Krajinná výstava v Chebe : historická kontinuita využitia verejného prostoru

Author(s): Marcela Brabačová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2015

Considering town design with regard to the originality, identity and traditions can play an effective role in city. The study focuses on changes in organization and usage of the public space in town caused by historical, demographical and political processes, and on process of identification of citizens with urban area. Via German phenomenon of landscape exhibitions we will observe reception and usage of green areas in border town Cheb. Differences in usage of the original and the recent one were caused by massive demographical change: after war removal of German inhabitants. Transforming the public space in Cheb via landscape exhibition we compare with the same process which took place in German border town Marktredwitz. Research methods used for writing this study were analysis of documents related to landscape exhibitions in general and with Chebean and Marktredwitzean exhibition in particular, participant observation and narrative interviews.

Państwo bez wstrętu

Author(s): Przemysław Czapliński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2016

In this article Czapliński proposes to read Stefan Żeromski’s novel Before the Spring as a rather cruel project of the modern state. In this state the key subjects are communities (bioclasses and social classes) whose raison d’être are reproduction and productiveness. The biopolitical state must take them into consideration, as their usefulness transcends their own disgustingness. The state need not consider infertile classes (the landed gentry) or unproductive classes (parts of the Jewry), as their inability to meet the new criterion they are inexorably stigmatized as odious.

Carl Friedrich Rammelsberg and the Early Diffusion of the Periodic Table of Dmitri Mendeleev

Author(s): Pierre-Léonard Zaffalon / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

When Dmitri Mendeleev (1834 – 1907) proposed his periodic law in 1869 on a pedagogical purpose, few teachers were enthusiastic. However, as early as 1873, a manual of chemistry already reproduced his periodic table. A renowned German chemist wrote it: Carl Friedrich Rammelsberg (1813 – 1899). With the exception of the chemists involved in the classification of the elements, he was, as far as we know, the first to present the periodic table of Mendeleev in a textbook.

War and Peace: the Interpenetration (WWI in a New Anthropological Perspective)

Author(s): Lazar Koprinarov / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

The paper seeks to investigate some of the anthropological consequences of the First World War, which was not simply just another but the first total war. It was without a clear dividing line between the front and the rear; it was with long duration, involving the mobilization of millions of people, most of whom not specialized in conducting military actions. In this perspective, the paper analyses some specific modes of the interpenetrations of peacetime’ attitudes and frontline’ experiences. Special attention is paid to the rearrangement of the human sensorium of the soldiers in the trenches of the First World War. Another subject is the correspondence between soldiers and their families in the rear. The letters contain both the experience from the front and the peacetime attitudes of the soldiers. Their language is shaped by the tension between the two worlds – of the war and of the peace.

State – Religion Relations: the Bulgarian Case

Author(s): Maya Grekova,Iva Kyurkchieva,Maya Kosseva / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

The objective of this article is to outline in the light of the relations between the nation-state and the various religious organizations and individuals the main tensions in the contemporary Bulgarian society concerning the intertwining of religion and secularism. The general goal is to combine the presentation of national historical context, existing legislation and the current social debate based on fieldwork.

Кавалерите на ордена „За храбростъ“ във флота на Негово Величество

Author(s): Yancho Bakalov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2020

The article presents research on the Military Order of Courage and Soldiers' Cross for bravery of His Majesty's Navy during the Balkan Wars and World War I. The interest is focused on the conditions in which the ship's crews and shore units were assigned in solving combat tasks, the scale of force of the forces in counteraction to a repeatedly superior opponent, the contribution of the most prominent of them to success, and the assessment that was given to them. The award-winning Naval Officers are presented as an association of professionals and like-minded people who have built an organic society of the Knights of Courage. Later periods of activation of the Military Order are shown in fragmentary form.

