Savaş Yıllarında Anadolu Rumlarının Yaşadığı İkilem (1919–1922)

Author(s): Taner Bilgin / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2016

Greece doubtlessly was the leading country that caused trouble to the Ottoman Empire during the period 1919-1922 when the National Campaign continued. Greece, a small country, had to defeat the Turkish Nation whose population was more than the Greek in the war in order to have a say in the Anatolian territory. However, it is impossible to achieve this without having the support of the Greek in Anatolia. Therefore, Greece tried to supply soldiers from the Greek living in Anatolia considerably during the National Campaign. Whereas some of the Greek in Anatolia took place on the side of Greek Troops against the Turkish Troops, some others resisted not to fight against their neighbors with whom they lived together for centuries. This study handles the difficulty that the Greek in Anatolia had and good relationships that they established with the Turkish.

1920'li Yıllarda Avrupa'da Sinema ve Tiyatroda Ermeni Propagandası

Author(s): Arif Kolay / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2017

The content of the article is the effort of Armenians to use some of the theatres/movies produced by them against Turks as a tool of propaganda in 1920’s in various cities of Europe (Stockholm, Hague, Geneva, Bern etc.) and the effort of Turkish embassy officers to prevent this. The study was prepared by using the Prime Ministry Ottoman Archives. The role of this propaganda will be better understood in the context of the Armenian issue reached today.

Jedan primjer komunističke represije, slučaj konfiskacije imovine Ibre Klokića (Osmanovog) iz Malešića

Author(s): Omer Hamzić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 44/2017

The paper is based on several documents about the implementation of agrarian and other measures of repression by the communist regime in the post-war period. The case of Ibrahim Klokić, who was affected by these measures, shows that they were implemented directly in practice. The procedure usually had two phases. The first phase consisted of agrarian reforms and administrative processes by agrarian committees, while the second one consisted of regulations on property confiscation of “national enemies” and judicial procedures by municipal and higher courts. The first part of the paper deals with the origin and ancestors of Ibrahim Klokić in order to show how wealthy rural households (kulaks) were created and affected by these laws. In the second part, the author uses the case of Ibrahim Klokić to show how these repressive laws were implemented.

The status of teachers of Hungarian nationality in Slovakia after the establishment of the Czechoslovak Republic

Author(s): Soňa Gabzdilová / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2017

