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REview of: Cristina A. BEJAN, Intellectuals and Fascism in Interwar Romania. The Criterion Association, Litera Publishing, București, 2023
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The study interprets the lobbing strategies of the Northern Bohemian and Moravian-Silesian lime producers in the background of the Czechoslovak-German economic talks about the quota system in the mutual trade in 1920–1925. While the Czechoslovak lime industry tried to keep its access to the Reich German sales area after the WWI, the German lime works wanted to use the “historic opportunity” and push out the Northern Bohemian and Moravian-Silesian producers completely. The strategy of both sides gained some very vigorous forms of both aggressive and defensive nature. The paper is focused on the lobbying participants as well as on the very progress of the economic negotiations with a special regard to the regulation of the foreign trade with lime immediately after the WWI. The industrial agreements of the producers (cartels, syndicates) in the lime industry entered the economic diplomacy as an active participant that was regarded as a legitimate tool in creation of interventionist policy in the foreign trade.
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Михаило Апостолски е роден во Ново Село, Штипско, на 8 ноември 1906 година.3 Во периодот меѓу двете светски војни, тој е познат под името и презимето Михајло Митиќ, офицер на Војската на Кралството Југославија, чиј персонален картон го објавуваме во овој труд.
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The study based on archival, published historical documents and other available information sources highlights the activity of sickness funds that functioned in Ukraine on the territory of modern Prykarpattia during the period of Polish rule in 1919–1939 (the Second Polish Republic, in Polish: II Rzeczpospolita Polska) as a prototype of health insurance. The analysis of these documents allows to determine the peculiarities of the activity of these institutions in relations with society and the state, methods of financing, rights and obligations of the members of these organizations, specific features of the decision-making management, insurance cases and ways of compensation. The retrospective approach used in this study makes it possible to recreate the picture of the past in the field of health care in general and health insurance in particular, even with the lack of historical and legal sources of a certain historical period. Seeing the present through a peculiar prism of the past helps to dive into the inner life of the society with all its manifestations and ideas contributing to better understanding of modern social processes. In other words, the longer you look back, the further you see ahead.
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Carpathian Ruthenia was united with Czechoslovak Republic as its autonomous part. Although the autonomy was guaranteed in the constitution, it came into existence first in autumn 1938. One of important causes of this delay was the illiteracy of local inhabitants, which was a consequence of a long-term and systematic Magyarisation. The Czechoslovak government was working to redress the situation and already in 1921, the number of schools corresponded to the national composition of the population. For the children of new state employees Czechoslovak schools were established from the beginning of 1920s and their number rose to several tens of school at the end of 1930s. Carpathian Ruthenia as a part of Czechoslovak Republic (till 1939) experienced, despite a range of imperfections, a cultural and national development of the Ukrainian-Ruthenian population unknown and incomparable to the conditions under Austria-Hungary.
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The implementation of autonomy in Carpathian Ruthenia was accompanied with numerous problems; one of them was the issue of whether and how many Czech officials should remain in local administration. New rulers of the eastern corner of the Czechoslovak Republic speedily initiated a hard Ukrainisation of the whole territory and illegally expelled Czech officials. Although Prague ministries disapproved of these actions, the political representation obviously understood that the counter-measures could only provoke further destabilisation of the already disrupted state, which predatory neighbour states would have surely made use of. The final solution of the matter of Czech officials was expected to be settled in the course of 1939, yet, due to the occupation by German and Hungarian forces in March 1939, the negotiations between central and autonomous governments became irrelevant.
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The paper is based on unpublished archival sources from the Václav Roubík personal papers – documentation of state borders (1742–1941). The goal of the study is the analysis of documents pertaining to the definitive setting out of the borderline between Czechoslovakia and Romania after 1918 in the Carpathian Ruthenia region. In 1921–1925, there were local conflicts between Czechoslovak Border Committee and Czechoslovak Gendarmerie on one side and Hungarian and Romanian authorities and the local population on the other. On behalf of Czechoslovakia it was Václav Roubík who was authorized to stake out the Czechoslovak-Romanian border. Roubík held important positions in Prague and Vienna in fields of construction and commerce before 1918; in the new state, he was appointed a section chief in the Ministry of Public Works in Prague. Other members of the Committee were Colonel Uffer on behalf of France, Colonel Carrey on behalf of Great Britain, Colonel Pellicelli on behalf of Italy and Colonel Dimitrescu on behalf of Romania. The Committee was supposed to deal with territorial disputes between Czechoslovakia and Romania over, among others, Fetös – Almáš, Sighetu Marmației, or Sásfalú.
