RAHVUSVAHELISE TÖÖORGANISATSIOONI STANDARDID JA NENDE MÕJU EESTI TÖÖSEADUSANDLUSELE KAHE MAAILMASÕJA VAHEL

Author(s): Maie Pihlamägi / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 16/2011

The Republic of Estonia became a member of the International Labour Organization (ILO) in October 1921. Between the two world wars the International Labour Organization approved 67 labour standards, of which 22 conventions or one third were ratified by Estonia. Thus it can be argued that Estonia was not very active on the ratification of international standards. The list of conventions approved by the Estonian Parliament included the conventions that dealt mostly with working time, protection of children and women, unemployment and safety of work. // In the early years of membership the number of conventions ratified by Estonia was rather impressive. Estonia ratified 14 conventions out of the 16 adopted by the first three international labour conferences in 1919, 1920 and 1921. This activity was not entirely voluntary, as one of the prerequisite for Estonian membership was the obligation to ratify the conventions approved by the first three labour conferences. Nevertheless, Estonia did not ratify two very important instruments – the Hours of Work (Industry) Convention (Convention 1), 1919, and Maternity Protection Convention, 1919 (Convention 3). This does not mean that provisions of these international labour standards were not taken into account in drafting Estonian national laws. Afterwards Estonia ratified only 8 ILO conventions. // Estonia accepted the need to make investments into the social sphere, in order to modernize the existing social legislation and to introduce the new laws based on international labour standards, but under the internal political and economic pressure the government had to consider social policies, which took into account local circumstances. Part of the desire to promote labour standards was absorbed by self interest. Employers opposed the laws dealing with reduction of working hours, paid vacation, old age and unemployment insurance because they were required to cover the costs of implementing the acts. The Estonian government was worried that wide-ranging social legislation would be a heavy burden on the economy as it would raise labour costs and result in Estonia’s low competitiveness. Employees’ social pressure was weak, because they had no strong organization to protect their interests. Therefore, in Estonia there was no cooperation between employees and employers, as formally demonstrated at the international level at the ILO labour conferences. The employers did not accept the employees as an equal partner for negotiation. // Although Estonia adopted a relatively small number of international labour standards, a lot of requirements of the rest of the international standards were taken into account in the drafting of national labour laws. For examples, in 1931 the 8-hour working day law was introduced. In 1934 the parliament adopted the law that established paid leave for the industrial workers. In 1940 the right for paid leave was extended to all employees (excluding seasonal workers)...

Represje administracyjne wobec „Przeglądu Wileńskiego” Ludwika Abramowicza w latach trzydziestych XX wieku

Author(s): Maciej Wojtacki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2016

The article is devoted to the description of administrative repressions undertaken by the bodies of the state administration in Vilnius in the interwar period against “Przegląd Wileński” – the local paper of the political group of Fellow Countrymen [the Krajowcy] issued by Ludwik Abramowicz. In order to present correctly the problem mentioned in the title of the article, the history of the Krajowcy and “Przegląd Wileński” in the first years of their activity prior to WWI was outlined in the introduction.The author concentrated mainly on the interwar history of the paper – particularly in the 1930s, when the confiscations of the newspaper became more frequent (the first cases had taken place at the end of the 1920s). As was indicated in the article, the attention of the administrative authorities was concentrated mainly on articles devoted to the Polish-Lithuanian relations and ethnic problems in the north-east territories of the Second Polish Republic. Their intensification after 1935 was caused by the actions of the new voivode of Vilnius Colonel Ludwik Bociański, whose aim was to censor “Przegląd Wileński”. As a result, the newspaper was subject to preventive censorship, which affected the political activity and distribution of the paper of the Krajowcy. As the author underlined in the conclusion, the administrative repressions did not contribute directly to the closure of “Przegląd Wileński” as similar practices were used in reference to the majority of the Vilnius periodicals which opposed the post-May authorities.

