BILJEŠKE O DJELOVANJU BOSANSKOHERCEGOVAČKE ULEME U DRUGOM SVJETSKOM RATU (1941-1945)

Author(s): Adnan Jahić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 1/2015

This paper brings some facts that shed light on the views and approaches of Bosnian Muslim religious officials, especially higher ulema, towards the current issues of military, political and social reality of Bosnia and Herzegovina and its inhabitants during the Second World War (1941- 1945). The author presents some new information which relativize the points of view of Bosnian historiography in the Yugoslav era on the ulema whose biggest step towards resistance to the existing occupying systems was allegedly the signing of the resolutions in the autumn of 1941. Although the higher ulema generally welcomed the establishment of NDH as an opportunity to improve the position of Muslims, especially in terms of religious, educational and vakuf-property issues, the ulema did not accept the role of "Croatian Muslim clergy", while remaining aloof from the political and national goals of the Ustasha regime. During the war years the ulema had to adapt to the military and political relations and turns, which practically prevented their adherence to any single and consistent approach, rarely present among the Bosniak political and religious elites.

Diópanamától a munkaszolgálatig

Author(s): Tamás Sárándi / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: III/2016

The Jewish question and its pitch, the Holocaust, is one of the most sensitive issues of the 1940–1944 period. The study deals with the Jewish question from the time of the so-called military administration, established in the first few months of the above mentioned period. The anti-Jewish measures of the period can be grouped as follows: those affecting their citizenship; their industrial certificates, as well as those meant to repel their commercial activity; measures for constraining them to labour service; and – hidden at first – intentions of taking over their properties. Furthermore, a case study of a Jewish lawyer illustrates the carrier possibilities of a middle-class Jew. One of the peculiarities of these few months is that all the anti-Jewish measures fulfi lled subsequently after this period can already be traced at this time.

Kwestia "przyszłości Niemiec" w działalności Ministerstwa Prac Kongresowych Polskiego Rządu na Wychodźtwie w czasie drugiej wojny światowej

Author(s): Katarzyna Kącka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2009

The article discusses how the Polish government in exile perceived the role and place of Germany in post-war Europe. One of the vital tasks of international diplomacy during the Second World War was to develop methods of avoiding new German acts of aggression in the future. During several dozen years Poland and Europe faced again the necessary task of deciding German affairs. It was the Ministry of Congress Works, operating within the structures of the Polish government in exile, that was to handle the issue of ‘the future of Germany’ after the end of the war. The establishment of that institution and the mission entrusted to it reflected the Poles’ serious attitude to that task.

«Танковый король» и «опальный генерал»: рождение легенды об Исааке Зальцмане

Author(s): A. N. Fedorov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 15/2016

The article is devoted to the formation of a biographical myth of the famous Soviet tank-builder Isaac Zaltsman. Based on the memoirs, artworks, materials of the press and Internet the stages of formation of an image of Zaltsman prevalent in public consciousness are revealed. In this process it is possible to extract Stalin’s, “ottepel’s”, “zastoy’s”, “perestroika’s” and the modern periods, which are distinguished by the different folding and existence of the myth, sources and discourse. Glorification Zaltsman began during the Great Patriotic war and was conducted both by the official propaganda and by means of rumors and legends, which were widely distributed by himself. Removal of Zaltsman from a position of the director of the largest plant and an exception of the party in 1949 for real faults laid the foundation for his dual perception. For some he turned to the innocently injured hero, but for others to the bureaucrat who received deserved punishment. During the period of the “ottepel” Zaltsman restored in the party, but his name remained under unofficial ban, and he became the prototype of the negative character of the popular novel and movie. It was only during the period of “zastoy” due to anniversaries, to his colleagues and the support of the creative intelligentsia his name once again became public. But the final “return” of Zaltsman happened during the “perestroika», when with the help of his friends, acquaintances and journalists he spread the legend that suffered because of the “Leningrad affair”. This legend completely corresponded to public inquiries, was accepted as the truth and became a basis of the biographical myth, which is now widely circulated in the press and the Internet. Scientific researches about Saltzman’s activity appeared in the late 1980s. But, despite the fact that scientists came to quite critical evaluations of Zaltsman, in the mass consciousness of his glorification and mythologizing continue.

