The Role of Concentration Camps in the Policies of the Independent State of Croatia (NDH) in 1941

Author(s): Milan Koljanin / Language(s): English Issue: 46/2015

The paper based on archival, published and press sources, and relevant lit¬erature presents the ideological basis and enforcement of the Croatian policy of the extermination of the Serbs and Jews in the Independent State of Croatia (NDH) which had its place within the New Order of Europe. Soon after the establishment of the NDH in April 1941, the destruction process was partially centralised in a network of camps centred at Gospić. After the outbreak of a mass Serb uprising and the dissolution of the Gospić camp, a new and much larger system of camps centred at Jasenovac operated as an extermination and concentration camp from the end of August 1941 until the end of the war. In November 1941, the mass internment of undesirable population groups was provided for by law, whereby the destruction pro¬cess was given a “legal” form.

Filierele migraţiei studenţeşti către Germania nazistă

Author(s): Irina Nastasă-Matei / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 54/2015

This article aims to provide some benchmarks regarding the pathways by which the young Romanians went to study in Nazi Germany. One of the objectives of our study is understanding the dynamics of the Romanian-German relations during the 1930s and how these relations influenced the student and academic exchanges between the two countries. We noted the evolution from small, short-term student exchanges, usually summer schools with obvious political and ideological character, organized by the Nazi authorities in collaboration with Christian student associations and the Legionary Movement, to institutionalized, long-term student exchanges, involving consistent financial resources and having a stronger impact on Romania’s approachment to Nazi Germany, but having a less obvious – although much more efficient – political and ideological component. Most of the Romanian young people studying in Germany during 1933-1944 did so by their own means, being supported financially mostly by their family, and probably benefiting, after 1935, from the currency benefits provided by the German state. Romanian institutions offered only a very reduced amount of scholarships, and their awarding was controversial. The Germans had a very well established system of scholarships for foreign students and the Romanian youth could receive German stipends, however not without making ideological concessions.

Nemulţumirea profundă a intelectualilor maghiari clujeni faţă de Dictatul de la Viena. O notă diplomatică din 1941

Author(s): Şerban Turcuş / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 54/2015

The study is based on an unpublished document of the Italian diplomacy from 1941 and it refers to an information emanating from the Italian Consulate in Timişoara. The document enlightens the atmosphere in Cluj almost a year after the Second Vienna Award. The document highlights the profound dissatisfaction of the Hungarian intellectuals from Cluj towards the authorities in Budapest and the desire of the Hungarian ethnic citizens from Cluj to return to Romania by referendum. It is said that when Northern Transylvania became part of Hungary the quality of life decreased significantly and that it was much better during the Romanian administration. The document surprised by its originality especially that coming from one of the authors of the Second Vienna Award.

Vasa Çubrilloviqi dhe Pakicat Kombëtare në Jugosllavi (1944)

Author(s): Šerbo Rastoder / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 44/2014

In this study, there is drawn a comparison parallel between the views of the then university professor, Vaša Čubrilović, and the policy of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia, related to "resolution" of the national minorities’ issue in the new Yugoslavian state. Beyond this fact, in this text there is proved that Čubrilović’s similar concepts and the policy of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia were not just rhetoric, but a cruel practice of collective punishment of minorities, particularly of the German, which was almost destroyed completely, but also Albanians and Hungarians did not easily pass. The study is a contribution to shed light on Vasa Čubrilović’s role in the creation of the Yugoslav state policy toward non-Slavic minorities.

Çështja e Kufirit Shqiptaro-Jugosllav sipas Burimeve Angleze

Author(s): Afrim Sjarina / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 44/2014

Shpërthimi i Luftës së Pare Botërore e kishte penguar Komisionin Ndërkombëtar te Kufirit që të caktonte në terren vijën përfundimtare te kufirit. Duke përfituar nga ky shkak, Beogradi, më 1921, ngriti çështjen e dy pikave kufitare kontestuese, të cilat deri në vitin 1926 u zhagmitën duke mos gjetur zgjidhje. Me qëllim që të jepet një pamje e qartë mbi këtë çështje, e cila kishte tendenca të stërzgjatjes dhe të komplikimit, Londra zyrtare e pa të dobishme të përmblidhte shkurtimisht historinë e saj në etapa të ndryshme.

Review of: Paskal Milo, Shqiptarët në Luftën e Dytë Botërore 1939-1943, I, Toena, Tiranë, 2014, f.472.

Author(s): Mrika Limani / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 45/2015

Tony Judt: Zu Daniel Jonah Goldhagen, Hitlers willige Vollstrecker. Ganz gewöhnliche Deutsche und der Holocaust

Author(s): Tony R. Judt / Language(s): German Issue: 13/1997

Auf Seite 476 von Daniel Goldhagens Buch ist das Photo eines deutschen Soldaten abgebildet, der eine Frau und ein Kind erschießt. Der Soldat zielt aus etwa zwei Metern Entfernung auf die Frau, die ihm den Rücken zukehrt, um das Kind zu beschützen, das sich in der Sekunde ihres Todes an sie klammert. Um sie herum liegen die Leichen anderer, soeben ermordeter Mütter und Kinder. Das Photo, datiert »Ukraine 1942«, wurde mit der Aufschrift »Judenaktion Iwangorod« von einem Zeugen per Post in die Heimat geschickt. Der Soldat - in regulärer Wehrmachtsuniform, kein SS-Mannist Deutscher. Die Frau und das Kind sind Juden.

