Gračanička lokalna historiografija i njeni korijeni

Author(s): Edin Šaković / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 45/2018

The author gives a short review of the book “Gračanica i okolina u NOB i Revoluciji” on the occasion of the 30th anniversary of the publication of the aforementioned book, as well as an assessment of the significance of this publication and the development of the local historiography from the end of the XIX century until 1988. The introductory section of this book was the first publication that brought a serious and detailed account of the history of Gračanica and surrounding areas from the earliest periods to 1941. In spite of all recent research and insights and the voluminous production of the local historiography which was mostly represented on the pages of the “Gračanički glasnik”, this book still represents the only synthesis of the history of Gračanica and the surrounding area.

Życie organizacyjne Wychodźstwa polskiego w Belgii w okresie międzywojennym

Author(s): Józef Szymański / Language(s): Polish Issue: 26/2005

A mass emigration of Polish people to Belgium took place after the First World War. According to official data, 5 329 Polish people lived on the territory of Belgium in 1920. They were mainly miners and their families who had arrived from Westfalen. In 1938 the Polish community in Belgium increased in official statistics to 61 809 people. Most of them were employed in mining and heavy industry, only about 5% in farming. Organizational activity during the first years of Polish emigration in Belgium faced considerable difficulties. “People from Westfalen had already had a certain dialect and not all children spoke Polish. People coming from Poland, mainly small farmers, differed in terms of cultural level because those from Austrian and German occupation had already gone to school, could read and write and had broader minds, whereas those from Russian occupation – were mainly analphabets. However, managed to erase these regional differences among Polish people.”Polish people arriving to Belgium, “not knowing the local language were willing to associate in organizations and created groups which they usually named after some saint as their patron.” The first Polish organizations in Belgium started to appear after the First World War in 1921. They were founded mainly by Polish people coming from Westfalen in search for work. Most of Polish associations and organizations were created in 20's comprising virtually the whole Polish social life in Belgium. These organizations cared for national traditions, cultivated the maintenance of the fatherland language, transmitted Polish cultural awareness to younger generations and defended common interests in economic and social areas. Their programs were patriotically and catholically oriented. They existed in almost every bigger Polish mining colony.These organizations had a profession-specific (e.g. associations of miners under the patronage of St. Barbara), religious (e.g. association of live rosary), cultural (e.g. circles of Polish women, theatrical and chant associations) and sport character. Despite such diverse characters, their objective was to maintain Polish life in colonies and transmitting patriotic and catholic values to new generations of Poles. They had their places in almost every bigger Polish center. Independently of the character of their activity they had a common regional management council. Later, the central management council for 5 regions was created under the name The Federation of Polish Associations and Organizations in Belgium.The social life of Poles concentrated mainly in the Central Federation of Polish Associations in Belgium and in Central Federation of Polish Female Associations in Belgium. In 1936 their coordination was taken over by newly founded Polish-Belgian association – The Association of Co-operation with Polish Organizations in Belgium. As an initiative of Parliament Member Jackowski and consul of Poland Nagórny, The Committee of Co-operation with Polish Social Organizations in Belgium was created to support and provide spiritual care for our emigration.

ДЕСАНКА МАКСИМОВИЋ КАО ГИМНАЗИЈСКИ ПРОФЕСОР

Author(s): Bojan Đorđević / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2015

Poetess Desanka Maksimović spent her entire career as a high school teacher; she started working even before she graduated as a teacher of the Private grammar school in Obrenovac. Then she shortly worked in the Third female grammar school in Belgrade and in the State school for teachers in Dubrovnik. From 1926 until she retired in 1952 Desanka Maksimović was a teacher in the First female grammar school in Belgrade.

Rok 1920 i lata następne. Brytyjska polityka appeasementu i zdrady? Artykuł polemiczny

Author(s): Michał Jerzy Zacharias / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2018

The article is a polemics with the theses presented in the book by Andrzej Nowak Pierwsza zdrada Zachodu. 1920 – zapomniany appeasement (The First Betrayal of the West. 1920 – The Forgotten Appeasement) In the author’s opinion, Prime Minister David Lloyd George’s policy toward Poland in 1920 could be neither compared nor identified with later actions of the British known as “appeasement”. And to use the term of “betrayal” in scholarly studies of politics seems problematic to him. Mainly because such a term does not explain either motivations or possibilities, or conditions and expectations related to the decisions that are termed as the “betrayal”. It serves more to a specific historical policy, not to say propaganda, rather than the actual need to know the complex, complicated and multidimensional historic truth.

