and transporting it to the island of Corfu.

BAHR-İ AHMER, BEZM-İ ALEM VE MİTHATPAŞA VAPURLARININ KARADENİZ’DE BATIRILMASI VE KAFKAS CEPHESİNE YANSIMALARI

Author(s): Mehmet Ferhat ERDOĞAN / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 57/2023

Wars have a great share in the struggle for the establishment of the states of the world. For the Ottoman Empire, these processes continued in certain periods since the struggle for its establishment. Many examples can be given of this phenomenon. The geopolitical position of the Ottoman Empire, its rich underground resources and its geography suitable for sea transportation were constantly faced with plans to be included in the war. For this purpose, although the Ottoman Empire secretly took part in alliance activities in order to pursue a balance policy before World War I, only an agreement could be reached with Germany. Within the framework of this aid treaty, the German military delegation tried to strengthen the Ottoman army and naval power with the cruisers Yavuz and Mytilene. In general, although the Ottoman Empire seemed defeated in the First World War, it achieved its aim of protecting its own geography as a part. World War I reflects a new period of establishment struggle for the Ottoman Empire in terms of being the turning point of the world states. In this article, it is aimed to carry out logistical support to the Caucasian front through the Black Sea in order for the Ottoman Empire to want to include the territories lost in the First World War back into its borders. In order to realize this goal, after the Russians bombed the ports of Odessa in World War I, he was involved in the war and lost the Bahr-i Ahmer, Bezm-i Alem and Mithatpaşa ships, which were on their way to bring logistical aid to the Caucasian front, in the Black Sea, and the aid to the front could not reach as planned and its effect was felt greatly. Within the scope of the study, the factors in the failure of the success of the logistic support assistance and its effects on the Caucasian front based on the Bahr-i Ahmer, Bezm-i Alem and Mithatpaşa ferries sunk by the Russians in the Black Sea in World War I will be examined from historical sources within the scope of articles and literature reviews published in national and international journals with scientific validity.

Misja Williama Bullitta do Rosji (luty–marzec 1919). Błąd czy nieudana próba pragmatycznego działania?

Author(s): Hanna Marczewska-Zagdańska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2022

William Bullitt’s 1919 mission to Russia was the final stage of a process initiated on the eve of the Paris Peace Con- ference and continued in the first weeks of the Conference, in particular during the sessions of the Supreme Council, also called the Council of Ten. The Allied discourse addressed the vital question of Russia’s place and role in building a lasting, stable inter- national order. The questions: “what to do with Russia?” and “what course of action to adopt towards her?” were accompanied by the dilemma of whether to continue diplo- matic non-recognition of Bolshevik rule and pursue an economic blockade and military intervention. Without the participation of Bolshevik Russia, heir to the great empire of the tsars, it seemed impossible to build a new world order. Although racked by revolution, civil war, and economic chaos, Russia still held the key to establishing a lasting world peace.

Liberalny internacjonalizm Stanów Zjednoczonych a problem Górnego Śląska w latach 1918–1919

Author(s): Krzysztof Siwek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

After the end of the First World War in 1918, and with the start of the Paris Peace Conference, the United States, to establish permanent peace in Europe, became involved in settlement of European territorial questions, recognised in univer- salist, transnational terms. The problem of Upper Silesia, a disputed region between restored Poland and defeated Germany, was estimated by the US administration from a liberal internationalist perspective, which assumed to develop a supranational political and economic community.

Korespondencja Jana Karola Kochanowskiego z Jaroslavem Bidlem z lat 1902–1920

Author(s): Piotr Biliński,Marek Ďurčanský / Language(s): Polish Issue: 14/2022

When cordons broke and borders were born… Western Galicia Province in November 1918

Author(s): Konrad Meus / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

The 19th century, referred to by historians as the “long century”, as it lasted from the beginning of the French Revolution (in the case of Poland, to the time of the Partitioning) to the collapse of the “old” European order in the wake of the Great War. For Poles living in the Austrian partition, the twilight of the old era came in November 1918, a month that can unquestionably be regarded as the “longest month” of the “long 19th century”. It was a month in which the situation in the counties of Western Galician changed like a kaleidoscope: from euphoria, through critical moments, to relative stability.Euphoria took hold in Polish homes in late October and early November 1918, when Poles took control of the cities and towns scattered across Western Galicia. The euphoric state associated with regaining independence passed very quickly, and if it persisted, it was rather among those with a strong national and political consciousness. Nevertheless, for the majority of inhabitants of Western Galicia, November was a time of particular concern about what the following day would bring as issues of food, clothing, and energy shortages came to the fore. Food prices “skyrocketed”, reaching dizzying levels in the autumn of 1918. Common violence, affecting mainly the Jewish population, became a plague. Midway through November 1918, thanks to the actions taken by the Polish Liquidation Commission, a process of stabilising the social and political life began, which was reflected in the successive revival (or organisation) of “non-political” associations and the reorganisation of municipal (communal) self-government in the counties.