Der verdrängte Bürgerkrieg

Author(s): Claudio Pavone / Language(s): German Issue: 15/1998

Themen wie Faschismus, Kollaboration, Widerstand und Bürgerkrieg stehen im Mittelpunkt von dem, was als »öffentlicher Gebrauch von Geschichte« bekannt ist. Dieser Gebrauch findet statt in der Literatur, im Film, in den Massenmedien und in der politischen Propaganda. Die Schnittstellen und der wechselseitige Austausch zwischen diesen Bereichen sind vielfältig, und die Ergebnisse, so heterogen und widersprüchlich sie sein mögen, ergreifen allmählich vom kollektiven Bewußtsein und Gedächtnis Besitz. Ein weiterer Faktor in diesem Prozeß ist die historische Forschung, die sich ihrerseits in verschiedene Richtungen entwickeln kann.

Der Nationalismus und die osteuropäische Revolution 1944-1947

Author(s): Norman M. Naimark / Language(s): German Issue: 15/1998

Die Nachkriegsentwicklung des östlichen Mitteleuropa läßt sich nicht vom Kriegsgeschehen in der Region trennen. Faktisch bedeutete das offizielle Kriegsende am 8. Mai 1945 in Europa keinen echten Einschnitt zwischen nationalsozialistischer Besatzung und kommunistischer Revolution. Der Krieg blutete gleichsam in den Frieden hinein. Das Kämpfen und Sterben ging auch nach den Feuerpausen und Waffenstillständen weiter. Bürgerkriege und Militäraktionen gegen »Banditen« verschiedener Couleur lösten die einstigen Frontkämpfe ab. Die Feindseligkeiten zwischen Russen und Deutschen waren keineswegs beigelegt, wovon Vergewaltigungen, Schüsse aus dem Hinterhalt oder wahllose Bluttaten zeugten. Kurz, die bewaffneten Auseinandersetzungen zwischen Kommunisten und Nichtkommunisten hielten an.

PROVOĐENJE ODLUKE OD 18. MAJA 1945. O UKLANJANJU VOJNIH GROBALJA I GROBOVA „OKUPATORA“ I „NARODNIH NEPRIJATELJA“ U SLOVENIJI

Author(s): Vladimir Geiger / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 2/2016

Immediately after the end of World War II Yugoslav communists took various measures to completely and radically liquidate their enemies. One of these measures was a decision of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Democratic Federative Yugoslavia from May 18, 1945 to remove the graveyards and individual graves of fallen „occupying“ soldiers and of „people’s enemies“. This measure was concerning the graves and memorial monuments of German, Italian and Hungarian soldiers, as well as members of Ustasha, Chetnik and Slovenian Home Guard units. Removal of graveyards and individual graves of „occupiers“ and „people’s enemies“ was conducted thoroughly in Slovenia. This can be proven by available documents and witnesses of these events as well as by the present day conditions of graveyards localities. Destruction of military graveyards of „enemies“ was conducted in Yugoslavia not only in the immediate postwar period, but also later. Even during the late 1980s State Security service observed locations of unmarked graves, especially those better known, in order to identify all those who visited these locations where during the war and immediately after „enemy” soldiers and civilians were executed and buried. After the World War II, graves and graveyard of killed partisans as well as graves and graveyards of the „victims of fascist terror“ were protected according to the law, taken care of and maintained. Graves and graveyards of „enemy” soldiers and graves of those who „collaborated with the occupying powers“ were outside the law. The situation remained unchanged until the dissolution of the Socialist Federativ Republic of Yugoslavia.

Légendes et réalité. Histoire du Ministère des Affaires étrangères de Hongrie entre 1945‒1950

Author(s): János Sáringer / Language(s): French Issue: 2/2013

The structure and the staff of the Hungarian Foreign Ministry after 1945.

The Troubling Interval 1945-1950

Author(s): Ramachandra Byrappa / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2014

In the dark and dust-filled night of India’s independence, truth was made a beggar and perfidy made its malignant tailor. Silence and disinformation, manipulative use of historic narrative have always been the trademarks of officially sponsored appreciation of Indian history. This is especially true of the period 1945-1950. Five unruly years that transfigured the essence of Indian history for the benefit of those who never held in high esteem loyalty to that land, and its people.

