Južnoslovenska politika u ratu

Author(s): Milan Ćurčin / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 11/1920

Članak koji niže saopštavamo, napisan je u leto 1916 u Londonu na nekoliko meseca posle povlačenja naše vojske, i upućen je početkom godine 1917 svima zvaničnim i nezvaničnim vodjama i uglednim narodnim ljudima na strani, kao nepartajsko mišljenje mladjeg pokolenja narodnih radnika (koji ranije nisu učestvovali u partijskoj politici) o situaciji u kojoj se tada nalazili južnoslovensko pitanje i južnoslovenski političari, i o prekoj potrebi da dodje do zajedničkog rada i organizacije cele narodne snage u izgnanstvu. U sprovodnom pismu istaknuto je, da ovaj apel treba smatrati kao prvi korak jednog pokreta u izloženom, pravcu koji će se pre ili posle obnoviti i organizovati. Na ovaj "memorandum" nije odgovorio nijedan od zvaničnih i poluzvaničnih političara u izgnanstvu (osim G. Vesnića), ni rečju ni delom; tojest, sve je ostalo po starom, ili išlo na gore. Od onih naših nacijonalnih radnika na strani koji su bili tada sporazumni sa sadržinom ovoga članka, nalazi se danas većina medju pokretačima "Nove Evrope''.)

О неким особеностима црногорског друштва 1914. године

Author(s): Živko M. Andrijašević / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2014

The paper presents the social, cultural and political structure of Montenegrin society before the beginning of the First World War. It questions both territorial and population changes and their consequences on creation of a “new” Montenegro. Regarding the uniqueness of political life of Montenegrin society and its character and structure after the Balkan wars, it proves that Montenegro entered the First World War as a state made up of disintegrated and in many ways confronted parts. Two types of society, colloquially referred to as “the old” and “the new” Montenegro since 1913, and two political groups, which were only formally based on different programs for the state and the government, outlined the borders of divided Montenegro in 1914.

АМЕРИЧКА ФИНАНСИЈСКА ПОМОЋ СРБИЈИ ЗА ВРЕМЕ ПРВОГ СВЕТСКОГ РАТА

Author(s): Milena Kocić,Stefan Stamenković / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2015

The aim of this paper is to present the financial aid of the United States of America to Serbia during the First World War, realized through war loans that were issued in accordance with the Act of Congress from April 24, 1917, which regulated the issue of war loans to allied countries. Serbia needed these loans in order to provide aid to prisoners of war, interned people, families of the soldiers in the front line, war invalids, and citizens in the occupied territories. The aid provided by France and the United Kingdom was not sufficient to meet all of Serbia’s needs, which is the reason why American war loans did not only represent a very important factor in overcoming the war crisis, but also gave a new impetus to American humanitarian action in Serbia.

The Austro-Hungarian Occupation Regime in Serbia and Its Break-Down in 1918

Author(s): Dimitrije Djordjević / Language(s): English Issue: 46/2015

This paper discusses the occupation of Serbia during the First World War by Austro-Hungarian forces. The first partial occupation was short-lived as the Serbian army repelled the aggressors after the Battle of Kolubara in late 1914, but the second one lasted from fall 1915 until the end of the Great War. The Austro-Hungarian occupation zone in Serbia covered the largest share of Serbia’s territory and it was organised in the shape of the Military Governorate on the pattern of Austro-Hun¬garian occupation of part of Poland. The invaders did not reach a clear decision as to what to do with Serbian territory in post-war period and that gave rise to consider¬able frictions between Austro-Hungarian and German interests in the Balkans, then between Austrian and Hungarian interests and, finally, between military and civilian authorities within Military Governorate. Throughout the occupation Serbia was ex¬posed to ruthless economic exploitation and her population suffered much both from devastation and from large-scale repression (including deportations, internments and denationalisation) on the part of the occupation regime.