Działania wojenne oraz reakcje mocarstw na bitwę pod Cuszimą w czasie wojny japońsko-rosyjskiej na łamach „Kuriera Warszawskiego”

Author(s): Marek Wegner / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

The article presents and analyses selected texts published in the daily Kurier Warszawski [Warsaw Courier] in late May 1905, informing about the military actions during the Battle of Tsushima, the plans of the battle and the reactions to it of European powers and the United States.

Na odsiecz Serbii. Nieznany epizod z kariery wojskowej gen. Jerzego Wołkowickiego w okresie służby pod banderą św. Andrzeja w latach pierwszej wojny światowej

Author(s): Marek Herma / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

The article presents a hitherto undescribed episode from General Jerzy Wołkowicki military career when he was serving in the Russian Imperial Navy. During the First World War, Wołkowicki commanded a detachment of sailors trained in using mine and torpedo weapons. The squad was flown along the Danube River to Serbia in 1914 to place minefields on the Danube and Sava Rivers to limit the operational capabilities of the Austro- -Hungarian Danube Flotilla on the approaches to Belgrade.

Nacionalizmus, elnyomás, éhínség. Libanon az első világháborúban

Author(s): Péter Ákos Ferwagner / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2021

Although the autonomous administrative unit of the Ottoman Empire, the territory of the Lebanese highlands was not affected directly by the battles of the First World War, it thus suffered the conflict in an extraordinary way. The Ottoman governor of Damascus, Djemal Pasha, occupied the mountains in the Autumn of 1914, and abolished its autonomy the following year. In 1915, he began to systematically persecute Arab nationalists, dozens of whom were executed. Food shortages had even more serious consequences, killing more than a hundred thousand people. The situation was complicated by the claims of Middle Eastern actors (Britain, France, Arab insurgents) for Lebanon. As a result of a power bargain at the Paris Peace Conference, in 1920 France separated the territorially enlarged Lebanon from Syria and made it its mandatory territory.

Az 1918. novemberi svájci országos sztrájk rövid története. Okok – követelések –válaszok – eredmények

Author(s): Enikő Gyarmati / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2021

A jograblók fellegvárától a Tanácsköztársaság Házáig

Author(s): Tamás B. Müller / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/2021

Political parties have always utilized symbolism to get their messages across, or build, strengthen, and mobilise their base. It can be present in the public actions of political figures, or in the use of certain symbols either visually or in language. This study analyses the use of the Hungarian Parliament Building as a political symbol in the Socialist movement of the first half of the 20th century and during the period of the Hungarian Soviet Republic. The Parliament was used as a symbol to further society’s understanding of the political goals and ideology of the Socialist movement, and later the Communist dictatorship, as well as to mobilise the regime’s base. The first section of the article uses the articles of Népszava and the posters of Mihály Bíró to present how the Parliament was used in the political marketing and suffrage propaganda of the Social Democratic Party of Hungary. The second section examines the changes in the meaning of this symbol following the democratic revolution of October 1918. After the Social Democratic Party acquired leadership in Autumn 1918, and later when the Soviet Republic was established in March 1919, the symbol of the Parliament had to take on different meanings in propaganda. The final section of the article discusses the initial and long-term goals of this transformation process through the analysis of the works displayed at the Parliament Square during the regime’s May Day celebration, and the decorations of the soviet congress and party congress in June 1919.

Háborús pszichózis vagy tárgyilagosság? Marczali Henrik írásai a nagy háború idején

Author(s): Iván Zoltán Dénes / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 4/2021

Un memorialist al Războiului de Întregire: Generalul N. M. Condiescu. Retragerea și refacerea armatei române în Moldova (II)

Author(s): / Language(s): Romanian Issue: XIV/2022

An important document for understanding the evolution of Unity War is given by the records of the future General and writer Nicolae M. Condiescu (1880-1939). He is introducing us in the atmosphere of the Great General Quartier during the period of retreat and refugee in Moldavia, where Romanian Army was able to rebuild itself in order to fight against the enemy and where important political decision were taken for the future of Greater Romania.

