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Konflikt loajalit. Postoje slovenského episkopátu v procesu složitého provádění modu vivendi 1928–1935

Author(s): Eva Hajdinová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2019

Within the framework of conflicts of loyalties, the author analyses the variable attitudes of the Slovak episcopate between 1928 and 1934 towards the complex negotiations regarding the application of the Modus vivendi agreement. In the unstable post-war social, political and economic climate, the Czechoslovak state imposed a sequester on the Slovak ecclesiastical estates. This progressively caused dissatisfaction, scepticism, and distrust amongst Slovak church dignitaries; leading to severe complaints to the Vatican against the Czechoslovak government by representatives of the Catholic Church in Slovakia, led by the Bishop of Spiš, Msgr. Ján Vojtaššák. The conflict within the state culminated in secret negotiations that took place in December 1932 and June 1934 between the Slovak bishops and the Archbishop of Esztergom Jusztinián Serédi.

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Trendy a smerovanie populačnej politiky na Slovensku v rokoch 1918 – 1945

Author(s): Pavol Tišliar,Branislav Šprocha,Eva Škorvanková / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2019

The paper is concerned with the main changes of direction in population policy in Slovakia in the period 1918–1945. Gradual appearance and deepening of changes in reproductive behaviour in the framework of the demographic revolution was characteristic of this period. The number of births decreased and so did infant mortality. On the other hand, limited possibilities for application outside the primary sector forced many people of productive age to seek employment abroad. The population policy of inter-war Czechoslovakia was contradictory and unsystematic. On the one hand, it strove to raise the birth rate, especially in relation to the very low fertility in the western parts of the state, but on the other it promoted migration to solve the problem of unemployment. After the break up of Czechoslovakia and the formation of the Slovak state, various measures were introduced with the aim of increasing the population. However, these were not intended for the Jewish and Roma populations, which were subjected to racial persecution by law.

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Reakcie slovenskej kultúrnej obce na sovietsku kampaň proti tzv. formalizmu v umení medzi rokmi 1936 – 1938

Author(s): Filip Pavčík / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2019

The study focuses on the reactions of the Slovak cultural community to the Soviet campaign against so-called formalism in the arts between the years 1936 and 1938. The paper analyses public reactions to the fabricated political trials and the subsequent persecutions and wide-ranging arrests of Soviet artists and intellectuals in the Slovak cultural journals. While the discussions among communist and Ľudák intellectuals about Stalin´s terror in the thirties have been the subjects of several historical studies, the opinions of Slovak liberal and democratic writers and intellectuals are barely known. Many of these writers shared communist ideas about the liberalization and democratization of the Soviet Union, although this cannot be completely generalized and depends on specific authors. The study wants to emphasize that the illusions and unrealistic ideas remained among them during the whole period of the thirties and also after the Second World War during the last part of the Stalin epoch.

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Recenzia: Pedagogické myslenie, školstvo a vzdelávanie na Slovensku v rokoch 1918 – 1945.

Author(s): Michal Šimáně / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2019

The review of: KUDLÁČOVÁ, Blanka. (ed.). PEDAGOGICKÉ MYSLENIE, ŠKOLSTVO A VZDELÁVANIE NA SLOVENSKU V ROKOCH 1918 – 1945. Trnava: Typi Universitatis Tyrnaviensis, 2016, 413 s. ISBN 9788080829551.

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Glosy. Bibliografia

Author(s): Michal Ďurčo,Ivan Kamenec,Radka Palenčárová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2019

The review of: -JANČURA, Mikuláš. OSOBNÝ AUTOMOBILIZMUS NA SLOVENSKU V ROKOCH 1918 – 1938. Košice: Univerzita Pavla Jozefa Šafárika, 2017, 170 s. ISBN 9788081525568. -VOZÁR, Jozef. VÝZNAMNÍ SLOVENSKÍ PRÁVNICI – VLADIMÍR FAJNOR. Bratislava: Veda, vydavateľstvo SAV, 2017, 223 s. ISBN 9788022416009. -KUŠNÍR, Jozef (ed.). NOVÉ OBZORY 33. Prešov v priestore a čase. Prešov: Krajské múzeum v Prešove, 2017, 248 s. ISBN 9788089952007.