Historical Development of Teacher Training in Turkey

Author(s): Şükrü Ada / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2020

Education is the system that allows countries to look forward to the future in a strong, confident, and hopeful way. Teachers are the practitioners of education and teaching is a skill, a competence, moreover, it is a kind of art. Giving good education at schools, the success of the society in a country can be promoted with qualified teachers. Teacher training institutions play an important role in the education of well-equipped teachers. For this reason, by 2000s, many countries have focused on educational research, and the key of this research has become “more qualified teachers for better education”. Teaching requires great dedication, skill, patience and love. Teaching has their own rules, methods and practices. The most important source by 2000s is human resources. It is human intelligence that allows unlimited as it is processed. Teachers are the pioneers of education implementations. This study will focus on the historical development of teacher training in Turkey since the foundation of the Republic of Turkey. Economic losses in the following years in particular, led to a decline in the teaching profession and social status within society. Raising this declining prestige of the teaching profession is absolutely necessary for training good teachers and for recover its economic and social status first. The paper examines some of the inadequacies in education at the beginning of 2000s in Republic of Turkey, such as having less qualified educational operations except specific cities and schools; preventing the development of critical approach abilities because of the memorizing based education system; paying less sufficient attention in student abilities in the arranged education and training programs; training consumer people instead of productive people that is needed by society in the educational institutions; professional improvement problem because of education management. However, it can be said that many of these deficiencies are resolved today.

Историческите митове за Русия и българо-руските отношения в съвременното българско общество – обобщение на анкета

Author(s): Iskra Baeva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2020

The article presents the results of an inquiry conducted among historians and non-historians in the framework of an international research project. The purpose of the survey is to examine the attitude of modern Bulgarian society to Russia/Soviet Union/Russian Federation and its role in Bulgarian history. Respondents answered questions related to the more general problem of the role of myths in history in general and those related to Russia in particular; how myths are born; which factors contribute to their public dissemination; which moments in history are most distorted or falsified in textbooks and in the media; who is interested in this; Is it possible to demythologize the Bulgarian-Russian relations. The inquiry showed the deep differences in Bulgarian society towards Russia. The majority of Bulgarians have a strong emotional attitude towards it, regardless of whether they express negative or positive feelings. And this division is manifested in all professions, ages, social groups. The survey gives grounds to conclude that despite the profound changes from the years of transition and the reorientation of Bulgaria to Western institutions, Bulgarian-Russian relations continue to be important for the Bulgarian society.

Nationalization of the Russian Army on the Romanian Front in 1917 – 1918

Author(s): Artem Papakin / Language(s): English Issue: 6/2020

At the end of 1917 and the beginning of 1918, the process of the nationalization of army units took place on the Romanian Front of the Russian army. In conditions of army disintegration, in order to keep the front fighting against the Central Powers, the Russian Command planned to create two Ukrainian, two Polish, one Muslim corps, as well as Belarusian, Lithuanian, Moldovan, and Siberian military units. During the nationalization of troops on the Romanian Front, the entire corps and divisions, as well as smaller military units were given over to Ukrainization, Polonization, Muslimization, etc. Based on archival documents, the article identifies the numbers of major military units, smaller units and subdivisions intended for nationalization, and traces the course of nationalization. The causes of failures of the nationalization process were determined, and the fates of the nationalized formations of the Romanian Front were traced.

Балканы между войнами и миром в Новое и Новейшее время

Author(s): Konstantin V. Nikiforov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3-4/2020

The article provides a brief description of the history of the Balkans in Modern and Recent times. At the beginning of this period, the Balkans became part of the pan-European international system. First as an object, and then more and more of its subject. After the Berlin Congress, many Balkan countries gained independence, and during the First Balkan War, for the first time in history, the Balkan states acted together and independently, and not to support certain actions of the great powers. The Balkan allies were even called the “seventh great power”. However, at the same time, almost all the Balkan states experienced national disasters. Their return to Europe turned out to be incomplete and the lag behind the advanced part of the continent did not decrease either then, or in the interwar or post-war periods. It remains today, despite the accession of most of the Balkan countries to the European Union.

Russophobia Rossica

Author(s): Darina Grigorova / Language(s): English Issue: 3-4/2020

The conception of ‘Russophobia’ has traditionally been interpreted as an external phenomenon directed against Russia, no matter in what form it occurred or whether it was directed against pan-Slavism, in the nineteenth century, against Sovietism, in the twentieth century, or against Putinism, in the 21st century. However, there is also Russophobia as an internal, Russian-specific feature, which is the topic of this article. Our research focuses on the interesting phenomenon of Russophobia in Russia, a term coined as early as the nineteenth century by the diplomat Fyodor Tyutchev, better known for his poetry. Based on historical texts from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries found in memoirs, diaries, correspondence and journalistic clippings of Fyodor Tyutchev, Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Pyotr Chaadaev, Vladimir Pecherin, Igor Shafarevich, Victor Astafiev, Nathan Eydelman, Alexander Panarin, Valeriy Rastorguev, Andrey Fursov and others, the author has created a typology of Russian Russophobia. The Russophobia in Russia is a Russocentrism, however, with a reverse sign, a combination of “phobias” that manifest themselves, to varying degrees and in different combinations, but have always been around, such as Christianophobia (fear of the Church); Politiophobia (fear of the state); Slavophobia (fear of pan-Slavism); Sovietophobia and Russophobia (fear, alienation from what is Russian).