Apis’s Men: the Black Hand Conspirators after the Great War

Author(s): Dragan Bakić / Language(s): English Issue: 46/2015

The activities of Colonel Dragutin Dimitrijević Apis and his clandestine Black Hand organisation in Serbia have long been scrutinised in connection with the assassination of Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo in 1914 and the outbreak of the First World War. Regent Alexander and the Pašić government dealt severely with the Black Hand in the Salonica show trial in 1917 when Apis and two of his friends were sentenced to death, a number of officers sentenced to prison and other Black Handers purged from the civilian and military authorities. The rest of Black Handers, particu¬larly those more prominent, who survived the war found themselves in a position of pariah in the newly-founded Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (Yugoslavia). They were constantly under the watchful eye of the authorities and suspected of plot¬ting subversive activities. To be sure, the Black Handers remained in close contact and sought to bring about a “revision” of the Salonica trial and rehabilitate themselves and their dead comrades. This paper focuses on three particular Black Handers, Božin Simić, Radoje Janković and Mustafa Golubić – although their other friends are also mentioned in connection with them – who offered stiff resistance to the regime that had condemned them. Their cases demonstrate that some of former Apis’s associates in time came to terms with the authorities in order to secure peaceful existence or even obtain a prominent status, whereas other remained staunch opponents of King Alexander and their frustration took the shape of a left-wing opposition ranging from republicanism to outright communism.

Anglo-American Views of Gavrilo Princip

Author(s): Slobodan G. Marković / Language(s): English Issue: 46/2015

The paper deals with Western (Anglo-American) views on the Sarajevo assassination/attentat and Gavrilo Princip. Articles on the assassination and Prin¬cip in two leading quality dailies (The Times and The New York Times) have par¬ticularly been analysed as well as the views of leading historians and journalists who covered the subject including: R. G. D. Laffan, R. W. Seton-Watson, Win¬ston Churchill, Sidney Fay, Bernadotte Schmitt, Rebecca West, A. J. P. Taylor, Vladimir Dedijer, Christopher Clark and Tim Butcher. In the West, the original general condemnation of the assassination and its main culprits was challenged when Rebecca West published her famous travelogue on Yugoslavia in 1941. An¬other Brit, the remarkable historian A. J. P. Taylor, had a much more positive view on the Sarajevo conspirators and blamed Germany and Austria-Hungary for the outbreak of the Great War. A turning point in Anglo-American perceptions was the publication of Vladimir Dedijer’s monumental book The Road to Sarajevo (1966), which humanised the main conspirators, a process initiated by R. West. Dedijer’s book was translated from English into all major Western languages and had an immediate impact on the understanding of the Sarajevo assassination. The rise of national antagonisms in Bosnia gradually alienated Princip from Bosnian Muslims and Croats, a process that began in the 1980s and was completed during the wars of the Yugoslav succession. Although all available sources clearly show that Princip, an ethnic Serb, gradually developed a broader Serbo-Croat and Yu¬goslav identity, he was ethnified and seen exclusively as a Serb by Bosnian Croats and Bosniaks and Western journalists in the 1990s. In the past century imagining Princip in Serbia and the West involved a whole spectrum of views. In interwar Anglo-American perceptions he was a fanatic and lunatic. He became human¬ised by Rebecca West (1941), A. J. P. Taylor showed understanding for his act (1956), he was fully explained by Dedijer (1966), challenged and then exonerated by Cristopher Clark (2012–13), and cordially embraced by Tim Butcher (2014).

Украинско-молдавское сотрудничество в Одессе в период революции 1917 года

Author(s): Taras Vintskovskii / Language(s): Romanian,Ukrainian Issue: 1/2013

The Ukrainian historiography pays special attention to the inter-ethnical relations during the National Ukrainian Revolution of 1917 - 1921, as the falling of tsarism freed the expression possibilities of the populations living in the Russian Empire, they having, thus, the opportunity to declare the necessity of protecting their own cultural interests and, in some cases, of creating national states. The analysis of the national/ethnic processes during the revolution started in 1917 has not covered yet the entire range of problems. There is still much to be said about the regional disputes or cooperation between various ethnic groups. This fact is proven by the series of publications of the Ukrainian historian V. Ustymenko who examines the ethnic and political processes in the Popular Ukrainian Republic from the point of view of the officials from Kiew, leaving the research of the regional aspects of this issue still open for discussion. The present article analyses the social and political conditions under which the Ukrainian and Moldavian national associations from Odessa developed during the 1917 revolution, highlighting the cooperation between them under various aspects regarding the public attitudes (joint demonstrations, looking for solutions to the mutual problems in the political and cultural areas, forming national military units). The leaders of the Ukrainian Military Rada from Odessa (OUMR), especially I. Luțenko, considered the creation of the Ukrainian military units as a necessary element for the formation of the future Ukrainian state. The Moldavian Military Committee pursued similar goals, proving a trust worthy partner for OUMR in reaching their goals. The Moldavian and Ukrainian military organizations had to face the opposition of the Odessa Military District, of Rumcherod (Central Executive Committee of the Soviets of Romanian Front, Black Sea Fleet and Odessa Oblast), of the Council of the Representatives of Officers and Soldiers, as well as of the Russian parties which dominated the political life in the region. Eventually, significant ethnic military units were successfully created in the Odessa region (12,000 Ukrainian militaries and 3000 Moldavians). They cooperated initially with the Ukrainian Steering Committee (UKC), founded in March 1917, which wanted to contribute to the creation of an autonomous national government lead by Tsentralna Rada (the Central Rada). The Odessa Moldavian Military Committee cooperated initially with the representative Ukrainian bodies, but soon shifted towards reaching their own national goals in Bessarabia.