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WAITING FOR A POLISH MUSSOLINI. THE CONCEPTS AND CONTEXTS OF ‘FASCISM’ IN EARLY POLISH RIGHT-WING POLITICAL DISCOURSE (1922–6): AN EXPLORATORY STUDY

Author(s): Grzegorz Krzywiec / Language(s): English Issue: 123/2021

The article presents the emergence and rooting of the concept of ‘fascism’ in Polish right-wing discourses, especially in the widely understood local nationalist movement of the 20th century (National Democracy, Endecja). According to the author, the early 1920s, and above all the period of Mussolini’s gaining power in Italy, was a decisive time (Sattelzeit by R. Koselleck) for the reception and transfer of both fascist concepts and ideas as a transnational phenomenon. Still, it also significantly influenced the radicalisation of the native right-wing identity in interwar Poland. However, the author proves how vital the role of radical anti-Semitism was in forming indigenous right-wing discourses and their subsequent political practices.

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DEGREES IN REVOLUTION AND FOR THE REVOLUTION’S SAKE: THE EDUCATIONAL EXPERIENCE OF POLISH COMMUNISTS BEFORE 1939

Author(s): Łukasz Bertram / Language(s): English Issue: 123/2021

This paper identifies the most significant patterns of educational experience among members of the interwar Polish communist movement. The first part of the article covers the experiences that communists shared with other representatives of the social strata from which they originated: the reproduction of the social structure or their overcoming of it in the form of social advancement. It also discusses the importance of educational barriers and opportunities as factors facilitating the emergence of attitudes of radical contestation of the socio-political order. The second part identifies educational experiences that were directly related to involvement in an illegal, subversive and repressed political current, and the diverse, sometimes paradoxical consequences of that involvement for representatives of different social strata. It traces the transformations of the communist habitus and proposes the concept of ‘clandestine white-collar workers’. The article concludes that there were two patterns in the pursuit of education among the communists: acquiring a degree in revolution or for the sake of the revolution.

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HENRYK DEMBIŃSKI: THE MAN WHO BECAME A COMMUNIST AFTER DEATH?

Author(s): Paweł Libera / Language(s): English Issue: 123/2021

The case of Henryk Dembiński (1908–41) represents the left-wing involvement of Polish intellectuals in the interwar period. After 1945, the party historians left a communist mark on his image. Those in exile also accepted this thesis. In fact, party historians portrayed Dembiński’s life in a one-sided fashion and omitted events inconsistent with their narrative. In light an of relevant accounts and documents, this article shows that Dembiński was neither a member of the communist party nor its youth organisation even though, in 1935–6, he participated in some activities inspired by the Communist Party of Poland (KPP), and edited a periodical supported financially by the KPP. It is unclear whether this was conscious cooperation or a matter of manipulation by the party. In 1937, Dembiński joined the Polish Socialist Party (PPS) and was engaged in catholic activities centre, which the communists at the time perceived as a change of his political views. Nonetheless, after the war, party historians unequivocally stated that he was a communist.

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Tematyka adwokatury, notariatu i komorników sądowych w świetle aktów normatywnych wydanych przez Ministerstwo byłej Dzielnicy Pruskiej

Author(s): Adam Bojarski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2020

The aim of the article is to present the subject of the bar, notary public and court bailiffs in the light of normative acts issued by the Ministry of the former Prussian Quarter in 1919–1921 in the areas of the former Prussian partition, when supremacy over the bar, notary public and court bailiffs was exercised by the Department of Justice of the Ministry of the former Prussian Quarter.

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Problems of the Odra navigation in the 1930s and during World War II

Author(s): Andrzej Mielcarek / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2/2018

The Odra navigation faced several problems, such as the state of waterways, competition between river carriers and the railway and, during the war, maximum use of its shipping capabilities. The waterways were improved by river regulation and building reservoirs. Competition was limited in the early 1930s by creating small shipowners’ unions (who usually also worked as skippers on their own boats) and regulating freight rates. Nazi authorities regulated navigation by creating obligatory professional associations. During the war the maximum use of inland shipping was done through tight control pf tonnage, transferring some freights from the railway to the river transport and freezing freight rates. However, obsolete fleet, decreasing crew numbers and low freight rates caused the share of the Odra navigation in overall transport to fall.