The paper is devoted to the status of the Hungarian minority’s teachers in Slovakia after the establishment of the Czechoslovakian Republic (CSR) at the end of 1918. The CSR was a state including several ethnic minorities. Hungarians were the most numerous ethnic minority in the Slovak parts. After the foundation of the CSR, the economic, political, social and ideological situation in the country changed radically. Some of the changes affected inhabitants of Slovakia only indirectly, others interfered with their way of life to a significant degree. One of the areas which underwent a substantial change was education in all types of schools. Practically all aspects of life for inhabitants of Slovakia differed from Czechs; this was a result of their cultural and historic development within the Austro-Hungarian Empire. This to a great extent was true in the sphere of education. Whereas the Czech language as a teaching medium was already being used actively in schools before 1918 in the Czech lands and Moravia, in Slovakia, with the exception of some elementary schools run by the Church where education was carried out in the Slovak language, the Hungarian language was exclusively used in all schools. After 1918 education in Slovakia underwent a profound change. In regions with a Slovak majority and also in ethnically mixed areas, schools were “Slovakized”; that is, the Slovak language as a teaching medium was gradually implemented. This measure inevitably impacted negatively on the Hungarian teachers. To operate as a teacher in the CSR required the teachers to adapt to the new situation. It was not only a requirement to be proficient in the Slovak language, but also radically change their ideological attitude. Instead of Hungarian patriotism, which was a necessary condition for being accepted as a teacher in Hungary, teachers, regardless of their nationality, were required to exhibit a positive attitude to the Czechoslovak Republic. Suddenly, Hungarian patriotism was classified by the Czechoslovak state authorities as a hostile ideology and was punished by loss of job. Hungarian pedagogues, who constituted a significant part of the Hungarian intelligentsia, were deeply traumatized by this change. As a professional community whose living was based on the Hungarian language, their very professional existence was threatened. The new school administration, represented by the Ministry of Schools and National Enlightenment in Prague and by the Department of Schools in Bratislava, were fully aware of the ideological influence of teachers upon forming the attitudes of their pupils and students; and in that sense their relationship towards the CSR. Therefore, a hostile attitude to the Republic was not tolerated. The Minister Plenipotentiary for Slovakia repeatedly declared that the forming of the political and civic attitude of the young generation was in the hands of teachers and consequently also the future of the country, and therefore the process of hiring pedagogues had to be paid great attention to. According to the Law no. 64/1918 Zb. z. a n. adopted on December 10th 1918, teachers of state schools of the Hungarian Kingdom, as with other government employees, were retained in their positions on condition of performing a “promise of loyalty” to the Czechoslovak Republic. The teachers and professors were informed that if they were fluent in the Slovak language and performed the required Loyalty Promise to the CSR, they would be allowed to continue to teach. It was classified by the state authorities as a proof of allegiance to the Republic. The requirement of the Loyalty Promise to the CSR was, however, judged by many Hungarian teachers as illegal because the territory of Slovakia was according to international law still a part of Hungary. They were not willing to accept the existing situation and the inclusion of Slovakia into the CSR was considered as temporary; with the hope that the geopolitical situation would reverse back to a status quo ante. As a result many Hungarian teachers remained passive or refused outright to perform the Loyalty Promise to the CSR. The leading exponents of the Ministry of Schools and National Enlightenment in Prague and the Department of Schools in Bratislava were convinced that the functioning of Slovak schools would be possible only in the ideological framework of Czechoslovak patriotism and this could not be realized with the Hungarian teachers. Hungarian pedagogues were judged by government authorities as a priori untrustworthy. This resulted in mass dismissals of Hungarian pedagogues from schools in Slovakia, especially during the first months after the establishment of the CSR. According to records made by the Department of Schools and National Enlightenment in Bratislava, which was authorized to carry out the dismissals, in April 1919, 1,100 Hungarian teachers were dismissed. As well as this, before March 1919 approximately 300 teachers had already been dismissed with no warning. The total numbers of Hungarian teachers dismissed during the period from the end of 1918 till September 21st 1921 reached 2, 397 persons. 129 (5.38 %) teachers were subsequently re-hired. The reasons for the dismissal of Hungarian pedagogues according to the Czechoslovak authorities were: the absence of knowledge of the Slovak language, a reluctance to perform the promise of loyalty and a hostile attitude towards the Czechoslovak Republic. Many Hungarian teachers did not wait to be dismissed and left their posts at schools “voluntarily”. At the beginning of the 1920s, at all schools levels pedagogues were teaching who, regardless of their ethnic extraction, had received or were receiving their education in Hungarian educational institutions. Some of them were able to communicate in Slovak language, but few were proficient in Slovak to such an extent as to be able teach in this language. In that regard Hungarian teachers were at a great disadvantage. At the time of the establishment of the Czechoslovak Republic there was a huge lack of teachers able to teach in the Slovak language. The authorities tried to solve the then situation through inviting Czech pedagogues to Slovakia. However, the arrival of Czech teachers was not always welcomed by the Slovak population and largely, and more especially, the Hungarian minority. The Czech teachers were perceived as intruders who had come to Slovakia to rob Hungarian teachers of their jobs, whereas Hungarian teachers were deemed by state authorities as essentially foreigners from the previous empire. Those pedagogues who were members of Hungarian opposition political parties were especially viewed suspiciously by the authorities.