O CORESPONDENȚĂ INEDITĂ: MIRCEA ELIADE CĂTRE MITROPOLITUL VASILE SUCIU, 1928

Author(s): Narcis-Mihai Martiniuc / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 23/2020

The study aims to reproduce and analyze two letters that Mircea Eliade addressed to Metropolitan Bishop Vasile Suciu in 1928, shortly before Eliade went to study in India. We will try to answer some questions raised by the material at hand: the motivation of this epistolary exchange, its purpose (we do not have Suciu's answer), the nature of the relationship between Mircea Eliade and Vasile Suciu and their theological common objectives. At the same time, this paper also highlights Eliade's interest in Christian mysticism on the one hand and the importance of Vasile Suciu as a dogmatist on the other hand.

ИДЕЈA ЈУГОСЛОВЕНСТВА У НАСТАВНИМ ПЛАНОВИМА И ПРОГРАМИМА ПРЕДМЕТА МУЗИЧКА КУЛТУРА ИЗМЕЂУ ДВА СВЕТСКА РАТА

Author(s): Biljana Mandić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 176/2020

Starting from the fact that the school system of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia was shaped and conditioned by specific educational components, the paper discusses and presents the modalities on the basis of which, through the Music culture course, the idea of Yugoslavdom was implemented, and the awareness of primary school children about the existence of one nation having three different names was created. The focus of the research in the paper are the curricula and the syllabi, organization of the elementary school system and a striking teaching content – genre-different songs, by which the educational authorities sought to form a spirit of community among elementary school children in Yugoslavia. Based on the research on the specificities and organizational differences, as well as differences in the progression of primary education in different areas of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, the paper applied synthetic and inductive and deductive methodological approach, with the aim of defining common premises that contributed to the implementation of the idea of Yugoslavdom in teaching Music culture.

FROM WORLD WAR I TO WORLD WAR II – ROMANIAN NAVAL OFFICERS AND THE ARTILLERY UPGRADE FOR THE RIVER MONITORS

Author(s): Marius Laurențiu Rohart / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2020

Without a doubt, the pride of the Romanian Fleet even before World War I was its Danube Division. With its four relatively modern river monitors as its mainstay ships, the Division performed well in the 1916-1918 campaigns. It seemed the prospects were going to become even brighter for this section of the Romanian Navy when, after the war, Romania was given three monitors of even newer build. Two of these three former Austro-Hungarian ships, were completed in 1915, and one was similar to the Romanian BRĂTIANU class. With seven monitors in total, Romania could boast one of the strongest river fleets in the world. The maintenance and the development of its ships proved to be a challenge however for the overstretched defense budget of the country. Even before the end of the first interwar decade, Romanian naval specialist officers advised the need for capital repairs and, in 1931, it was decided that the ships would undergo not only these repairs, but a serious upgrade on their main artillery systems as well. This paper follows the struggles of these naval officers and their success in the late ‘30s, when the project was finally completed.

THE SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE PROTECTORATE OF BOHEMIA AND MORAVIA

Author(s): Jakub Drábek,Klára Fabianková / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2020

This article focuses on the development of the sugar industry in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, with particular stress on an analysis and comparison of the sugar output. It looks into the specifics of the agricultural sector, with a particular view to the sugar industry and its significance for the economy of the Third Reich. The development of the Protectorate's sugar industry serves as an example for the efficiency of a command economy, takes a close look at the allocation system, and the sugar distribution and sales regime. It explains whether the sugar production during the time of the Protectorate went down as a consequence of government interference by the Third Reich. The sugar industry on the territory of the Protectorate was relatively stable, being able to supply not only the domestic population but also to create reserves and even to export at rather substantial rates.