Ligjërimi “i pakohë” i anormalitetit shqiptar në revistën Time (1923-2013)

Author(s): Belina Budini / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 14/2015

The main argument of this paper focused on the western media representations of Albania, is that the subject of Albania is constructed and represented in a constant pathway between the years 1923-2013 and also during the years of transition. Time Magazine sets out as a case study on this regard. The object of study is systematically researched and investigated building on the media content analysis and the analysis of the media agency per se. With regard to the content analysis, the quantitative data show that the place and space given to the subject of Albania in rubrics, topics, frequency and angles of coverage are constant over time. The textual analysis in qualitative terms speaks of similar textual constructions and representations from one period of study to the other. The dominant discourse is that of an Albanian abnormality combined with the broader discourse of the American Superiority. A range of consistent media frames and repetitive topics have been identified, surpassing the historical time lag. Such a similarity is found in the journalistic writing and the language used to speak about the subject of Albania in the articles of Time Magazine in terms of synonymy, epithets, metaphors, key words and phrases.

YİĞİTLİĞİN BELGESEL-SANATSAL TECESSÜMÜ

Author(s): Şureddin Memmedli / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 39/2018

In the presented article the documentary novel of the Prof. Dr., writer Ali Kafkasyali “Kafkas Kochaklary” (Caucasian heroes) is considered. This novel reflects the events of 1917–1934 in the Gazakh region of Azerbaijan and Borchaly district of Georgia, in the regions of Childir, Kars of Turkey, and the motives of loyalty to Turkey by the brave heroes of Gazakh-Borchaly.

Socjaliści przeciwko bolszewikom

Author(s): Przemysław Prekiel / Language(s): Polish Issue: 673/2018

22 lipca 1920 r. na wiecu zjawiły się cztery tysiące robotników i sympatyków PPS. Odczytano następującą rezolucję: „Robotnicy zebrani na wiecu PPS uchwalają: «Obowiązkiem polskiego proletariatu jest w chwili dzisiejszej obrona zagrożonej przez najazd bolszewicki niepodległości»”.

Kradzież w wypadku koniecznym w systemach totalitarnych

Author(s): Jarosław Zieliński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 25/2018

The article presents the issues related to the possession of material goods and how a man should manage them in accordance with the Creator's plan. It discusses the problem of theft in case of necessity taking into consideration the problem of hunger. Moreover, it analyses the issues concerning the unjust appropriation of someone’s property and points out that the commandment “do not steal” defends human freedom and their right to own property. Social justice which is to contribute to the creation of the social common good is also presented. Consequently, all groups and social classes can participate in a proportionally equal way. The article shows the way how man and material goods are treated in a totalitarian system. Finally, it is shown that the seventh commandment is obligatory to all people.

„AGRARNE REFORME“ KAO OSMIŠLJENE POLITIČKE MJERE U CILJU STOLJETNE UZURPACIJE IMOVINE I EKONOMSKOG SLABLJENJA BOŠNJAKA U BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI

Author(s): Izet Šabotić / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Issue: 21/2018

The assimilation of Bosniak property in Bosnia and Herzegovina, with the aim of changes in property-ownership relations, lasts more than a century. This process took place by passing political measures “laws and bylaws” under the pretext of implementing The agrarian reform. As a result, there has been a significant change in the ownership structure of land and other real estate in Bosnia and Herzegovina, mainly to the detriment of Bosniaks, and for the benefit of other nations in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The “Agrarian Reforms” were carried out on several occasions: in the Ottoman period from 1858 to 1878, in the AustroHungarian period from 1878 to 1918, and especially from 1918 to 1941, and from 1945 to 1948. The aforementioned agrarian processes influenced the change of the ownership structure, and in the way, there was a significant economic weakening of the Bosniak element in this period. The economic weakening of Bosniaks was done by implementing other socio-political and economic processes, such as: nationalization, confiscation, sequestration, expropriation and arondation. By these political measures, the property of Bosniaks has been significantly reduced, and therefore their economic strength and power, and the living space has been significantly reduced. All of these processes were carried out under the pretext of “reforms”, and they were accompanied by adequate legislation, which enabled them from a legal and practical aspect to smooth implementation.

Razgovor sa Stefanom Staševskim ... Ja sam zaista bio komunista

Author(s): Stefan Staszewski,Maria Paluh / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 01+02/1988

The text deals with life, moral and political drama of an old Polish revolutionary, Stashevski, who today, as a symphatizer of KOR and Solidarity trade union, remembers his youthful enthusiasm, and also his disappointment in the first country of socialism, telling about his impressions from Comintern schools where he heard Buharin and Zinovjev,and about the infamous Moscow and Kolima prisons. In spite of all the tortures and stalinist cruelties he remained true to his communist convictions.