Türk Eğitim Sisteminde Köy Ensitüleri

Author(s): Ali Gürsel / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 11/2018

In the second half of the twentieth century two striking development happened in Turkey. The one of them is after the decadency of Ottoman Empire constructing a new nation by National Independence War (1919-1923). The second one is establishing Village Institutes just after the war to speed up development of a new nation by focusing on education. In the first years of Republic, literacy rate was approximately 5 per cent which most of people in Anatolia were non-educated and there were no schools and teachers at those times. In order to change this picture, Village institutes have been played a great role in creating productive and modern Turkish Republic by focusing local education.

Cumhuriyet Döneminde Sağlık Personeli ve İstihdamı Politikaları

Author(s): Ali Gürsel / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 08/2016

The prevalence of continuity of health care and health policy of the country and at least one of the health system have been established and it is possible even with smooth functioning. To have a modern and healthy future of society depends on the continuous solid widespread socio-economic and political structures. Health services and community health issues to be considered in a holistic way and to find solutions to existing problems, developing the necessary precautions against possible problems have been possible, especially after the proclamation of the Republic. The biggest health problem was the prevention infectious diseases and epidemics in the founding years of the Republic. Socio-economic deterioration caused by the war in this year made it difficult health problems like every problems. Health manpower shortage was also a problem. 1927, there were 555 physicians, 139 nurses, 347 midwife. Healthy problems in later years death with in an orderly manner entered into relations with the WHO, UNICEF is very important successes were obtained.

Harf İnkılabı Sonrası Adana’da Açılan Millet Mektepleri ve Faaliyetleri (1928-1935)

Author(s): Erdem Çanak,Ahmet Yeşil / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 06/2015

The Republic of Turkey, was established after a long struggle for independence under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. Therefore, Atatürk named the new regime after the country gained its independence. Some reforms were introduced to educate individuals who adopted the values of the regime and for the society to accept those values. “Turkish Alphabet Reform” is one of those reforms. Latin Alphabet replaced the Arabic script which had been used for many centuries. With this reform, the debate of alphabet reform, which started during the final years of the Ottoman Empire, had come to a conclusion. However, it was necessary to teach this new alphabet to each and every citizen. For his purpose “National Schools” were established, beginning on 1 January 1929. In these schools, the new alphabet was taught to the citizens of ages between 16 and 45. Also taught in these schools, were the information individuals would need in their daily life. These schools raised individuals, not only who could read and write but also raised citizens who adopted the republican ideals and who are entirely self sufficient. Adana is one of the cities where National Schools were opened. This study examines the activities of the National Schools opened in Adana.

Korupcia v procese arizácie podnikového majetku

Author(s): Ján Hlavinka / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2011

During 1939 – 1945, the Slovak Jews were dispossessed of all types of their property and this was transferred to non-Jews. This process is referred to as Aryanization. An integral part of Aryanization was the disposition and transfer of the Jewish property. Of the total of 12 300 companies, some 2300 were Aryanized and the rest was liquidated. The Aryanization process of company property, later on taking its radical shape, from the start contained elements of decision making on the basis of the political profile of the applicants for the Aryanization of the company. Each applicant for the Aryanization of the particular piece of Jewish company was obliged to undergo a procedure and assessment by the political structures of the state regime: the Hlinka Slovak People's Party, the Hlinka Guard and the Deutsche Partei. The main organizer of the Aryanization of the companies. Principles of political favoritism were applied throughout the process. The decisive body of Aryanization of the business property – the Central Economic Office – having received opinions of the political structures, was issuing rulings on the transfer of businesses, or shares in the businesses to the non-Jewish population. If a conflict of interest between the HSĽS and the Deutsche Partei arose, the Central Economic Office would rule on this situation in the so called mixed commission of representatives from both power structures. Where the political favoritism ended, there the realm form of favoritism, classical profiteering and further forms of corruption in the Aryanization of businesses began. The Central Economic Office and other bodies, issuing rulings on the Aryanization process, were marked with conflict of interest, nepotism and bribery at their highest levels. The said forms of corruption pertained to all phases of the Aryanization process.