Onisifor Ghibu şi Gurie Grosu implicaţi în demersurile preliminare privind înfiinţarea şi organizarea Regionalei „Astra Basarabeană” (1923-1926)

Author(s): Daniela-Stefania Curelea / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 04/2021

As for its social pedagogy projects, Astra pursued, since Andrei Bârseanu’s term of office, an extension of the institution to the entire Romanian society, aiming at both the creation of subsidiaries and the cultural collaboration with the companies in the old Kingdom of Romania, even a possible federalization with Professor Nicolae Iorga’s Cultural League has been under discussion. In this respect, during the inter-war years, delegates of the national Houses, the Royal cultural Foundation “Prince Carol”, the Cultural League and the Society for Culture and Literature in Bukovina began to attend the general meetings of Astra. In a complicated and diverse internal context in Romania, manifested at the economic, social, political and cultural level by the politicking of the first interwar decade dominated by the national Liberal Party, Vasile Goldiş, was elected president in 1923 at the General Assembly of Astra in Timisoara (August 18-29, 1923). Between 1920-1930, Astra was faithful to its creed, extending its activity beyond the mountains, creating its subsidiaries in Moldova (Ceahlău, Focşani, Iaşi, Panciu), in Muntenia (Bucharest, Ploieşti, Râmnicu-Vâlcea), in Bessarabia (Cetatea-Albă, Ismail, Orhei Tighina)

Zapomniane dziedzictwo. Liga Narodów i historyczne ścieżki wyłaniania się międzynarodowego porządku handlowego

Author(s): Marek Rewizorski / Language(s): English Issue: 03/2020

The purpose of this article as a contribution to the narrative of search for sectoral legacy of the League of Nations, is to trace change and continuity of the international trade order from the perspective of historical institutionalism. The starting point of the study is a rejection of a widely accepted assumption, according to which this order was shaped after World War II in the aftermath of the so-called critical moment, i.e. an exogenous decision or event, that interrupts relatively long periods of stability and sets institutions on a specific path of development. Instead of looking for "critical moments" the author of the article suggests an alternative explanation of institutional change. Referring to the events and decisions of 1925-1929, including the provisions of the international economic conference in Geneva (1927), and taking into account the agency of the League of Nations, he argues that the foundations of the post-war trade order and the pattern of institutional development resulted from gradual institutional changes (incrementalism) determined by endogenous phenomena and factors.

Działalność Kazimierza Papée na terenie Wolnego Miasta Gdańska i jego kontakty z prezydentem Hermannem Rauschningiem w świetle nieznanych dokumentów z lat 1933-1934

Author(s): Juliusz Jędrzejczak / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 03/2020

The aim of the article was to examine the diplomatic activity of the Polish diplomat Kazimierz Papée (1889-1979) in the Free City of Danzig in the years 1933-1934. The author focused on Papée’s relations with Hermann Rauschning, the President of the Free City of Danzig Senate, taking into account the accompanying circumstances. The historical sources utilised and analysed in this study are, in large part, unknown reports prepared by Papée, which he sent to Warsaw.Papée was the General Commissioner of the Republic of Poland in the Free City of Danzig from 1932 to 1936. He sought to preserve the Polish rights in Danzig. His term in office coincided also with the presidency of Rauschning, who was the first politician associated with the Nazi Party at the post of President of the Danzig Senate. Both Papée and Rauschning fulfilled their duties in circumstances of subordination of the Polish-Danzig relations to relations between Warsaw and Berlin. Each of them had his own vision of how relations between Poland and the Free City should be shaped. Rauschning was remembered as a politician who sought to reach a settlement with Poland. That being so, the question arises how Papée managed to cope, given the then current conditions, and what particular courses of action were taken by him in contacts with the President of the Danzig Senate. Another issue related to the research is an assessment of the consequences of these contacts. Such an appraisal had to be made in the light of the paramount principle of the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs which was the maintenance of good Polish-German relations.