„Hlavním úkolem spolků studentských jest podávati širším vrstvám lidu alespoň malou část vzdělání.“ Činnost Akademické čtenářské jednoty v Jičíně na počátku 20. století

Author(s): Jitka Bílková / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2016

This study focuses on the life and ideals of university students, especially their activities in the Academic Readers’ Union in Jičín at the beginning of the 20th century. Despite the fact that the Union organised events only during school holidays, when its members were at home, it had a significant impact on the cultural life of the town. After a brief description of the first thirty years of the Union’s existence (1870–1900), this contribution presents a detailed analysis of students’ activities in 1900–1910. These included various educational efforts, such as the running of a public library, lectures, and exhibitions, but also entertainment in the form of theatre, folk academies, various celebrations, dances, excursions, and the like. The author reveals some disagreements between the Union’s members, analyses their political views, tries to assess how activities within the Academic Readers’ Union influenced the future life of its members, and evaluates the impact of their activities on the town of Jičín.

Osnivanje i rad kulturno-prosvjetnog društva "Prosvjeta" na prostoru Semberije od 1904. do 1914. godine

Author(s): Pero Radovanović / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Issue: 18/2015

Occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina by the Austro - Hungarian monarchy in 1878. year led to significant changes not only in political but also in cultural - educational life in the said the area. Changes in culture and education has been also in Semberija. In the area of the Semberija the Austro - Hungarian administration is directly or indirectly influenced the cultural life in accordance with your goals. The main objective of the thr Austro-Hungarian Empire was to justify the occupation mandate, and had to show the world public that the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and also the Semberije implemented a series of reforms that will improve cultural life. It was one of the main entry points of cultural policy of the Austro-Hungarian rule, but not the only one. In addition, the Austro-Hungarian rule wanted the military and clerical plugs, who with their families immigrated from the Austria-Hungary, provide cultural life as it existed in a area from which they came to the Bosnia and Herzegovina. Also, the Austro - Hungarian Monarchy settled a significant number of foreign population in the area of the Semberija, which has significantly affected the cultural and educational conditions, and therefore the advent of rich cultural life of this area. Under the influence of cultural - educational policy pursued by the Austro- Hungarian rule created another dominant influence, coming from the native population. The cultural - educational development of the native population was not based on spectacular projects, but the main objective was the development of cultural enlightenment and cultural elevation of the native population. This cultural route was initially developed through choral societies and reading rooms. However, the emergence of cultural - educational societies intensified development of culture and education in the Semberija. In the area of the Semberija were established in all four cultural - educational societies by the native population, but the biggest cultural - educational impact coming from the society “Prosvjeta” and “Gajret”, because these societies had the largest number of members. Immediately after the establishment of cultural - educational society the Prosvjeta has established a subcommittee in the Semberija, in the Bijeljina. Since the increased interest of the orthodox population of joining and working in education, this society was founded by several of its subcommittees around the Semberija. The main goals of this society, with the Semberija were identical to the Main Board of the Prosvjeta in Sarajevo, and were primarily oriented towards the collection of funds that had invested in the enlightenment and cultural uplift of the orthodox population. Education is working on organizing other societies, also with the aim of raising cultural of the Semberija. Because of their broad cultural and educational activities Prosvjeta became cultural, educational and national center of local orthodox population in area of the Semberija. From all this we can conclude that cultural - educational society “Prosvjeta” has left a significant mark on the culture of the Semberija in the period of Austro - Hungarian rule.