Индулгенции, издавани от източноправославни патриаршии. Част I

Author(s): Philippos Iliou / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2021

The study, published in Greek in 1983–1985, is devoted to a phenomenon in the Eastern Orthodox Church that had not, until then, been the subject of a special research in the field of social history. Based on a vast array of historical sources, the author presents and analyzes facts about the production and distribution of indulgences from the Patriarchates of Constantinople, Alexandria, Jerusalem and Antioch from the 16th to the 20th century. The emergence and gradual establishment of the institution of indulgences in Eastern Orthodoxy is traced within the socio-political and cultural context of four centuries, focusing on the reasons for the introduction of indulgences, the stages of gradual standardization of their text, and the various forms of their distribution. The phenomenon is reflected in detail, taking into account its extension into the field of dogma, economics, social and political relations. The study sheds new abundant light on important issues in the history of the church, societies and attitudes in the world of Eastern Orthodoxy. An inventory of 57 printed Orthodox indulgences is also attached.

Един различен поглед към морското образование в България

Author(s): Tina Georgieva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2021

Vojvodovo – ein vergessenes Kapitel der tschechischen Gegenwart in Bulgarien

Author(s): Lenka J. Budilová,Marek Jakoubek / Language(s): German Issue: 1-2/2021

The contribution is devoted to the history of Vojvodovo, a Czech village in North-western Bulgaria, sixteen kilometres from the Danube port town of Oryahovo. It was founded in 1900 mostly by migrants from another Czech village, Svata Helena, located in today’s Romanian part of the Banat region. The history of Czech Vojvodovo was a short one: it lasted only for fifty years until 1950. At the end of the period, following post-war inter-state agreements on ‘returns of co-nationals to their fatherland’, Czech Vojvodovans left the village and settled in the region of south Moravia in Czechoslovakia. A local legend says that it was Tsar Ferdinand I of Bulgaria who invited Czechs to come to Bulgaria to show local villagers how to work their land. True or not, the fact is Vojvodovans were living as if they sought to fulfil Ferdinand’s wish – during the Czech period, Vojvodovo became an exemplary village (not only) in the regional context. It had become well-known for tidiness and orderliness of the communal space as well as of the inhabitants. Vojvodovans were renowned for their diligence and ascetic ethic of Protestantism, for being outstanding farmers, horse breeders and stallholders.

Участие на дружини от състава на 11-и маршеви полк в боевете за овладяването на укрепените позиции в района на град Мачин през януари 1917 г.

Author(s): Manush Hristov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2021

The study is devoted to little-known facts related to the participation and contribution of the troops of the 11th Marching Regiment to the victory achieved in the battles for control of the heavily fortified area in the Machin. The data presented come to fill the gap in the researches regarding the participation of the marching formations and in particular of the 11th Marching Regiment in the battles as part of the 3rd Army. The presented information helps to clarify and supplement the general picture of the events on the front, by revealing specific details of the course of the hostilities, which so far have not fallen within the scope of attention of the scientific community. Also, a good basis is created for the formation of reasonable conclusions about the significance of the achieved victory. Archival materials have been put into circulation, which reveal new facts about the battles in the Dobrudzha region. The presented brief information about the marching regiments and the combat history of the regiment helps to clarify the nature and purpose of these units, taking into account the fact that the available information about them is more than modest and insufficient. The presented data are entirely based on materials from the State Military Historical Archives – Veliko Tarnovo.