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Slovakia and Hungarian Rus’ (after 1919 Subcarpathian Rus’) remained a part of Kingdom of Hungary till the end 1918. Magyarisation policy of government in Budapest affected both Slovakian and Ruthenian population who were looking for a way to mutual support and cooperation through their cultural and political representatives in the latter half of the 19th century. Disintegration of Austria-Hungary, establishment of Czechoslovakia and incorporation of Subcarpathian Rus’ to the new state in 1919 created completely new existence conditions for both nations. On one hand, they transformed from oppressed nations to state-forming nations with all rights and possibilities of national development, on the other hand, these new conditions brought for Slovaks and Ruthenians new conflicting situations. These resided in claims to the same territories in North-eastern Slovakia where both Slovak and Ruthenian nationals lived. The land borderline that separated Slovakia and Subcarpathian Rus’ within Czechoslovakia was, in Ruthenian opinion, unfair, since it split Ruthenians into two administrative units – Slovakia and Subcarpathian Rus’. Therefore they requested that the northern parts of former Spiš, Šariš and Zemplín zhupa be joined to Subcarpathian Rus’ which had an autonomous status. These areas were, however, ethnically of Slovakian nature. The request to push the border westward was turned down not only by Slovakian, but also by Czech political representatives, which caused a disillusion in Ruthenian politics and provoked accusations against Prague of reluctance to deal fairly with Ruthenian claims. This disillusion grew even stronger when the autonomy of Subcarpathian Rus’ was not implemented and stayed only in promises, as this it was stipulated already in the Czechoslovak Constitution from 1920. At that time, for its part, Slovakia saw a rise in autonomous movement demanding Slovakian autonomy from Prague. Hence the Slovakian and Ruthenian autonomist efforts were gradually becoming a new platform for a mutual cooperation at the beginning of 1930s.
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Review of: Dreidemy, Lucile – Wenninger, Florian (Hrsg.): Das Dollfuß/Schuschnigg-Regime 1933–1938. Vermessung eines Forschungsfeldes. Böhlau Verlag, Wien 2013, 638 s.
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As a socially, politically, and economically complex community, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes faced numerous financial difficulties. In order to enable the state to function smoothly, revive and develop economic activities, and allow citizens to meet their daily needs, it was necessary to establish a unified financial system. The elements of this system, particularly the establishment (or redefinition) of a central bank, expanding its network by incorporating branches of the Austro-Hungarian Bank to facilitate payment transactions, controlling the kronen and replacing them with new national currency, and implementing measures to stabilize the dinar, will be examined by the authors through the analysis of literature and primary archival sources.
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Review of: Benda, Jan: Útěky a vyhánění z pohraničí českých zemí 1938–1939, Karolinum. Praha 2013, 542 s.
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Author examines the relationship between the traditional and new created administrative institutions (mainly national committees – národní výbory) after the declaration of the independent Czechoslovak state. He notes above all the changing in competencies, activities and staffing of these offices.
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This article analyzes the role of the German Social Democratic Workers´Party (DSAP) in providing assistance to German refugees from occupied border in 1938 and role of this party in the period after signing the Munich Agreement. The examples show the situation of German refugees, ho had to choose between returning to the occupied border, living in the interior country or emigration.
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The article analyzes history of the Postal Museum in Prague in 1939–1970 and follows previous article from 2008. The author notes above all changes in the concept of museum as an instrument of Nazi propaganda during the occupation, its closing in 1944, its reduced restoration in 1945 focusing exclusively on philately and a new period in 1960s, when the museum was restored as a scientific center for postal history.
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The article concerns the specifics of the functioning of educational institutions in the internment camp Ukrainian soldiers of the UNR Army in Szczypiorno during the years between 1922-1923. Thanks to the work of several camp educational institutions and occasional lectures on various topics, some internees managed to gain additional knowledge and obtain relevant documents confirming the completion of secondary school in the camp, which later made it much easier for them to find employ- ment or continue their education in higher education institutions in Poland and Czechoslovakia.
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The selective bibliography of the Jewish Museum in Prague is covering the publications from 1911 to 1989. It lists the titles, authors, and sources of various books, articles, reports, and catalogues related to the history, collections, and exhibitions of the museum. It also provides some annotations and reviews of some of the works.
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The article presents the caring activities of the Kolskie Towarzystwo Wspomagania Biednych in the 1920s. Based on the analysis of the protocols of the meetings of the board of this Society, the establishment and development of the Society, its goals and forms of welfare work are presented. The tasks carried out by the various departments, i.e. the bodies carrying out the accepted aims and tasks between 1921 and 1927, are identified. During the 1920s, a very great effort was made to keep it functioning. From 1927 onwards, it carried the name Catholic Charitable Society in the Circle.
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The article reviews sports activities of school youth in the city of Kalisz up to 1939. The sports movement of school youth in the city of Kalisz began in the second decade of the 20th century. It was spontaneous, limited to football matches played by unofficial teams. It was formalized after 1921,that is, after instituting students sports associations, then after forming the School Youth Boathouse (1929) and Interschool Sports Center (1932). The most popular sport disciplines among young people were football, boxing, athletics and rowing. The highest sport level was demonstrated by students of Adam Asnyk State Gymnasium and Tadeusz Kościuszko State Gymnasium. The greatest sporting success was winning the boxing team championships by boxers of Interschool Sports Center in 1932 and 1933. Every year school youth participated in high school championships and Physical Education and Basic Military Training events. The main sports movement was concentrated among male youth of junior high schools. Sport among girls and primary schoolchildren was delayed. The development of school sports activities was adversely affected by the directive issued by education authorities which isolated school sports from sports clubs and associations.
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Review of: Entscheidungsjahr 1932. Zur Judenfrage in der Endphase der Weimarer Republik, Ein Sammelband herausgegeben von Werner E. Mosse, Schriftenreihe wissenschaftlicher Abhandlungen des Leo Baeck Instituts, J.C.M. Mohr (Paul Siebeck), Tübingen, 1985, 1966. 615 S.
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Review of: Susanne Keller-Giger: Carl Kostka und die Deutschdemokratische Freiheitspartei in der Tschechoslowakei der Zeit vor dem Zweiten Weltkrieg. Verlagsbuchhandlung Sabat. Kulmbach 2021. 277 S., Ill. ISBN 978-3-943506-96-9.
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