K niektorým politicko-spoločenským otázkam vývoja Slovenska v rokoch 1935 - 1938

Author(s): Valerián Bystrický / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2010

The situation in Slovakia from the mid 1930s was influenced mostly by weakening effects of the Great Depression and the threatening signals coming from the Nazi Germany. Handling of those phenomenon was the basic task for the government. Its urgency was growing due to the pressure from abroad which was a threat for the territorial integrity and even the existence of the Czechoslovak Republic. The problem of attitude toward the organization of the state security was coming out like never before. Opinions about international affairs, allied agreements and about great powers were culminating. Pacifistic views and illusions gave way radically and there was a general positive attitude towards the moves aiming to increase the security of the republic. To the direct outcomes of the growing tension belonged several security arrangements, for example more attention to foreign citizens in the republic, setting up of wiretapping services which became an important source for political information etc. In this context, the importance of Slovakia for the republic was growing. Even foreign press started to pay more attention to the situation in Slovakia and focused on the activities of the Slovak autonomists. Good example was the campaign before the local election in May and June 1938 or the two biggest demonstrations of the inter-war period in Bratislava from the 5th and the 6th of June. German, Hungarian and Polish press used those events for their fierce campaign against the Czechoslovak state. Especially Germany was very active in its anti-Czechoslovak tone and the attempts to influence population around the world by its propaganda. There were polemic battles going on even in the domestic press which led to the radicalization of citizens. The civic consciousness was strengthening by the activities of societies which mirrored the colourful cultural, confessional, social and political stratification of the population. They made Slovak society more open to impulses and influence from abroad. Young generation started to be very active in public and political life. Regardless of their sympathies for particular political movements, they were the dynamo which electrified the national self-confidence of the society. The young generation called for industrialization of Slovakia that could in their eyes eliminate cultural and historical differences between the Czech lands and Slovakia. They also demanded the liquidation of centralism, supported strengthening of self-government and solutions for social problems. All those elements influenced the attitude of the Slovak society during the crisis in the autumn of 1938.

Bayburt’ta Şeyh Eşref İsyanı

Author(s): Alaattin Uca,Aytunç Ülker / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 19/2016

During the years Turkish National Struggle there had been many domestic revolts against the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. Among these, Şeyh Eşref revolt or with its different name Hart revolt had different characteristics compared to the other revolts because when the time that the revolt took place the Grand National Assembly of Turkey was not opened yet. However, in these days Heyet-i Temsiliye was trying to be in charge of the situation going on in Anatolia. In such an environment, in Hart district of Bayburt, Şeyh Eşref based on different sources declared that he would bring the king of seven states into his presence. Some other sources say he tried to spread Shi’i Islam by doing so. Therefore, it is understood that different reasons has been affirmed so far In the article, this revolt with its uncertainty considering its reasons, results and targets will be analyzed. In this research, Mustafa Kemal’s opinions of the topic, documents from the Prime Ministry of Ottoman Archives and Republican Archives, Albayrak newspaper which is one of the important press organs of the time, memories of the people who witnessed the event and the other works about the event, Zabıt Cerideleri of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey that put the event on the agenda about a year later will be used as the source material. The effects of the event on the Bayburt and its environment, perceptions of the event of today’s Bayburt people and the revolts difference from the other domestic revolts will also be analyzed.

Birinci Dünya Savaşı’nda Yemen, Osmanlı Devleti’nin Temsilcisi Vali Mahmut Nedim Bey’in Yemen’deki Faaliyetleri

Author(s): Serap Sert / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 18/2016

Yemen has been the most troubled and far region of the Ottoman Empire. Since the beginning of the First World War. Form the pre war period of the First World War the Ottoman empire had struggled with the local tribes as well as had to resist the attacts of the colonial states to rulet the region. During the first world war with the efforts of both the Ottoman soldiers and the last Ottoman governor Mahmut Nedim Bey the British couldn’t succeed in controlling the parts that they wanted to rule. İmam Yahya took control of the region with the assistance of the last Ottoman governor of Yemeni Mahmut Nedim Bey and established the todays Yemen with the armistice treaty after the first world war. İmam Yahya took control of the region with the assistance of the last Our paper is about the struggle of Ottoman soldiers and the last Ottoman Governor of Yemen Mahmut Nedim Bey.