« LE NÈGRE DEBOUT » : L’ESPRIT DU JAZZ ET DU BLUES CHEZ LES POÈTES DE LA HARLEM RENAISSANCE AMÉRICAINE ET DE LA NÉGRITUDE FRANCO-CARIBÉENNE

Author(s): Józef Kwaterko / Language(s): French Issue: 2/2017

This paper is devoted to the ideological and aesthetic affinities between the Afro-American poetry of Harlem Renaissance (1920–1960), called also the “New-Negro”, and the poetry of Negritude, a literary movement born in Paris in the 1930s’ among the poets coming from French Antilles and Madagascar, and particularly popular in the French Caribbean, Guyana and Haiti in the 1940s’–1960s’. I will start with the analysis of the historical context and I will focus on the personal contacts between the poets of the two literary movements as well as on the impact of the black American poetry on the French literary journals involved with Négritude (Légitime Défense, La Dépêche africaine, La revue du monde noir et Présence africaine). Subsequently I will analyze poems by Claude MacKay and Langston Hughes on the one hand, and Aimé Césaire (Martinique), Léon-Gontran Damas (Guyane), Jean Fernand Brière (Haiti) on the other. I will attempt to highlight the affinities between the two sets of poems, both on the thematic and ethical level (exile, identity issues, antiracist and anti-bourgeois claims), as well as on the level of poetics (interest in orality, similarities between the lexical fields and rhetoric, similarities in rhythmic structures and the musicality of the verse inspired by jazz and blues ).

„Poleszuk” nieoswojony. Wokół funkcji chłopskości w konstruowaniu polskości

Author(s): Anna Engelking / Language(s): Polish Issue: 6/2017

Engelking examines the representations of the Poleshuks (the people of Polesia) in mainstream Polish culture. Based on selected examples of popular writing from the interwar period, Engelkind portrays Russian peasants – the ancestors of today’s Ukrainians and Belorussians – as an emblematic figure of Polish discourses of the Borderlands. The stereotypical notion of the Poleshuk is based on concepts drawn from race theory, nationalist and colonial discourses as well as modernizing ambitions, and it is an internalized and at the same time excluded Other. Like the Jew, the Poleshuk functions as a constitutive foreign ethno-nationalist model of Polishness. The Poleshuk is excluded from Polishness in two ways: as a peasant (a savage with no culture) and as a Russian (Orthodox, Bolshevik). It is the narcissistic self-image of the Pole as the higher ranking ‘lord’ (pan) that requires this image of an untamed and untameable ‘Poleshuk’ as its obverse constructed on national and class-based difference.

RAFAŁ MARCELI BLÜTH AS A CONRAD SCHOLAR

Author(s): Stefan Zabierowski / Language(s): English Issue: XII/2017

The aim of the present article is to present the achievements of Rafał Marceli Blüth (1891-1939) in the field of Conrad scholarship. During the period between the First and Second World Wars, Blüth was a prominent Catholic intellectual and—along with Prof. Józef Ujejski and the well-known writer Maria Dąbrowska—was one of Poland’s foremost Conrad critics. As well as interpreting Conrad’s novels, Blüth researched the writer’s biography, particularly with regard to the role played by family tradition in the Polish eastern borderlands. He also put forward a detailed interpretation of the factors which might have influenced Conrad’s decision to leave Poland while he was still in his teens. Blüth’s greatest achievements as a literary critic include interpretations of novels such as Victory, The Rover and Nostromo, an attempt to classify the main characters of Conrad’s novels and a study comparing Conrad’s writing and view of the world with those of Dostoevsky.

VENIA LEGENDI Z ZAKRESU FILOLOGII NA UNIWERSYTECIE JAGIELLOŃSKIM OD DRUGIEJ POŁOWY XIX WIEKU DO 1939 ROKU ORAZ DALSZE LOSY WYHABILITOWANYCH DOCENTÓW

Author(s): Przemysław Marcin Żukowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2018

This paper gives an overview of 71 persons who tried to obtain the right to give lectures on philology at the Faculty of Philosophy at the Jagiellonian Universityin the years 1862–1939. Out of them, 60 persons received the venia legendi, but 11 were denied that right. While the article takes into account a small group of scholars, some conclusions and generalizations can be made, such as, for example, that it is certain that philology schools were founded in Cracow. Thus, it is easier to capture the master–student relationship. Most of the privat-docents (docents), after obtaining the venia legendi, still remained “in school” and received university chairs not only at the Jagiellonian University but also at other universities. A Cracow’s docent, who could not count on a chair at the Jagiellonian University – not because of inadequate qualifications but because of budgetary reasons – received a professor’s chair at one of the other universities of the Second Polish Republic (not counting Lwow): in Vilnius, Warsaw or Poznań.