IVANA VESIĆ, KONSTRUISANJE SRPSKE MUZIČKE TRADICIJE U PERIODU IZMEĐU DVA SVETSKA RATA

Author(s): Srđan Atanasovski / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

Cosmopolitan projects of Dimitrije Mitrinović from the 1930s and the dilemmas of interpretation

Author(s): Slobodan G. Marković / Language(s): English Issue: 171/2020

Multiple projects of Dimitrije Mitrinović in the 1920s and 1930s never evolved into real political or social movements, although some of them had the capacity for that. It seems that Mitrinović preferred a social club with some mystical elements and loyal followers to the loosely connected members of a political or social movement. The two streams of his actions, which he had originally developed in the 1920s, continued in the 1930s. The first was aimed at social reform and the second at Christian mysticism which was very much based on Gnosticism. The New Britain journal is an example of the first stream, although it also had elements of the second. His correspondence with Eric Gutkind from this period (1927-1932) reveals once more the mystical Mitrinović. His overall efforts are summarized as the project of a Gnostic Christian social club that, at times, developed into a movement. Some dilemmas of interpretation remain since the New Atlantis Foundation, for many decades, kept his archives and correspondence and insisted on its own version of Mitrinović’s teachings. The first to challenge their views was Predrag Palavestra.

Eduardo Volterio kultūros konceptai 1926–1934 m.

Author(s): Vida Savoniakaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 104/2020

The article argues the hypothesis that the cultural concepts of Eduards Volters had influence on the issues of modernity studies and local culture concept in Lithuania. The object of research is the newly discovered manuscript of Volters. The aim is to reveal the concepts of E. Volter’s cultural research in 1926–1934 and their influence on modern science. The cultural concepts and terms found in E. Volters’ notebook are described. The ways of theoretical approach to the cultural research are consistently analysed. The term “data” is considered. Attitudes towards patriotism in cultural studies are analyzed. The analytical comparative method focuses on the concepts of culture in the space of Dotnuva research as well as in the space and time of European and Russian Imperial ethnograhy, anthropology, historical cultural and material culture research, “Volkskunde” and “Völkerkunde”.

Подготовка и проведение первого собора Карпаторусской православной церкви 1921 г.

Author(s): Jurij Danilec / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2017