Hungarian Communists' Struggle with the Catholic Church in the reports of Polish Diplomatic Post in Budapest (1946–1948)

Author(s): Aleksandra Sylburska / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2014

The issue of Catholic Church was one of the most important for communists taking control over all aspects of political, economic and social life in Soviet Bloc. It was a major problem in Poland and Hungary. The struggle with Catholic Church was initiated first in Hungary and it was the reason why Polish communists decided to observe that problem carefully to use Hungarian experience in their own country. It was possible due to the activity of Polish diplomatic post in Budapest which was reporting the most important elements of that struggle. The conclusions were essential not only for the government in Warsaw, but also for Polish diplomats. One of their goals was to control Polish diaspora in Hungary which was devoted to Catholic Church. The analysis of reports enables not only to learn about diplomat's interpretation of the situation, but also their „auto-censorship" lack of objectivity.

Fischer, Ferenc: The „war after the War” 1919–1933. Evasion of the Versailles Treaty. The naval, aerial and military activity of the Weimar Republic in the countries of Ibero-America

Author(s): József Krisztián Szalánczi / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2014

Fischer, Ferenc: The „war after the War” 1919–1933. Evasion of the Versailles Treaty. The naval, aerial and military activity of the Weimar Republic in the countries of Ibero-America, Dialóg Campus Kiadó, Budapest – Pécs, 2014. ISBN 978-615-5376-52-8

„Félek, hogy az uraknak rossz helyre esett a választásuk”

Author(s): Ildikó Tasiné Csúcs / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2015

Instrumentalizacija pietete

Author(s): Janko Pleterski / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 2/2014

Odziv na čl. Vide Deželak Barič Posledice represije: smrtne žrtve druge svetovne vojne in zaradi nje na Slovenskem, Slovenski zbornik 2014, str. 131-156 Revief of an article by Vida Deželak Barič "The consequences of repression: casualties of the Second World War and because of it in Slovenia"

„…mi lenne, ha a mi hozzátartozóink lennének hasonló sorban…”

Author(s): Judit Pihurik / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/2016

„Törvényes” megszállás. Szovjet csapatok Magyarországon 1944–1947 között. Szerkesztette és a bevezető tanulmányt írta L. Balogh Béni. Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár, Budapest, 2015. 567 oldal

VILÁGHÁBORÚ ALULNÉZETBŐL. ÁT- ÉS TÚLÉLŐ TÖRTÉNETEK

Author(s): Károly Krajnik-Nagy / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 09/2016

Háborús hétköznapok hadszíntéren, hátországban, 1939–1945. Szerk. Gyarmati György – Pihurik Judit Magyar Történelmi Társulat – Kronosz Kiadó – Állambiztonsági Szolgálatok Történeti Levéltára, Bp.–Pécs, 2015.

Rebeliunea legionară în viziunea Consulatului german din Iaşi, 19-25 ianuarie 1941

Author(s): Ottmar Traşcă / Language(s): Romanian,German Issue: 2/2010

The disagreements between General Ion Antonescu and the Legionnaires’ Movement, that had appeared in short time after the forming of the National-Legionnaire Government, had been affirmed on the grounds of diametrically opposed conceptions of internal policy, economic structuring and the reforming of Romanian society as well as of the rhythm in which these reforms had to be enacted. As a consequence of the abuses committed and the emphasizing of the radicalism represented by the Iron Guard, the relations between the two centers of power had been negatively affected at such a scale during November and December 1940 that a rupture became inevitable. Through the putsch of January 21-23rd, 1941 the Legionnaires’ Movement tried to obtain total control over the state power, but with the help given by Germany, general Ion Antonescu had defeated the rebellion. In this way, the faith of the Legionnaires was actually sealed, most of them were arrested, or forced to seek refuge in Germany. The document which we publish as an annex is kept in the Politisches Archiv des Auswärtigen Amtes Berlin. The document, a report made by the German Consulate in Iaşi, signed by the German Consul Fritz Gebhard Schellhorn, presents the events that took place in Iaşi between January 19th and 25th, 1941.

Politica Ungariei referitoare la problema Transilvaniei în contextul acţiunii militare sovietice în Basarabia (vara anului 1940)

Author(s): Aleksandr S. Stykalin / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 6/2014

The annexation of Besssarabia by the USSR in June 1940 was the subject of many historical papers but the researchers paid insufficient attention both to the reaction of Hungary on the Soviet action and the connection between the annexation of Besssarabia and the Second Vienna Arbitration of August 30, 1940. The paper is based on the documents from Russian Archives, first of all on the documents of the Soviet Foreign Ministry. The author came to conclusion that scarcely was another political force in the world which received the crossing of the Red Army of the river Nistru with such enthusiasm as the Hungarian political elite, right-wing and resolutely anticommunist. It considered the Soviet action to be the first step in the process of disintegration of Romania which created more favorable conditions for the realization of the Hungarian plans to annex Transylvania. June – July 1940 was the peak of harmony in the relations between Moscow and Budapest, especially as the Hungarian irredentist plans were supported in Moscow to more extent than in any other capital of Europe. As concerns hitlerist Germany, the Soviet action in Bessarabia was received in Berlin as some kind of challenge to Germany’s hegemony in the Eastern-Central Europe which caused as the response the preparation of the arbitration in Vienna which changed the spheres of influence in the region in the interests of Berlin.