UKRAIŃSKA FILOLOGIA NA UNIWERSYTECIE LWOWSKIM W XIX WIEKU I W PIERWSZEJ POŁOWIE XX STULECIA. LUDZIE, IDEE, RECEPCJE

Author(s): Roman Holyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2018

The author analyzes the formation and evolution of Ukrainian Philology at the Lviv University from 1848 to 1939. In the context of this article, the history of Ukrainian philological studies is represented through such personalities as Yakov Holovatsky, Omelyan Ogonovsky, Alexander Kolessa, Ilarion Sventsitsky, Cyril Studinsky and Jan Janów. Part of them symbolizes the theological or clerical period of the development of the Ruthenian (Ukrainian) philology in Galicia, the other part demonstrates the secularization of the Ukrainian humanities as well as the intellectuals themselves. The evolution of the Ukrainian studies at the Lviv University is a history of changing scientific paradigms: from post-romanticism to factographism and positivism or critical rationalism. The study also demonstrates the growth of the interrelation between the Ukrainian philologists on the Lviv and Kraków (Jagiellonian) University in the examined period. The history of Ukrainian Philology in Lviv is a history of ideological evolution and/or ideological hesitation in the Ukrainian intelligentsia between Ukrainophilism, Russophilism, political neutrality, Polonophilism and Austrophilism. It is also the result of the “tolerance within confrontation” – the ethno-social competition, struggle and compromise between the Ukrainian and Polish ideas in Galicia. In other words, it is a history of the Ukrainian intelligentsia and Ukrainian society in Lviv and in Galicia before the Second World War.

Book reviews

Author(s): Mihai-Octavian Groza ,Iuliu-Marius Morariu,Nicolae Dumbrăvescu,Marian Horvat,Mircea-Gheorghe Abrudan,Andrei Dălălău / Language(s): Romanian Issue: IV/2018

This section contains the book reviews from the 4th number of Astra Salvensis.

The Image of Educated Women in Two Interwar Austrian Novels by Female Authors

Author(s): Justyna Górny / Language(s): English Issue: 117/2018

The article sketches a portrayal of educated women in literature of the interwar period. The ways are shown in which typical experiences of women students are reflected in prose works describing the consecutive stages of scholarly career – from the beginning of one’s university studies to successful independent work. The figure of female student and scientist is shown in the novels concerned as a model example of emancipation, while the influence of a conservative concept of femininity is apparent. The model protagonist is a utopian figure as it harmoniously merges emancipative and conservative elements.

A Post-Doctorate in Musicology: Bronisława Wójcik-Keuprulian and Her Path to a Scientific Career

Author(s): Michał Piekarski / Language(s): English Issue: 117/2018

The musical milieu of Lwów in the first half of the twentieth century was characterised by dynamic activities of women, particularly as music school students, which was the reverse of the situation prevailing in the other schools – particularly, tertiary schools. This fostered the female students’ keen interest in musicology, especially that Musicology was launched as a new major at the local university in 1912. Bronisława Wójcik-Keuprulian was its first graduate ever (in 1917). In 1934, she was the first woman in the history of Polish science to receive a post-doctoral degree (so-called habilitation) in Musicology at a Polish university. This was accompanied by multiple complications, including those caused by the Head of the Chair of Musicology. Yet, the applicant’s resolve brought about a successful end.

‘Aspects of Social Revolt in the Second Republic of Poland in the Great Crisis Years, 1930–5: Determinants, Scale, and Consequences’. A Research Project

Author(s): Joanna Dufrat,Piotr Cichoracki,Janusz Mierzwa / Language(s): English Issue: 117/2018

Pokonać epidemię, czyli o dekadentyzmie w literaturze serbskiej (na przykładzie powieści Strast Davida S. Pijadego)

Author(s): Sylwia Nowak-Bajcar / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2017

Since its publication in 1921, David S. Pijade’s Strast (The Passion) has been classified as a naturalist novel, contrary to its themes: passion as subordinated to the fatalism of nature: Eros and Thanatos, the hedonistic experience of an ‚intense moment’, the theme of sacred lesbian love. The article indicates that this classification is a mistake stemming from the lack of the decadent movement in Serbia, either as a literary current, or a worldview. A new reading proposed in this article calls for a revision of persistent views about the shape of Serbian modernism in the early twentieth century.