Prilike na širem tuzlanskom području od sarajevskog atentata do kraja 1914. godine

Author(s): Izet Šabotić / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Issue: 18/2015

Sarajevo assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand and the events that followed thereafter fully affected the overall situation and developments in the wider area of Tuzla. By the end of 1914, in this area there was a war psychosis, in which fully impacted near the border with Serbia and the proximity of the front, which took part on different sides of many young men and the wider area of Tuzla. After the assassination, demonstrations took place in Tuzla, but without major consequences. Official government and religious representatives did everything to calm the situation in this area. Issued a proclamation, held memorial services, masses and prayers, to reflect the loyalty and called for peace. The situation has significantly worsened the arrest and imprisonment of members of the Secret Tuzla pupils’ organizations and a number of anti-Austrian mood of the population. The tension and mood of the population, and mutual hatred grew giving ultimatums and publication of war by Austria-Hungary to Serbia. On the overall situation in this area has been further impacted conducted mobilization and formation of the protective unit. The situation will significantly complicate the beginning of the war which is particularly affected by proximity to the front. The distrust among the population was more widespread. There was a delay of many economic and social activities. In border areas with Serbia, the tension was most pronounced. There was the arrest and deportation of a number of anti-state mood of the population. They have been deported to the camps Bihac and Arad. Close to the front influenced to come to the withdrawal of the population with the Drina area to the interior, creating a refugee crisis. The situation is made worse by refugee wave from Sandzak and eastern Bosnia. Therefore, the authorities did everything in order to normalize the state of the social plan. Performed numerous activities. Been advertised a loan, collected aid for the front and the families of soldiers, orphans and widows. The situation in the region is largely dependent on the situation on the front, and information coming from the front. The population is living in constant tension and war psychosis. The wider area of Tuzla by the end of 1914, lived in the atmosphere of war, exposed to all the consequences of war. They affect the overall relations, and inter-confessional relations that have been significantly disrupted. This will be particularly pronounced after the defeat of the Austro-Hungarian army in the Serbian front, pulling her and the arrival of Serbian and Montenegrin units in this area. The same implement repressive measures, especially against the Muslim population. Wartime conditions of assassination by the end of 1914 were completely influencing developments in the wider area of Tuzla. It was burdened with numerous social, economic, political and war issues. This had a negative impact on the total life, which took place in a war atmosphere, with numerous social and economic processes stopping altogether.

Ignotus, a „kereső” fölvétele a Demokratia szabadkőműves páholyba

Author(s): András Lengyel / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/2015

Двойные «перевертыши» в Корпусе Генштаба Красной Армии: подполковник А. Д. Сыромятников и его служебная карьера

Author(s): Valery Vladimirovich Kaminsky / Language(s): Russian Issue: 15/2016

“Double shifters” in the history of the “second Russian Troubles” by the start of the last century — a phenomenon all the more remarkable that it affected members of the intellectual elite, as the Russian Imperial Army, and the Red Army — the graduates of the Academy of General Staff (AGSH, “General Staff”). For a very brief historical period of these characters (there were more than 20) were able by starting the service in the camp of the “red”, then served a certain period at the “white” and then come back again to serve in the Red Army, and even make the latter a very decent career. The hero of our article is the General Staff, Lieutenant-Colonel Alexander Dmitrievich Syromyatnikov. After a short period of teaching military sciences in AGSH of the Red Army in the spring — not later than the 23–24 July 1918 resulting in the evacuation AGSH from Ekaterinburg to Kazan Syromyatnikov not just happened in the service of the “white” camp in the east of the former empire, and was later one of the authors and active participants in the Kolchak`s coup in Omsk, November 18, 1918. With the collapse of “kolchakovshina” he returned to serve in the Red Army and not only was no immediately shot by the Bolsheviks as “former Kolchak,” but did have in “red” camp in the beginning a very successful career in the military educational system, becoming the head of a very prestigious regional military school — Higher Military School of Siberia.

