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Report on the conference “Ways of Experiencing Modernity in Estonian and Finnish Literature and Culture at the Beginning of the 20th Century: Similarities and Differences” held in Tallinn from 9th to 10th of December 2013.
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Few products, which today seem so marginal, had capital importance for national well-being and the country's economy like plums. Bosnia and Herzegovina had particularly favorable climatic and pedological features for plum cultivation. These natural benefits and the multiple possibility of exploitation have enabled the plum to take a dominant place among Bosnian fruits. Its economic importance did not go unnoticed by the Ottoman and later Austro-Hungarian authorities, who paid special attention to it. Therefore, it should not be surprising that in the observed period the plum was a kind of national treasure, and plum growing was the most developed branch of fruit growing. The Austro-Hungarian occupation authorities especially improved the method of processing and the sale of plums and contributed to its becoming an important economic branch.
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Review of: Amila Kasumović, Zatočene: Žene u zatvorskom sustavu Bosne i Hercegovine 1878–1914., Sarajevo: Centar za historijska istraživanja, 2021, 165 str.
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At the beginning of the 20th century, the mass migrations of Jews from Russia were caused by anti-Semitic tensions and pogroms—most of them traveled to the USA and Great Britain, but some of them chose Bulgaria. From 1902 to 1904, 1,277 Jews moved from the Romanov Empire to Bulgaria with a plan to settle in Southern Dobruja; departures in this direction also occurred in the years to follow. Although the Bulgarian state policy towards the local Jewish minority was relatively tolerant, the attitude towards the Jews emigrating from abroad was vastly different and based on anti-Semitic motivations. The authorities in Sofia bent the law to prevent Jewish settlement in Dobruja, which was accompanied by protests from Russian diplomacy. This article is based on the original studies of the materials found in the State Archives in Varna, Bulgaria.
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One of the still poorly studied problems related to the participation of the Bulgarian army in the First World War is the desertion of its ranks. The number of deserters is not to be underestimated –according to official figures, it was nearly 7,000 people. While there is some evidence of this phenomenon in the battles in Dobrudja against the Russian army, there is a complete lack of research on the Thessaloniki front and the reasons, scale and peculiarities that characterized the desertion to the French side. The purpose of this article is to fill this gap and analyze the various reasons for this action. It examines the gradual change in the ethnic composition of the army with the recruitment of more and more ethnic minorities from Bulgaria and the occupied territories, the poor conditions and supplies, the fatigue of war, which lead to a weakening of discipline and morale, Russophilism among some soldiers and officers. The study also provides data on the methods of propaganda used by the French command to incite Bulgarian soldiers and officers to surrender, as well as on the treatment of deserters. Particular attention is paid to a specific structure – the “Organization of Bulgarian Workers”, as well as to the problems faced by the authorities in the use of the soldiers and officers enlisted in it.
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The concept of „informal empire” was conceived in the 1950s with the publication of the article by John Gallagher and Ronald Robinson intitled The Imperialism of Free Trade. The purpose of this article is to define the meaning and provide an overview of the practical application of the con-cept in the context of some concrete examples from Latin America, such as the case of the promotion of free trade and investments, as well as the abolishment of slave trade.
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One of the Myths of Portuguese History is how this poor Iberian country with only „historical attitude and behaviour”, was able to create an enormous African Empire during the „Scramble for Africa” in the last quarter of th 19th century. In contrast to this, the present article aimes to opt for an opposite thesis and different arguments: an „economical approach” of the Portuguese Imperialism in Africa through some examples in North and Central Mozambique. The „ad hoc character” of the Portuguese presence in the Zambezi river valley demonstrates the vulnerability of the Metropole and the very relative success of the territorial organization of the colony in the hands of „private” capitalist companies.
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The 19th century saw the expansion of the West – and most notably that of the British Empire – in Asia. The growing British presence in the Indian subcontinent through the East India Company culminated in the „Company Rule” from the eighteenth century onward, until the Crown took over its place in 1858. While the Indian subcontinent became the subject of direct colonial administration, the Qing Empire avoided the same fate. Nevertheless, the threat of colonization, especially after the First Opium War (1839–1842) and the „unequal treaties” left a profound impact on the Qing court and the Chinese literati. While the experience of the two regions was markedly different, the Western presence not only altered the history of these two civilizational behemoths, but also the contemporary notions of „history” in both cases. My aim is to compare the effect of this „Western presence” on the historiography of the two regions, through the life and scholarship of two historians, Rajendralal Mitra and Wei Yuan.