ЛІТОЎЦЫ І ЛІТОЎСКА-БЕЛАРУСКІЯ АДНОСІНЫ НА СТАРОНКАХ ГАЗЕТ «НАША ДОЛЯ» І «НАША НИВА» Ў 1906–1907 ГГ.

Author(s): Viktar Korbut / Language(s): Belarusian Issue: 16/2023

The text focuses on cooperation between the leaders of the Belarusian and the Lithuanian national movements in Vilna (Vilnius) during the Revolution of 1905–1907, reflected, in particular, on the pages of the first Belarusian newspapers published since 1906 in Vilna. Belarusian activists often spoke on behalf of Belarus and Lithuania, thus continuing the historical tradition of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, in the revival of which they saw the future of Belarus and Lithuania.

Kwatera wojenna z I wojny światowej na cmentarzu ewangelicko-augsburskim w Szadku

Author(s): Bartłomiej Czyżewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 23/2023

At the Evangelical-Augsburg cemetery in Szadek is located a war quarter from the Times of First World War. There were buried several dozen soldiers fallen after the Battle of Łódź in November–December 1914. Nowadays only 13 soldier’s tombstones can be found. The author has made an attempt to identify the fallen soldiers on the basis of preserved inscriptions and documents.

Adversaires, pas ennemis: la Hongrie et l’Italie à la fin du Premier conflit mondial

Author(s): Francesco Guida / Language(s): French Issue: 9/2022

Italy and Hungary are two countries that, although they fought on different sides during the First World War, later found themselves in the group of states dissatisfied with the way peace was organized and the borders of the new Europe were drawn. Despite being adversaries, some contacts were maintained between political leaders in Budapest and Rome during the Great War. These connections intensified after the war conclusion. Several Italian officials, diplomats, and military personnel were in Budapest during the Soviet Republic period and attempted to mediate a dialogue between the new Hungarian government and European chancelleries discussing the organization of peace. This study aims to reconsider the relationship between Italy and Hungary at the end of the First World War, two states that were in an adversarial position but were not true enemies.

A Rákóczi-kultusz egyik szimbolikus helyének felkeresése: az 1903. évi Rákóczi-zarándoklat Rodostóba

Author(s): Katalin Mária Kincses / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2024

Ferenc Rákóczi II, Prince of Transylvania, was the first hero of Hungarian national independence at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. In the early years of the 20th century, after decades of social and political struggle, the transportation of the prince’s body from his original burial place in Constantinople to Hungary came within reach. Until that happened, the prince’s tomb was visited several times and for various purposes by Hungarian historians, politicians, religious leaders, and public figures. These visits became known as the Rákóczi pilgrimages; the most significant among them being the pilgrimage of 1903. It involved important rituals informed by cultic attitudes: visiting the tomb of a saint, participating in cultic ceremonies, and collecting relics. The event was one of the most important modern pilgrimages of the early 20th century, with historical roots dating back to the early modern period.

Lengyelkérdés – fogas kérdés?

Author(s): Dániel Miklós / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/2023

Lengyelkérdés Magyarországon az első világháborúban. A dokumentumokat válogatta, szerkesztette és a jegyzeteket írta: Mitrovits Miklós. Bp., Bölcsészettudományi Kutatóközpont Történettudományi Intézet, 2022. 420 p. (Bibliotheca Hungaro-Polonica 2.)

Érdek, befolyás, birodalom. A balkáni expanzió a magyar külpolitikai tervezésben, 1917–1918

Author(s): Gergely Romsics / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 4/2023

Despite the growing war exhaustion, in 1917 Hungarian political and economic elite groups were growing increasingly confident in the possibility of victory in the East. Anticipating a triumphant peace, the leading figures of Hungary’s economic and academic life – relying on a dense social web of diverse associations – revisited and refined earlier plans aimed at increasing Hungarian influence in the Balkans. This paper surveys the thinking and networking processes related to these plans which represent one of the last chapters of Hungarian foreign policy thought conceived in characteristically imperial terms.

Hadifoglyok, dezertőrök – Magyar katonák az olasz hátországban (1915–1920) [Prisoners of war, deserters: Hungarian soldiers in the Italian hinterland]

Author(s): Róbert Károly Szabó / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

Hadifoglyok, dezertőrök – Magyar katonák az olasz hátországban (1915–1920) [Prisoners of war, deserters: Hungarian soldiers in the Italian hinterland]. By Balázs Juhász. Budapest: Zrínyi Kiadó, 2022. 535. pp.