The author reveals that the problems of statechurch relations in Czechoslovakia are well understood by domestic and foreign researchers, but the issue of carrying out the First Council of the Carpatho- Ruthenian Orthodox Church remains neglected. The article analyzes the main stages of the activity of the Orthodox communities in Transcarpathia, the part of the Serbian Orthodox Church. The evolution of the policy of the Czechoslovak government regarding Serbian jurisprudence and the beginning of the spiritual mission of Bishop Dositey (Vasić) is analyzed. According to the author, the postponement of the arrival of the bishop in Subcarpathian Rus connected with the interference from the higher circles of the Vatican and the local Greek Catholic Church. In addition, an obstacle to the development of the Orthodox Church in the region was the use of the old Austro- Hungarian legislation on cults. The article describes the course of the first and second visit of Bishop Dositey to Subcarpathian Russia, shows the main directions of his activity. The bishop paid much attention to visitation of Orthodox parishes, meetings with the faithful, the consecration of new priests. During the second visit to Subcarpathian Russia, the bishop visited 16 Orthodox parishes, ordained three monks in the holy monk. Special attention is paid to the study of the preparation and conduct of the First Council of the Carpatho- Ruthenian Orthodox Church in 1921. The author follows the course of the meeting, analyzes the content of the approved council documents. The main solutions concerned the Statute, the decision to establish an interim committee for the management of the church, the proposal of the Serbian bishop to head the newly formed church structure, and publish a periodical newspaper. Separately, the author analyzes the content of the Statute, calls it the main components of the chapter. According to the statute, an autonomous Orthodox Church of Carpatho- Ruthenia was established, under the auspices of the Serbian Patriarchate. At the head of the diocese, a Serbian delegate was temporarily standing, the right to elect a bishop from the local clergy was declared. The course of negotiations on the basis of the archival documents between Bishop Dositey and the leadership of Czechoslovakia on the implementation of the decisions of the First Council was clarified. The article deals with the correspondence of the bishop with the Holy Synod of the Serbian Orthodox Church. According to the author of the article, Dositey tried to complete the spiritual mission among subcarpathian Orthodox people in all ways, took energetic steps to recognize the Church by the Czechoslovak government, and contributed to the development of the diocese at the local level. One of the factors that prevented the activities of the bishop was the anti-Orthodox policy of the governor Hryhoriy Zhatkovich. The author concludes that the Czechoslovak authorities tried to use religious confrontation to resolve political goals relying on the secret correspondence of the Czech ambassador to the Vatican.The author reveals that the problems of statechurch relations in Czechoslovakia are well understood by domestic and foreign researchers, but the issue of carrying out the First Council of the Carpatho- Ruthenian Orthodox Church remains neglected. The article analyzes the main stages of the activity of the Orthodox communities in Transcarpathia, the part of the Serbian Orthodox Church. The evolution of the policy of the Czechoslovak government regarding Serbian jurisprudence and the beginning of the spiritual mission of Bishop Dositey (Vasić) is analyzed. According to the author, the postponement of the arrival of the bishop in Subcarpathian Rus connected with the interference from the higher circles of the Vatican and the local Greek Catholic Church. In addition, an obstacle to the development of the Orthodox Church in the region was the use of the old Austro-Hungarian legislation on cults. The article describes the course of the first and second visit of Bishop Dositey to Subcarpathian Russia, shows the main directions of his activity. The bishop paid much attention to visitation of Orthodox parishes, meetings with the faithful, the consecration of new priests. During the second visit to Subcarpathian Russia, the bishop visited 16 Orthodox parishes, ordained three monks in the holy monk. Special attention is paid to the study of the preparation and conduct of the First Council of the Carpatho- Ruthenian Orthodox Church in 1921. The author follows the course of the meeting, analyzes the content of the approved council documents. The main solutions concerned the Statute, the decision to establish an interim committee for the management of the church, the proposal of the Serbian bishop to head the newly formed church structure, and publish a periodical newspaper. Separately, the author analyzes the content of the Statute, calls it the main components of the chapter. According to the statute, an autonomous Orthodox Church of Carpatho- Ruthenia was established, under the auspices of the Serbian Patriarchate. At the head of the diocese, a Serbian delegate was temporarily standing, the right to elect a bishop from the local clergy was declared. The course of negotiations on the basis of the archival documents between Bishop Dositey and the leadership of Czechoslovakia on the implementation of the decisions of the First Council was clarified. The article deals with the correspondence of the bishop with the Holy Synod of the Serbian Orthodox Church. According to the author of the article, Dositey tried to complete the spiritual mission among subcarpathian Orthodox people in all ways, took energetic steps to recognize the Church by the Czechoslovak government, and contributed to the development of the diocese at the local level. One of the factors that prevented the activities of the bishop was the anti-Orthodox policy of the governor Hryhoriy Zhatkovich. The author concludes that the Czechoslovak authorities tried to use religious confrontation to resolve political goals relying on the secret correspondence of the Czech ambassador to the Vatican.

Prymas Polski August Hlond o kandydatach na urząd pierwszego biskupa pomocniczego w Katowicach

Author(s): Michał Kłakus / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2020

The Silesian (Katowice) Diocese, established in 1925, was one of the most populous in Poland. However, it was not the numer of inhabitants but the complexity of the problem (German pastoral care, political involvement of the clergy, care for the upbringing of workers’ families in the Christian spirit) that decided that already five years after its creation, Bishop Arkadiusz Lisiecki asked Pope Pius XI to appoint an auxiliary bishop. Unfortunately, his death in 1930 hindered these plans. In 1933, another Silesian Bishop, Stanisław Adamski, made a similar request to the Pope. The Vatican appointed Fr. Teofil Bromboszcz, the first auxiliary bishop. The author analyzing the opinions of card. August Hlond about the candidates answers the question of what determined the nomination and what conditions excluded the other candidates’ chances.