POLITYKA III RZESZY WOBEC NIEMCÓW ZE WSCHODU. PRZESIEDLENIA LUDNOŚCI NIEMIECKIEJ PODCZAS II WOJNY ŚWIATOWEJ

Author(s): Witold Stankowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 04/2007

The article concerns the policy of the Third Reich towards its citizens – the Germans resettled from the East. Adolph Hitler implemented a consistent policy of destroying European nations to create a vast Nazi state. Poland was the first country to experience the murderous intentions of the Third Reich. An important element of Hitler’s politics was his policy regarding ethnic groups. This consisted of Germanization of occupied Polish territory and deportations of the Poles living there. Their place was taken by Germans, who, in turn, were resettled there from the East, including the Baltic states (Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia) and the Black Sea area. The areas of settlement included the regions of Pomorze Gdańskie and Wielkopolska. These regions were to be Germanized by rapid settlement of Germans in the area. The Germans from the East were not a homogenous group. They were peasants, representatives of free professions, artists. The Nazi leadership was not unanimous in their attitude towards the resettled Germans. On the one hand, their influx and settlement was preferred, but on the other, they were not treated as “fully valuable” Germans. In 1945 the Germans from the East fled from the Polish territory fearing the incoming Red Army. Some of them fell into Russian hands and were deported back East. This problem is not present in the literature pertaining to the subject.

Obozy w Działdowie w latach II wojny światowej

Author(s): Marek Orski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 27/2010

Po rozpoczęciu II wojny światowej w Działdowie (niem. Soldau) urządzono obóz, w którym przetrzymywano nie tylko jeńców wojennych, lecz także ludność cywilną, w tym Polaków i Żydów. Aresztowanych torturowano i zabijano. Od grudnia 1939 r. w obozie przetrzymywano przedstawicieli lokalnych elit, w tym działaczy politycznych, duchownych, nauczycieli i urzędników państwowych. Szacuje się, że do kwietnia 1940 r. w obozie zabito ok. 15 tys. osób. Pomimo że obóz funkcjonował później jako obóz pracy przymusowej a następnie jako obóz karny, to w swoim charakterze nie odbiegał od obozów koncentracyjnych. Z tego powodu byli więźniowie obozu w Działdowie są traktowani tak samo jak więźniowie obozów koncentracyjnych.

USPOSTAVLJANJE SARADNJE KOMANDANTA LIMSKO-SANDŽAČKIH ČETNIČKIH ODREDA PAVLA ĐURIŠIĆA I ITALIJANSKIH VLASTI U CRNOJ GORI POČETKOM 1942.

Author(s): Milutin Živković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2016

At the beginning of 1942, the ideological conflict in Montenegro sharpened due to revolutionary terror of the Communists. Captain Pavle Djurišić saw the solution for this difficult situation in cooperation with the Italian military authorities in Montenegro. Therefore, he started negotiating with them via command of ’Venice’ division, stationed in Berane. Initial meetings in January were marked by the distrust of Italians towards Djurišić, first of all owing to his participation in July uprising, relations with General Dragoljub Mihailović and substantial quantity of weapons he asked for. The attitude of Italian occupier towards the military cooperation with him changed during the second half of January, particularly thanks to the success he achieved in the fight with the Communist forces In February 1942 and confidential information he provided from the field. The military cooperation was established at the end of March by signing the five point contract, followed by providing Djurišić with weapons, ammunition, military material and food he had asked for at the beginning of January. Italian help, not only in weapons, but also in logistics enabled the officers of Yugoslav Homeland Army to strengthen and consolidate their troops and take advantage over the Communists in the conflict.