Слащов Я. А. «О Добрармии в действии в 1918 году». Часть II

Author(s): Aleksandr Sergeevich Puchenkov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 15/2016

Publication of the historical sources

Od listopada do listopada. Monarchii habsburskiej i Polaków wzajemne rozstawanie

Author(s): Damian Szymczak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2024

The author of the text analyses the reasons why Poles from Galicia, southern Poland, de-parted from the so-called Austro-Polish conception and matured towards the ideal of fullindependence. He draws attention to the significance of the Act of 5 November 1916 for theinitiation of emancipation processes among Poles living under the Habsburg rule.

Vörös napfelkelte az Alpokalján – további színképelemzésre várva

Author(s): Áron Eőry / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/2023

Forradalmak sodrában II. Visszaélések és atrocitások Sopronban és Sopron Vármegye területén a Tanácsköztársaság idején. Összeállította, bevezette, jegyzetelte: Suslik Ádám. Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár Győr-Moson-Sopron Megye Soproni Levéltára, Sopron, 2020. 155 oldal

Cigányzenész hangok a Nagy Háborúból

Author(s): Tamás Hajnáczky / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/2023

D. Szakács Anita: Ifj. Munczy Béla I. világháborús frontnaplói. Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár Győr-Moson-Sopron Megye Soproni Levéltára, Sopron, 2020. 194 oldal

Aspecte privind situaţia trupelor ruse de pe frontul din Moldova (noiembrie-decembrie 1917)

Author(s): Paul Aelenei / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 12/2023

The end of 1917 would find the Russian army, on the Moldovan front, in a particularly difficult situation. Among the Russian soldiers, the wear and tear of four years of war had begun to be felt more and more. The pacifist propaganda coming from the enemy had begun to take effect, bringing acts of fraternization with him to the level of a phenomenon. The political changes in Russia and the propaganda of maximalists in the trenches and garrisons of the Russian army had serious repercussions on the discipline of soldiers on the front line. The desire to export revolutionary ideas from Russia and the changes that took place there in Romania led some Russian soldiers to create a state of insecurity in many of the country’s important cities and towns.

Wilson and the Segregation of the Eastern European ‘Races’: Woodrow Wilson and the Reimagining of Eastern Europe. By Larry Wolff.

Author(s): Péter Csunderlik / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

Wilson and the Segregation of the Eastern European ‘Races’: Woodrow Wilson and the Reimagining of Eastern Europe. By Larry Wolff. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2020. 304 pp.

“Erased from the Face of God”: Slovene Economic Nationalism in Press Reports on A. Kajfež & Co. in Kočevje

Author(s): Ivan Smiljanić / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

The paper looks into how influential the ideology of economic nationalism was in Slovene lands and in what contexts it appeared. This is explored through a case study of an entrepreneur and landowner, Anton Kajfež, and his sons, owners of one of the largest Slovene companies in Kočevje (Gottschee) before World War I and in the interwar period. The company focused primarily on timber trade and became a significant shareholder in many regional companies and banks. Kajfež was a promoter of the local Slovene economy and used his wealth to strengthen it with a series of projects designed to attract Slovene labour, with the goal of overtaking the influence of the Gottscheers, a local group of German origin. The Kajfež family ran up a deficit of several million dinars, so bankruptcy had to be declared in 1928. Because of the close ties the Kajfež company established in the region, the collapse was a major blow to the entire local Slovene economy and politics. The Gottscheers celebrated the company’s demise and its negative impact on Slovenes. The affair is an example of a late interwar national struggle between Slovenes and Germans, much more common in the Austro–Hungarian period.

Children’s War Games and Toys in Hungary, 1914–1918

Author(s): Boldizsár Vörös / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

Children’s games are accurate reflections of a community’s culture with its values, norms and expectations. The Hungarian games of the World War I period were also such expressions both in regard to children’s play activities (which they were able to pursue without toys, with toys they made themselves, or with those produced by official manufacturers) and the products of toy manufacturing companies. In this study, numerous games (for example, group battles, board games produced by manufacturers and put into commercial circulation, etc.) are discussed and analysed. At the same time, the various views on games by pedagogical experts and contributors to children’s magazines published at the time are also discussed. My research has revealed that not only do these games demonstrate some peculiarities of the World War I (for example, the war’s impact upon the most diverse areas of life) but that the War itself brought into prominence certain features of such games and carried into effect their latent possibilities (for example, war games becoming especially brutal). Beyond the scope of research on games and toys, on a more general note this study shows that cultural phenomena can react to radical historical changes