Cumhuriyet Dönemi Türk-Alman İlişkilerinde Sıradışı Bir Aktör: Krupp Firması 1923-1990

Author(s): Fahri Türk,Emirhan Kaya / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 20/2017

Krupp company emerged as an important actor regarding Turkish-German relations as a result of its activities particularly in the field of arms trade after the second half of the 19th century. The company’s effectiveness in various sectors and industrial branches in the Republican era drew attention to its activities in civilian areas. Thus, it emerged as a fact that Krupp’s investments and export of industrial materials contributed to the development of Turkish industry. Accordingly, this study aims to demonstrate how and to what extent Krupp contributed to the development of Turkish industry from 1923 to 1990. Within this respect, the firm’s investments in the fields such as railway construction, chrome trade, shipbuilding, mining, iron and steel industry and tourism as well as the mutual visits of company officials and Turkish statesmen were examined in this study.

Cumhuriyet Döneminde Türkiye’de Petrol Arama Politikaları (1923-1950)

Author(s): Nadir Yurtoğlu / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 20/2017

This study deals with the petroleum exploration policies adopted by the Turkish governments from the proclamation of the Republic until 1950, covering a period of 27 years and the effects of these policies on economy. The subject was handled under the following titles: petroleum exploration works during the Republic period (1923-1935); establishment of the General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration and petroleum exploration works conducted in its aftermath (1935-1950); and the rise of import due to increasing demand in Turkey (1935-1950). The evaluations are based on numerical data while analyzing the contributions of petroleum exploration policies to economy. With this study, the gaps in the literature regarding the subject of the study are filled based on the use of primary sources. To make the relevant evaluations, the condition of Turkey and the developments in the field of petroleum across the world in the above-mentioned period are taken into account. The findings indicate that reports were prepared by foreign petroleum experts with the support of the governments, and petroleum exploration works became more professional following the enactment of the Petroleum Law no 792, Law no 2189 concerning the Establishment of Gold and Oil Exploration and Operation Management, and Law no 2804 on the General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration.

Cumhuriyet Döneminde Azınlık ve Türkleştirme Politikaları Bağlamında 1934 Trakya Yahudilerinin Göç Olayına İlişkin İddialar ve Cevaplar

Author(s): Özgür Mert / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 22/2018

Jews from Thrace emigrated firstly İstanbul then Palestine as a result of the problems with Turkish people living in Thrace Region starting from Çanakkale later to Tekirdağ, Edirne and Kırklareli. In some publications taken aimed at minority policies in Republican Periodd. Historical events and muniments are interpreted one-sided and Jews living in Thrace are claimed to subject to forced migration at the end of deliberate attacks that are supported clandestinely by Turkish Government. In this study, the reasons of Thrace Jews’ migration firstly from Thrace to İstanbul then to Palestine in 1934, the results and the arguements put forward on this issue are handled with a critical perspective. Also, in this research by taking advantage to the news in Turkish Press related to the migration of Jews from Thrace; official reports published by the governments and the claims about Thrace Events are analyzed.