O provođenju odluke komunističkih vlasti iz 1945. o uklanjanju grobalja i grobova „okupatora” i “narodnih neprijatelja” u Slavoniji i Srijemu

Author(s): Vladimir Geiger,Slađana Josipović Batorek / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 15/2015

The Yugoslav communists’ intention to have a complete and radical reckoning with the enemy immediately at the end of World War II was contained in the order of the Interior Ministry of the Federal State of Croatia, July 6th 1945, that is of the Interior Ministry of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia, May 18th 1945, concerning the obliteration of cemeteries and graves of the “occupier” and “enemies of the people” comprising the graves and headstones of German, Italian and Hungarian soldiers and Ustashas, Chetniks and Slovenian Home Guard. Preserved documents, contemporaries of the occurrences and the conditions in the cemeteries give evidence of the systematic implementation of the order to obliterate the cemeteries and graves of the “occupier” and “enemies of the people” in the territory of Slavonia and Syrmia as well.

Museum (Re)public

Author(s): Nataša Jagdhuhn / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

Through the examination of various episodes of the `sessions at the museum`, this text looks at the educational function of the Museum of the Second AVNOJ Session in the Yugoslav and post-Yugoslav context at the level of performance. The text is divided into three chapters. The first looks at the development of the AVNOJ Museum, its function in society, and the museological and methodological context of its activity. In the second chapter I give a short overview of the `fate` of this museum – which was caught up in the storm of the recent war in Bosnia and Herzegovina – and of the first steps that have been made toward rejuvenating the institution. The reframing of the image of the AVNOJ’s Second Session after the disintegration of Yugoslavia, as exemplified by the AVNOJ Museum, is the theme of the third section.

Documente britanice şi problema Basarabiei în 1940

Author(s): Ionel Sîrbu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 03/2004

For almost 50 years we had to endure misfortunes caused by the clashes of opinions among the Great Powers. If, from the perspective of the external factor, this seems to be the reality, from the perspective of the internal factor we should look more attentively at the mistakes we have done during the inter-war period. It is these mistakes that have weakened the fundament of the parliamentary democracy in Romania and generated the "metastasis" of the political system after 1918. When we renounced at one third of the national teritory, in the summer of 1940, without even firing one single gun shoot, we should look into it and see if only the state reason determined us to do such a thing or also the mistakes of approach of the crisis situation. Our short considerations have been made from this perspective and with the intention of warning the reader that, beyond the external factor, there is also an internal responsability in analising some historical periods. It is also Romania’s case in 1940, the presented documents constituting an additional contribution in the analisys and variation of the historical events that did not occur in this period.

„Tito's stoutest spy”: Lazar Brankov in Hungary (1945–1956)

Author(s): Péter Vukman / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2013

Virilisektől a káderekig

Author(s): Gergely Krisztián Horváth / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2015

Rigó Róbert: Elitváltások évtizede Kecskeméten (1938–1948) ÁBTL–Kronosz, Budapest– Pécs, 2014. 430 oldal

Un Français en Hongrie 1947-1958: Guy Turbet-Delof

Author(s): Bernard Lachaise / Language(s): French Issue: 1/2010

The author presents the career of a French diplomat, Guy Turbet-Delof in Hungary, 1948 - 1958. He was te director of the French Institute in Budapest and he was an eyewitness of the Hungarian Revolution in 1956.

A lakásválság diskurzusa Magyarország szovjetizálásának kezdeti szakaszában

Author(s): Márkus Keller / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 4/2014