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ŞEREF AKDİK RESİMLERİNDE KADINININ TOPLUMSAL DÖNÜŞÜMÜNE DAİR YANSIMALAR

Author(s): Ahmet Dalkıran / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 53/2020

With the establishment of the republic in 1923, Turkey implemented reforms in the axis aimed at modernizing social structure radically changes and transformations. In the context of targeted changes and transformations, the creation of an educated and modern woman model has become the primary cultural issue of the new era. The cultural importance of the educated modern woman profile, which the Republican ideology tried to create, was followed with interest by the painters of the period and became the subject of many of their compositions. These pictures are very important in terms of documenting the process. For this reason, in terms of documenting the change and transformation of women in the context of education and image in the early Republican period and having a function that serves the said change and transformation as of the period, the image of the woman seen in the series of Akdik’s works known by names such as "woman reading book" or "woman reading" etc. has been considered important as it is thought to be one of the most stable examples of the educated, modern Turkish woman image seen in Turkish painting and it is aimed to contribute to the relevant literature by examining the examples of paintings produced by the artist in the period between 1930 and 1960. It was seen that Akdik composed the female figures he interpreted in his works examined within the scope of his research with his new image in modern clothes and modern home environment in accordance with the ideals of the Republic, and included the book image, which is considered the most important symbol of the educated modern woman, as the main element in his compositions. In this context, it was seen that the artist documents the change and transformation that women went through in the context of education and image in the early Republic period with these works. In addition, it was understood that Akdik played a role in encouraging change by visualizing the new type of woman that the Republican administration wanted to see in her compositions in terms of being a role model for Anatolian women in a period when the literacy rate was very low. Qualitative research methods and techniques were used in the study which general scanning model was used. In the research, data were collected from virtual and printed sources by scanning the literature.

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SANATTA POLİTİK BİR GÜÇ GUERNICA ÖRNEĞİ

Author(s): Bilge Kinam / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 55/2020

Art is a visual, auditory and tactile form of expression that is influenced by social, cultural and political events, and it is synthesized with the artist's own experience and knowledge. From past to present, art sometimes turns into a tool of propaganda to influence masses, sometimes a monument or a political discourse with a painting to keep social events in memories. The use of art products as a political symbol or image have a long history dating back to the Roman Empire. The works of art that witness historical events shed light on past events by leaving traces in the visual memories of society. This research aims to examine Pablo Picasso's Guernica as a political discourse in art and to reveal its place in social memory. Guernica is a powerful political work under the leadership of Francisco Franco, in response to the bombing of Guernica in 1937, the Basque town of Northern Spain by Nazi Germany and Italian planes. It was claimed that 1654 people died along with many civilians in Guernica during the bombardment of the air force and the fire that lasted for 3 days. Ordered for the display of the Spanish Pavilion at a Paris World Fair in 1937, Guernica is dedicated to people who lost their lives in the Spanish civil war. Initially met with mockery, the work later undertook an activist role. Bringing the pain and brutality of the past to the present, Guernica is a silent scream created with symbolic expressions. Guernica, which is 3.49 meters high and 7.76 meters wide, is an allegorical cubic work made with geometric shapes using black and white colours. Picasso's statement “painting is not done to decorate apartments. It is an instrument of war against brutality and darkness” reveals Guernica's place in art. The study is a descriptive research and iconographic analysis made within the scope of literature review.

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Historia politycznej decyzji o sowietyzacji Polski: maj-sierpień 1920 r.

Author(s): Andrzej Nowak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2020

The article analyses the path leading to the decision about the Sovietisation of Poland between late April and mid-August 1920. Based on archival materials of Political Bureau and Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), correspondence between members of the Politburo as well as documents of the Supreme Command of the Red Army and the commands of the Western and South-West Front from the analysed period, the author presents the internal discussions and dilemmas of the Soviet leadership in relation with the strategic attempt to undermine the entire Versailles system and to advance through Poland into Germany

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Colonising Poland’s Historiography. Concerning Lenny A. Ureña Valerio’s Breakthrough Study

Author(s): Piotr Puchalski / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2020

The present article assesses Prof. Lenny A. Ureña Valerio scholarly debut in a broader context of the present literature in the post-colonial field. The reviewer pays attention to the breakthrough nature of the analysed book which is one of the first to indicate the fact that the German imperial expansion into the Polish lands in 1840-1920 was closely related to the German colonial enterprise in Africa.