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Since Mein Kampf no book has had as much impact on German society as Fritz Fischer’s Griff nach der Weltmacht (1961), which sparked one of the greatest historical debates of the 20th century. Fischer's book, which criti-cizes „German world politics” proved continuity between the aggressive policies of the Second (1871–1918) and Third Empire (1933–1945), so National Socialism cannot be considered a simple „accident” in German history. Sebastian Haffner joined this discourse with his monograph The Seven Deadly Sins of the German Empire in the First World War (1964) as did Hans-Ulrich Wehler with his book and university textbook, Bismarck und der Imperialism (1969) and Das deutsche Kaiserreich, 1871–1918 (1973). The study shows through three smaller „case studies” the emergence of a new German historiography that stands for „social liberal democracy” and is critical of the German past and perceives historiography as a critical science.
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The article compares books written by two scholars dealing with Wil-helm II’s Weltpolitik before the First World War. Heinrich August Winkler’s works, published in 2000, remain within the framework which German historians had been elaborating for decades, pointing out the domestic reasons (internal frictions between agrarians and industrians, workers’ movement etc.) of offensive foreign policy. Andreas Rödder’s approach from the late 2010s focuses more on images and perceptions of Germans and German policy in and outside of Germany. Seen from today, Rödder’s work delivers a more plausible analysis of the international relations before the First World War; however, he also tends to homogenize the era and seems to neglect minor changes or developments within the scrutinized period.
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This brief article offers an overview of some of the major works of Gábor Búr in a similar manner as the volume entitled African History Stud-ies (II) does, by selecting several of his earlier publications via which many of his decisive attributes are revealed. Having spent two valuable periods in South Africa in 1990 and 1994, he became a leading academic on the history of apartheid, in particular, but South Africa and its peoples, in general, together with the broader context of the history of Sub-Saharan Africa. Among his 9 books, 63 book chapters and dozens of journal articles, several are considered as fundamental pieces in the Hungarian knowledge corpus on Africa. A true educator of many, Gábor Búr can always grab the attention of the various different audiences he has been engaging with. His new book of 600+ pages will certainly take its readers on yet another enchanting ride on African History.
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Review of: Sebastian Ramisch-Paul: Fremde Peripherie – Peripherie der Unsicherheit? Sicherheitsdiskurse über die tschechoslowakische Provinz Podkarpatská Rus (1918–1938). (Studien zur Ostmitteleuropaforschung, Bd. 53.) Verlag Herder-Institut. Marburg 2021. X, 279 S., graph Darst. ISBN 978-3-87969-462-4. (€ 55,–.)
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This research has as a starting point some information discovered in the library catalogues where reference is made to the existence of duplicate incunabula in the book holdings. They are catalogues drawn up after the death of the library’s founder, bishop Ignác Batthyány (+ 1798) by the second librarian, András Cseresnyés. Following the bishop’s death, the Government of Transylvania also requested the inventory of the book holdings and writing catalogues to know the exact holdings considering the lawsuit filed by the family of the deceased bishop.On this occasion, librarian A. Cseresnyés drew up several catalogues to which he also added that of the duplicates existent at that time. Among the duplicates are mentioned a series of incunabula which over time were given in exchange (in 1826) or sold (between 1930 and 1931) due to financial difficulties. Of those discovered to date, only the bishop-founder had incunabula in his collection. Of these, several tens with lacks, damp stains, fragmented etc were removed from the initial holdings. The library needs a new incunabulum catalogue to contain maybe also a short description of the circulation of each copy till Transylvania; similarly, it also needs to find out, if possible, about the potential local collectors, especially local private individuals, for example from the Saxon Transylvanian area. The incunabulum collection held by the bishop founder of the institute from Alba Iulia was amassed in different ways; all of them left traces on the works such as ownership marks.The study also tackles the works or articles written in Romania concerning the incunabulum collection of the Batthyaneum Library to offer, we hope, a starting point for researching the holdings and, perhaps, for writing a new catalogue.
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Review of: Elena Marushiakova, Vesselin Popov (eds.), Roma Voices in History. A Sourcebook, BRILL, Ferdinand Schoningh, 2021,
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This article argues for using personal accounts in reconstructing the inner lives of interethnic communities in Eastern Europe in times of crisis. Focusing on the Eastern Galician town of Buczacz as representative of numerous other such communities, it also suggests that the events of the Holocaust must be seen within the larger context of coexistence and violence since 1914. After briefly examining the relevant historiography, the article turns to a close analysis of the diary of a Polish headmaster, written in 1914–1922; the World War II diary of a Ukrainian gymnasium teacher, and recollections of the Holocaust by a Jewish radio technician, composed in 1947. All three men lived in Buczacz; all three wanted their accounts to be read by others, but they are only now being made available to the public by the author. Each provides a strikingly different perspective: that of a Polish nationalist educator whose sons were fighting to create an independent Poland; that of a Ukrainian activist who resented Polish rule and Jewish influence but felt ambivalent about wartime and genocide profiteering by fellow Ukrainians; and that of a young Jew who meticulously recorded both collaboration and rescue by his gentile neighbors and ended up fighting in a local Polish partisan unit. And yet, seen together, these personal narratives shed light on aspects of mass violence in that region largely missing from more general or nationally oriented histories.