In the paper, I tried to identify the options architects were considering to solve the housing crisis during the post-WWII general crisis. I investigate the most important problems as well as the set of concepts and the point of view they used to formulate their answers. After 1945, as a result of the devastation of the war, the industrialization and appropriation, taxation, land consolidation and collectivization campaigns, those hundreds of thousands of people who were fleeing from the villages to towns turned the existing housing shortage into an acute crisis. Though the leaders of the state must have realized the problems stemming from the bad quality and the undesirable mix of the housing stock, they did little to solve the issue due to their focus on military and heavy industry. As a result, most houses built between 1945 and 1960 were realized as a result of individual efforts. Examining crisis descriptions it becomes apparent that the dominance of modern architecture, which monopolized the architectural discourse on the housing problem after 1945, could not be broken even by the predominant style of socialist realism. In each case, we find the “condemned” modern content behind the Stalinist categories and socialist realist forms, and even socialist realist constraints were to gradually disappear after 1954. But the way of thematizing the crisis changed. The essentially eschatological crisis concept used right after the war was replaced by a new interpretation of the crisis in the 1950s, which saw it as a permanent, long-lasting state. Naturally, parallel to this interpretation the belief in an ultimate, radical solution started waning. This is one reason why, even though the housing problem did not show signs of improvement, it seems that this search for solutions was concluded after the 1951 “great architectural debate” at the 1952 house building conference, to return to the limelight again at the end of the 1950s only.

PROBLEMATIČAN KORISNIK, PROBLEMATIČNO GRADIVO: POVJESNIČAR I ISTRAŽIVANJE DOKUMENTACIJE ORUŽANIH SNAGA NEZAVISNE DRŽAVE HRVATSKE

Author(s): Vedran Muić / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Issue: 19/2016

Classical symbiosis of historiography and archival science is still important in the local transitional context. Researching materials relevant to disputable events of World War II provides influential means of participating in the ongoing ideologised debates on topic. However, historian`s impartiality and integrity of archival materials come under question in the given context. Further analysis is based on the examples from the archival fonds of the Armed forces of the Independent state of Croatia and State Security Service of the Socialist Republic of Croatia, both preserved today in Croatian State Archives.

Fotografinja Julijana Šelhaus (1892-1975

Author(s): Dejan Vončina / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/2015

Julijana Šelhaus was recognised especially as a successful studio and underground photographer. She also excelled in blackandwhite and colour retouching. Few female photographers attained success with persistence and enterprise while taking care of their family as well, but in Škofja Loka Julijana Šelhause managed to do precisely that: assert herself as an independent photographer with her own studio. Her husband Janko and younger son Edi were also involved in photography. She was a very patriotic and brave woman who collaborated with the Liberation Front regardless of the consequences. She produced duplicates from the negatives of German soldiers, policemen and even Gestapo, revealing the cruelties of the German occupation army in the Gorenjska region. Hence she succeeded in preserving the photographic material about the brutal reprisals of the German occupiers, which is extremely important for the contemporary Slovenian history.

Srbi i rat u Jugoslaviji 1941. godine: tematski izbor radova - Serbs and war in Yugoslavia 1941: thematic collection of articles ...

Author(s): Dušan Nećak / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/2015

Med zgodovinopisjem in državljansko zavestjo

Author(s): Carlo Spartaco Capogreco / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 2/2014

After the end of World War II the story of concentration camps, set up by the Kingdom of Italy and Italian Social Republic between 1940 and 1945, almost disappeared from the collective memory of the Italian nation. The author shows in the article difficult path to the historiographic reconstruction of the fascist »concentration system« took place, the topography of the camps was established, and they were recognised by the national community. Also for this reason — in light of the institutional suppression and disregard by the official historiography — the first research projects and rediscovery of the camps ’geographic locations were mostly carried out by researchers who focused on this issue due to their favourable personal emotional inclination towards this problem. The purpose of the article is especially to discern the reasons for the long silence and outline the main historiographic and civil turning points, through which the story about the camps gradually became a part of the general sentiment of the Italians in the middle of the 1980s and in the middle of the first decade of the 21st century, and was finally recognised by the academic and institutional circles as well.

Tomaž Teropšič, Štajerska v plamenih: taktika, orožje in oprema štirih vojsk na Štajerskem v drugi svetovni vojni

Author(s): Vinko Skitek / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 2/2014

V tujini

Author(s): Ivana Božović / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/2014