A Bulgarian Student in Early XX Century Ukraine: Study, Lifestyle and Challenges

Author(s): Аndrii Chutkyi / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2021

The paper discusses the life of Konstantin Nikolov, a Bulgarian from the town of Gorna Oryahovitsa, during his study at the Kyiv Institute of Commerce (1909 – 1915). The very “insignificance” of this person allows for some wider generalizations, given the fact that precisely such people best reflect the society as a whole. For this reason, the study of ordinary people’s biographies has become an important focus of modern historiography. Nikolov’s student years illustrate some aspects of contemporary Bulgarian history and exemplify the experience of Bulgarian students in the Russian Empire before and during the World War I. The present study is based on archive materials previously untapped by scholars. It also involves some documents relative to Svitozar Drahomanov, who was of Ukrainian origin but spent his childhood in Bulgaria and studied at the Kyiv Institute of Commerce along with Nikolov, as well as documents regarding a trip to Bulgaria by Czesław Madej, another student of the same institute. The study demonstrates that archives of different Kyiv-based higher educational institutions should be explored for more valuable materials regarding Bulgarian born students, which may help draw a fuller picture of Bulgarian-Ukrainian relations in the field of education and culture. This, in turn, will contribute to a deeper understanding of the history of Ukrainian higher education in the early 20thcentury. It will also provide a wider perspective on the phenomenon of Bulgarians studying abroad before and during the World War I, including the life situations of the students during this period which proved crucial for the whole European civilization.

Нови щрихи към портрета на цар Фердинанд

Author(s): Aleka Strezova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2021

Russian Propaganda During the First World War: Technologies and Forms

Author(s): Anna Volodymyrivna Hedo,Svitlana Liaskovska / Language(s): English Issue: 6/2021

The purpose of the article is to analyse the use of political propaganda methods employed by the Russian Empire before and during the First World War, in particular, on the Ukrainian lands, which became a direct theatre of military operations and a field of confrontation between intelligence and counterintelligence services of belligerent powers, which exercised manipulative influence upon great masses of population and implemented special technologies for the formation of public opinion. The research methodology is based on the principles of objectivity, systematicity, dialectics, historicism and interdisciplinarity. The study is grounded on problem chronological, institutional and historical methods, as well as social psychology methods, used in propaganda practices. Scientific novelty: on the basis of printed materials: brochures, First World War periodicals, published posters and woodcuts (lubki prints), as well as memoirs of people, involved in the organization of propaganda campaigns, certain objects, technologies and forms of propaganda, in particular, the involvement of intelligence officers of the Russian Imperial Army in manipulative technologies, were defined. The widespread use of propaganda and counter-propaganda by the states that were the main players of the First World War, became a kind of hallmark of that war. In Russia, unlike other states, there were no special bodies and no such bodies were created later to influence public opinion in their own, hostile or neutral states. The peculiarity of the propaganda of the Russian Empire was the use of mainly constructive (positive) propaganda aimed at neutralizing social conflicts within the state, uniting the population and the authorities and their joint struggle against the enemy. The ideas of Pan-Slavism and Neo-Slavism were actively applied in the international realm. They were aimed at the unity of the Slavic world under the auspices of Russia as the defender of the Slavic peoples and the Orthodox Christian faith. The use of destructive propaganda technologies was aimed at creating the image of the “enemy” and uniting patriotic forces against it. At the same time, Russia failed to offer Slavic peoples of the empire, in particular Ukrainians, to realize their political aspirations in resolving the national issue; it did not feel a change of mood and did not restructure the content of propaganda rhetoric, which eventually led to its defeat in the information and psychological space.

Социални характеристики на българското свещеничество в Разложка каза в началото на ХХ в.

Author(s): Stanislava Stoytcheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2022

The study examines the social characteristics of the clergy in the kaza (region) of Razlog in the early twentieth century. Based on the register of local parish priests from 1910, the main socio-economic indicators of the clergy are traced: age, marital status, ordination circumstances, years of service, church hierarchy, origin and heredity of the profession, education, parish size, annual income. The regional peculiarities of the clergy in the context of the general data on the Bulgarian priests in Macedonia in the beginning of the XX century are outlined.

Административните преименувания и паметта за пловдивското пространство през ХХ век

Author(s): Vidin Sukarev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2022

In this paper are presented the main and little-known street and other urban areas’ name changes in Plovdiv during the XX century. Attention is also paid to the background from the late Ottoman period. The renaming actions implemented by the central or local authorities usually lead to partial or complete loss of historical memory, regardless of the policy, purpose and ideology. Most seriously were affected the names from the time of the Ottoman rule but there were more cases throughout the Bulgarian national history.