UNIFICAREA LEGISLATIVĂ ÎN PERCEPȚIA PROFESIONIȘTILOR DE LA „GAZETA TRIBUNALELOR“ (1933)

Author(s): George LASCU / Language(s): Romanian Issue: I seria 3/2019

After the Great Unification of 1918, the efforts of the Romanian State were channeled towards the struggle of completing the unification by, among other things, obtaining a unitary legal framework. The entire interwar period was marked in the legislative plan by efforts to achieve complete legislative unification. In 1933, in the pages of the legal journal "Gazeta Tribunalelor" (1919-1944), some of the leaders of Romanian law (Gh. Cloni, C. Xeni, I.Gr. Periețeanu, Gh. Cotescu, Gr.L. Trancu-Iași) debated this fundamental issue in a series of articles.

Etablovanie Zemského ústredia pečlivosti o mládež v Bratislave a jeho okresných pobočiek v medzivojnovom Československu

Author(s): Viktória Rigová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2021

Social care for children and youth in Slovakia achieved significant progress in the interwar period.Behind it is the activity of the Regional Youth Care Centre in Bratislava, which began to take shape in the late 1920s, and was officially established in 1930. It became an umbrella institution for DistrictYouth Care, which arose in an evolutionary way in Slovak districts a few for years earlier. The establishment of the Centre and its district branch offices were gradual and they had to fight people´smistrust, lack of co-workers and insufficient financial resources. The Regional Youth Care Centreovercame initial obstacles and became the main organizer of voluntary care for children and youthin Slovakia and continued its activities even after the destruction of the Czech-Slovak Republic.

Fran Barac i ujedinjenje Hrvatske bogoslovske akademije sa Staroslavenskom akademijom i Leonovim društvom

Author(s): Ivica Zvonar / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2003

This work is based on archive sources and published articles from some church newspapers and discusses the events connected to the fusion of the Old Slavic Academy in Krk and Leon’s Society in Senj with The Croatian Academy of Theology in Zagreb. The author is especially focused on the assemblies of The Croatian Academy of Theology Management Board where this subject was discussed. Here is also presented the activity of Dr Frane Barac who intensively and successively worked on uniting the mentioned society and reorganising The Croatian Academy of Theology, by writing letters and negotiating during the period between 1926 and 1928.

Vojenské rozhledy o vojenském letectvu v letech 1920 až 1939

Author(s): Jan Dúbravčík / Language(s): Czech Issue: MC/2020

The article deals with the development of Czechoslovak military aviation in the period 1920 - 1939, as it was presented in the journal Vojenské rozhledy. The author focuses on the most interesting articles, which he complements with his own observations and opinions. He is directed on articles that affect mainly the doctrinal aspects of the development and activities of the military aviation, as an independent kind of Armed Forces, in defence of the state sovereignty of Czechoslovakia. The article is supplemented with information on the capabilities of the military Air Force immediately before the annexation of Czechoslovakia by fascist Germany in 1939.

Działalność Komisji Epidemiologicznej Ligi Narodów w Warszawie 1921-1924

Author(s): Paweł Jaworski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2021

The purpose of the article is to analyse the Epidemic Commission of the League of Nations’ activity in Warsaw and answer the questions: how its relations with the Polish authorities developed, what instruments did it have at its disposal, and what were the results of its efforts? Based on the materials from the League of Nations Archives in Geneva, it should be said that the operation of the Commission in Warsaw was of key importance for the forms of activity and development of organisational structures of the League of Nations responsible for health protection. The outstanding Polish bacteriologist and social activist Ludwik Rajchman played a vital role in this context.

Leopold Mazáč – muž v pozadí

Author(s): Karol Csiba / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 52/2020

The paper focuses on selected journalistic texts, offering a demonstration of several period-specific ways of reflecting on and evaluating certain aspects of the publishing activities of Leopold Mazáč. It pays attention to an aspect of his collaboration with the editor and poet Ján Smrek and touches upon various reactions to the publication of the anthologies Zborník mladej slovenskej literatúry (An Anthology of Early Slovak Literature, 1924) and Slovenská prítomnosť literárna a umelecká (The Slovak Literary and Artistic Presence, 1931). The beginnings of the publication of the journal Elán are also mentioned. The paper is a reminder of an interwar personality who was openly involved in but also in the background of the post-revolutionary socio-cultural development in Slovakia.