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Over the centuries, young girls from the hinterland of Dubrovnik often went to Dubrovnik to serve in wealthy homes in order to provide for their basic living needs or sometimes even for their dowry. The position of this female population, which people of Dubrovnik called - spravljenice, čupe or godišnjice, was very unfavorable, although within literature they were presented as activists who fought for their rights. After the legalization of the Serbian Orthodox Church community in 1790, affluent Serbian families moved to Dubrovnik. These families significantly participated in the economic recovery of Dubrovnik during the next century. As a successful economic community, the Orthodox Serbs tried to provide a school for their children, which they finally succeeded in 1831 with a permanent teacher, George Nikolajevic. Girls also attended the school founded by Nikolajevic. This was the case until 1879, when in Dubrovnik was founded Božo Bošković Women’s school. Young women from Dubrovnik were also educated within the Association of Serbian Women from Dubrovnik, led by Teodora Bošković. Hence, this article will present the process of education of Dubrovnik Orthodox Serbian women in the period from 1831 to the second decade of the twentieth century.
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The article presents the main stages in the development of specialized teaching of world history in Bulgaria, which began much later than that of Bulgarian history. In¬vestigations with which Bulgarian historians tried to get involved in various aspects and directions of world history studies appeared even later. Teaching and research were related to the need for world history to be known and taught at a high level. The main function of the readings and research on world history was to place Bulgarian history in the context of the larger processes developing in Balkan, European and world history, because only then it could become clear what the role of Bulgaria was, what challenges it faced, and how it handled them. The author presents both the successes in the research of world history in the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century, as well as the difficulties and problems before the “general” historians. The difficulties in the first place came from the contemptuous attitude of their col¬leagues dealing with Bulgarian history, followed by the problems related to getting the possi¬bility of conducting research abroad, and the opportunity to work with original sources. Last, but not least, the lack of a sufficient number of historians in a given field should be pointed out as a problem, considering that lively scientific discussions can stimulate qualitative research and this is the way for the development of world historiography. An important point in world history research was the choice of a research field in which to provide scholarly contribution. One of the important tasks of more experienced historians was to guide the younger ones in choosing the issues studying which they could get successfully realized. These difficulties and problems may prevent young researchers from studying world his¬tory, but they can also play a positive role if they stimulate them in the search for new topics and problems, new approaches and access to primary documentation (facilitated by the new technologies). So that knowledge of world history can fulfill its main role – to serve society in finding the right place of Bulgaria in world development and in international relations.
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In addition to many problems of the 19th century, it was the Macedonian Question at the end of the century that sparked considerable interest. Finding a solution required inclusion not only of the leading World powers but also of the regional Balkan countries Serbia, Greece and Bulgaria.The Macedonian Question vastly manifested itself in the educational and ecclesiastical sphere which led to the intangible cultural war between the countries involved. In this paper, we will discuss the shutdown of the Serbian school in Kumanovo and it’s reopening through diplomatic ways. Kumanovo is a remarkable example of the Macedonian Question, where the educational and ecclesiastical affairs were highly influenced by the excharhists and patriarchists. We aim to elaborate on the efficiency of the Ottoman Empire’s bureaucratic mechanism, which solved and prevented possible crises and conflicts in writing. The Ottoman archive, one of the greatest legacies of the Ottoman Empire, abounds with many materials that are still unexplored. Finding a document means nothing without knowing the administrative mechanism of the Empire, the structure of the Archive and its functionality. More often than not, the documents are of the bureaucratical essence, but it is its content that includes the name of the department, office or the addressed individual, as well as various details and elements of the issue discussed, that can draw a rather extensively broad picture of the event withnin its particular time frame and political circumstances. By using the example of the Serbian school in Kumanovo we will expand on the idea of the Ottoman system solving the Macedonian Que stion. From the local superintendent of education, through the wali, ambassadors and ministers of foreign affairs and education, to the Grand Vizier and the Sultan, everyone was involved and engaged in parallel intercourse, without any hindrance in communication and conveyance.
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During the monarchical period the department was organized on the principle of the dualism of the organs. Thus, the administration of the department was entrusted to the departmental council as a deliberative organ, to the permanent delegation of the departmental council, to the president of this delegation and to the prefect as executive organs.
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Review of: Stephen B. Riegg, Russia’s Entangled Embrace: The Tsarist Empire and the Armenians, 1801– 1914 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2020).
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