Birinci Dünya Harbi Sonunda Maraş’ın İtilaf Devletlerince İşgali ve Maraş Savunması

Author(s): F.Rezzan Ünalp / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 22/2018

At the end of World War I, The Entente States’ breaking the ceasefire line and the occupation of Anatolia’s southern region ,basing on Article 7 of the Mondros Armistice, initiated resistance movements in this region. The region was first occupied by the British, then with an agreement between England and France, Adana, Maras, Antep and Urfa were left to the French. During the British occupation there was no significant resistance movement because both the people believed that the invasion is temporary, and the British avoidance of movements that could lead public’s reaction. However when the French took over, their desire to suppress the people in cooperation with the Armenian minority changed the situation. The first resistance and organizational activities in the region came from the people of the region who had to defend themselves. At Sivas Congress, it was decided for the Kuva-yi Milliye to be established and the military troops near the region to help. In this article, the events and the collisions from the occupation of Maras by the English and French until the time of evacuation will be featured. From the Sütçü İmam incident which was the first step in opening the fighting flags for the Maraşians, Kılıç Ali and other officers’ which were sent to the region by Mustafa Kemal, resistance and organization activities, important personalities featured with the heroism of the indigenous people will be mentioned, and in the result section, the reasons for the French to evacuate the region will be assessed.

Ksiądz dr Tadeusz Kotowski – pierwszy rektor Polskiej Misji Katolickiej w Belgii

Author(s): Witalij Rosowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 28/2007

Rev. Dr. Tadeusz Kotowski was born in 1894 in the estate of Kasperówka in the Ukraine. He came from the local gentry. Having graduated from the theological seminary in Żytomierz in 1918, he was ordained to the priesthood. Then he began his work in Kamieniec Podolski, where he soon was nominated a religious teacher of the Polish secondary school. He became famous as an ardent priest and excellent preacher. In 1920 he had to leave his diocese forever.In the years 1921-1924 he studied at the Philosophical Faculty of Poznań University. Then he moved to France, where he continued his studies and ministered to Polish refugees in the vicinity of Lyon and Nancy. In 1925 he held the post of a dean in the southern part of France.In January 1926 he was nominated by the Primate of Poland Cardinal E. Dalbor the first rector of the Polish Catholic Mission in Belgium. In the following year the Mission was granted competencies also to Denmark and Holland. Father Kotowski was supposed to organise Polish pastoral care from the start in those countries. Despite enormous difficulties, he managed to do it as a model. Father rector first regulated the legal foundations and principles by which the Polish Catholic Mission with its see in Brussels was supposed to function. In the end of 1927, owing to his activities, there were as many as eight permanent pastoral institutes in Belgium and Holland. The rector in particular cared for the Polish school and academic youth, rendered considerable services to the development of culture and Polish education in those countries.In August 1928 Rev. Dr. T. Kotowski returned to the country, where he initially worked as a religion teacher in a secondary school in Sarny (the Łuck diocese). After a year he took a similar post in Warszawa. He stayed there until the outbreak of the Second World War. In 1940, together with a group of Polish refugees, he travelled to Brazil and stayed in Rio de Janeiro, where he also temporarily provided religious care for the Polish people there. He did not see the end of the war because he died in April 1945.