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Kulisy mianowania oraz odwołania płk. SG Pawła Aleksandrowicza ze stanowiska attaché wojskowego przy Poselstwie Polskim w Tokio

Author(s): Robert Majzner / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2020

The appointment in May 1920 of Col. Paweł Aleksandrowicz as military attaché at the Legation of the Republic of Poland in Tokyo seemed to be fully justified and favourable from the perspective of interests of the state and the military forces. His dismissal - officially for financial reasons - in fact resulted from a critical appraisal of his effectiveness and his conflict with the head of the diplomatic post, which finally ended in bringing disciplinary, criminal, and honorary proceedings against Col. Aleksandrowicz.

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Ustrój samorządny (autonomiczny) województwa śląskiego w praktyce interpelacji poselskich w Sejmie Śląskim

Author(s): Andrzej Drogoń / Language(s): Polish Issue: 13/2020

On the basis of the Constitutional Act of 15th July 1920, which guaranteed the Silesian Voivodeship extensive self-governing rights, known in practice as the autonomy, a number of interesting constitutional solutions arose that had been previously absent from the Polish constitutional systems. Their practice initiated implementation of instruments characteristic of a constitutional state, determining the scale of democratic systems. One of such instruments was a parliamentary question.

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Geneza i podstawy prawne funkcjonowania polskich sądów morskich w Wielkiej Brytanii w latach 1941—1945

Author(s): Tomasz Szczygieł / Language(s): Polish Issue: 13/2020

The article presents the genesis and legal basis for the functioning of Polish maritime courts in Great Britain between 1941 and 1945. An important part of the study is dedicated to the circumstances surrounding the enactment of the Allied Powers Maritime Courts Act of 1941 and the impact of this regulation on Polish law. The article presents also changes to the criminal laws then in force, both procedural and substantive. Further on, the article describes the backstage of the appointment of the judges to the maritime courts as well as the efforts of Ministers Herman Libermann and Karol Popiel to provide them with a guarantee of judicial independence.

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The Republic of Austria and the Habsburg Inheritance

Author(s): Arkadiusz Stempin / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

Starting from the abdication of Charles Habsburg and its circumstances, this paper undertakes the anamnesis of the development of the Habsburg Law and the consequences of its enactment, both in terms of the banishment and emigration of the members of the House of Habsburg, as well as the acquisition, distribution and allocation of their property, from 1918/19 to modern times, that is, in the subsequent forms of government in the Republic of Austria; from the First Republic, to the years of fascism and Anschluss, to the Third Reich, to the modern republic (since 1955). Within this timeline, until the national exhibition marking the centenary of the abdication – “Rupture and Continuity” 2019, this paper analyses the ambivalent attitude of Austrians to the former imperial family along with the fundamental element of this relationship: the unworked-through history of the Habsburgs in the collective memory of the Austrian society.

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Константин Симеонов Петканов – един тракиец, отдал се на добруджанското освободително движение

Author(s): Rumyana Simeonova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2020

Konstantin Simeonov Petkanov was a public teacher, public figure and activist of the Dobrudzha Оrganization from 1914 until its disbandment in 1942. In the border villages of Tsar Samuil, Zavet and Brăshlen, he built illegal information channels, involved people in the Dobrudzha organization, collected membership fees and free donations, and helped refugees to accommodate and have land. Supporter of the Internal Dobrudzha Revolutionary Organization. He maintained constant contact with the prominent Dobrudzha leaders Asparuh Aydemirski, Angel Stoyanov and Stefan Simeonov.

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Две писма на Анастас Разбойников до Борис Христов

Author(s): Petya Zhekova,Yordan Simov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2020

The published letters of Anastas Razboynikov contain memories of the life and public activity of Kiril Hristov Sovichanov, the father of the great opera singer Boris Hristov. They testify to the connections between two of the leaders of the Macedonian and Thracian movements, as well as to B. Hristov‘s interest in the past and his ancestral roots.

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