Ksiądz dr Andrzej Czeluśniak – misjonarz saletyński

Author(s): Mieczysław Wieliczko / Language(s): Polish Issue: 28/2007

A. Czeluśniak was born on 20th November 1907 in Dębowiec, the “Polish La Salette”. He took the first religious profession on 9th September 1927 and was sent to study philosophy at the Gregorian University in Rome. In that period he took perpetual religious vows on 7th October 1931. He was ordained to the priesthood on 2nd July 1933 by Marchetti Cardinal Selvaggiani. The Roman studies were crowned with a doctor's degree in philosophy and licentiate in canon law and theology. Thus thoroughly educated he returned to his home Dębowiec and the monastery to hold professorship in the then Theological Seminary. At the same time he was active in developing the cult of Our Lady of La Salette.Due to war activities, he escaped to Hungary to save his life. He worked there as a chaplain in several camps of internment in the vicinity of Budapest, and participated in the works and organisation of the “Catholic Universal University”. From 11th February 1940 onwards the University, in the form of various courses, was conducted in military camps and settlements of civil refugees.We do not know any details from the life of Rev. Czeluśniak after his arrest in the camp in Mathausen, where he received number 102582, nor late in Dachau, where his number was 134362. He lived to see liberation on 29th April 1945.After gaining independence, he returned to the country. Dedicated to the cause of the Church he took lectures in theology in the academic year of 1945/46 in Darmsstadt, Germany. Then, following an instruction from his superiors, he left for Argentina. There he was wholeheartedly dedicated to the charisma of his Congregation. This new period in his life was marked with pastoral care abroad (34 years). One should distinguish the following periods in Rev. Czeluśniak's life then: professorship (academic work) in the Theological Seminary, being superior of the home, parish priest, and provincial (superior) of the vice-province in the Queen of the Apostles in Argentina; he also worked as an editor-in-chief in the “Posłaniec Matki Boskiej Saletyńskiej” [The Messenger of Our Lady of La Salette].In 1979 he returned to Argentinean Olivet, then without his “organisational” duties, as a resident – missionary and confessor. He died on 10th October 1983.

War and Migration in Bulgaria from 1912 to 1926: the Refugee Inflows in the Light of Census Data

Author(s): Penka Peykovska / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2017

The subject of the present study is the mass exodus of Bulgarians (and people of other nationalities) to Bulgaria generated by the armed conflicts from the second decade of the 20th Century, namely by the Balkan Wars and World War I including the 1917 revolution and civil war in Russia, the Aster Revolution in Hungary, and accompanying events. The study aims at revealing the demographic impact of refugees’ intensive influx to Bulgaria between 1912 and 1926. In fact the latter was observed to 1928 and its quantitative dimensions covered about 200.000 people – mainly Bulgarians, but Russians, Armenians and others too poured into Bulgaria; meanwhile thousands of Turks and Greeks left it. Here certain aspects of refugee waves of the time are examined, in particular the ethnic structure, temporal dynamics, points of departure, destinations (points of attraction) of the refugee inflow to Bulgaria, refugees’ territorial distribution and concentration, and it is done by the means of quantitative reseach methods of statistical data, namely the statistics for refugees in Bulgaria coming from the 1920 and 1926 censuses.

ERKEN CUMHURİYET DÖNEMİNDE TÜRK SİNEMASININ ULUS-DEVLET POLİTİKALARIYLA İLİŞKİSİ ÜZERİNE BİR DEĞERLENDİRME

Author(s): Ali Haydar Soysüren,Necip Yıldız / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 35/2017

While cinema which entered Turkey in 1890s was an area in which the minorities showed interest, it is observed that the state and the Muslims started to enter into this area specially since the WWI. The cinema which started as a military-centered activity during the WWI, continued under the dominance of the private sector during the Republican period. Although the private sector produced films on the Republican values and the republican foundation process, it is observed that the State did not use the cinema as a direct means to establish the new regime. It is remarkable that the Republican administration, which turned from the empire to the nation-state at a time when cinema had a world-wide appeal and the coupling of audio and vision had an important effect on the masses, left this area weak. It is observed that the State’s attitude towards the cinema sector during the 1920s continued during the 1930s, when a protectionist-statist model started to be established. It can be seen that the national cinema, to which the state did not directly intervene and which was under the initiative of a weak private sector, could not become an active actor in the sector dominated by the foreign cinema. The tension which is created by this situation that worked against the national cinema, can be traced through the nationalist reactions reflected in the Cumhuriyet newspaper and the Sinema magazine of 1930, which we focused upon. The use of French subtitles in foreign films presented to the public as well as the smallness of the type size of the Turkish letters used, are met with a nationalist reflex by the critics. Nonetheless, it can be argued that cinema provided an indirect and passive, if not a direct, support to the regime via modern life style and male-female relationships.

Karolina Lanckorońska (1898-2002)

Author(s): Mieczysław Wieliczko / Language(s): Polish Issue: 27/2006