„Burza nad Łanami”: „Jasne Łany” (1947) na łamach czasopisma „Film”

Author(s): Gabriel Piotr Urban / Language(s): Polish Issue: 02/2015

This article approximates, on a characteristic example of Eugeniusz Cękalski’s Bright Fields (1947), the process of elevating socialistic culture in „New Poland” that took place after the World War II. Slogans of „spreading the culture”, bringing it closer to „the working masses” professed by pre-war leftist intellectuals were fully supported by communist authorities during the first years after the war. Both of these groups took up an effort to estabilish principles and forms of the new culture: literature, poetry and film, which ended in their „institutionalization” as a „socialistic realism” during series of artists’ conventions. Bright Fields tried to fulfill this prime principle before said conventions. While fulfilling constructional instructions, they were however harshly criticised for being a primitive picture and exaggerated in propaganda. The movie couldn’t effectively take part in elevating the new culture „for masses”. Except for few individuals, only the „Film” magazine tried to defend the E. Cękalski’s picture. The magazine however, published by a producer of Bright Fields, was on a hiding to nothing and gradually resigned from its first, positive verdict.

Die Wiedererfindung der Nation im befreiten Westeuropa

Author(s): Pieter Lagrou / Language(s): German Issue: 15/1998

Unter den vom NS-Regime besetzten Staaten Europas bilden Frankreich,Belgien und die Niederlande - man könnte noch Nordwesteuropa mit Dänemark und Norwegen hinzunehmen - eine Ausnahme. Im Gegensatz zu den übrigen Ländern war der Nationalstaat hier nämlich bis zum Ausbruch des Krieges fest etabliert, und die Hauptaufgabe der während des Krieges eingegangenen Bündnisse gegen Besatzung und Kollaboration bestand darin, seine Institutionen und seine Unabhängigkeit wiederherzustellen. In Osteuropa setzte die Staatsbildung nach modernem Verständnis erst nach 1918 ein, und dies mit unterschiedlichem Erfolg. Der Sowjetunion gelang es nach 1945, diese Gesellschaften nach ihrem Modell zu formen, nicht zuletzt weil die gesellschaftlichen, politischen und ökonomischen Strukturen der Länder in dieser Region noch nicht so entwickelt waren wie in Nordwesteuropa, wo dieser Prozeß bereits im 19. Jahrhundert eingesetzt hatte. Die Brutalität der deutschen Besatzer, die sich mit der in Westeuropa nicht vergleichen läßt, tat ein Übriges und führte zu totalem gesellschaftlichen Chaos und zu tiefgreifenden demographischen Verwerfungen.

Die Mobilmachung der Körper

Author(s): Eva Hornišová / Language(s): German Issue: 16/1999

Mehr als jeder andere Körper ist der Soldatenkörper Gegenstand von Zurichtungen, die ihn dem jeweils neuesten Stand der Waffentechnik und Kriegsführung anpassen. Betrachtet man die Geschichte dieser Mobilmachung des Körpers, so zeigt sich, wie unendlich flexibel er im Zugriff durch Training, Selektion und Motivation ist. Gerade das, was oft als unabänderliche biologische Grundausstattung und »Natur« des Menschen betrachtet wird, sein Bewegungsapparat, aber auch sein Wahrnehmungs- und Steuerungsvermögen, erweisen sich hier als offenes Spielfeld kultureller Funktionalisierungen. Eine Gesellschaft und ihre Armee schaffen sich den Körper, den sie brauchen - eine Gesamtheit von Fähigkeiten, Automatismen, Lüsten und Erfahrungstypen. Der Körper des Soldaten ist damit nicht ein deformierter, aus seiner >natürlichen< Gestalt herausgetriebener Körper, sondern eine produzierte und produktive Einheit, eine Konstruktion, die ihre Form aus der Funktion bezieht, die sie im Gesamtzusammenhang > Krieg< einnehmen wird.

Böhmische Rhapsodie

Author(s): Robert Menasse / Language(s): German Issue: 16/1999

Am Tag des Brückenheiligen Johann Nepomuk bewegt sich am Dreiländereck Österreich/Deutschland/Tschechien der Wald. Von drei Seiten kommen Menschen, viele zu Fuß, auf kleinen Wegen durch das Unterholz zu einer weißen Kirche auf tschechischem Staatsgebiet, die nur findet, wer sie kennt. Das Kirchlein umgibt ein gepflegter Friedhof, der an St. Nepomuk voll frischer Blumen ist. Auf den Grabsteinen nur deutsche Namen. In der Kirche, gleich nach dem Eingang, hängen gläserne Schaukästen mit alten Fotos und gelbstichigen Ansichtskarten. Auf ihnen ist dieselbe Kirche zu sehen, doch steht sie nicht im Wald, sondern, wie es sich gehört, mitten in einem kleinen Ort. Denn dieser Wald war einst ein Dorf. Er hieß Glöckelberg, und das waren 248 Häuser, 1600 Menschen.

Randbemerkung

Author(s): Peter Demetz / Language(s): German Issue: 23/2002

Die Tschechen standen den Deutschen nicht in offener Feldschlacht gegenüber wie die Polen im Frühherbst 1939, und ich kann mich des Gedankens nicht erwehren, dass die Brutalitäten und Todesmärsche der Aussiedlungszeit eine späte Kompensation für die trübe Alltäglichkeit des Protektorates waren. Man trachtete, vor allem in den ersten Jahren und nach bewährten k.k.-Mustern, sich mehr oder minder zu arrangieren, die Züge gingen pünktlich nach Fahrplan, im Cafe Lloyd waren tröstliche Big Band-Jazzkonzerte zu hören, und der aktive Widerstand gegen das Okkupationsregime war eher eine Sache der ehemaligen Berufsoffiziere der tschechoslowakischen Armee, mancher Studenten und Gewerkschaftler als der in den Betrieben und auf dem Lande arbeitenden Bevölkerung, die zwar das deutsche Regime ablehnte, nicht aber die Sonderzuteilungen in den neuen Werkskantinen und Schuhläden.

„Transsylvania to us, Bessarabia to you!”

Author(s): Attila Kolontári / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2008

Unsolved dispute between Rumania and the Soviet Union: Bessarabia. The author uses Russian sources to present the diplomatic negociations about this question.

Posebnosti obračuna z "Nemci" na Slovenskem

Author(s): Dušan Nećak / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/2013

The following contribution focuses on the peculiarities of the post-war retaliation of the Yugoslav/Slovenian authorities against those members of the German national minority in Slovenia who remained in Slovenia after the war. It is written on the basis of German and Austrian archive materials. These sources define the three peculiarities of the retaliation: swift executions, deportation of the German-speaking population across the »green border« to Austria, and the alleged deportation to other parts of Yugoslavia and Soviet Union.

Pogledi zahodnih zaveznikov na nasilje v Jugoslaviji med drugo svetovno vojno

Author(s): Gorazd Bajc / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/2013

The article focuses on the individual attitudes of the British and Americans towards certain forms of violence in Yugoslavia during World War II, caused by the occupiers and »local« opponents. On the basis of the analysis of primary sources from the British and American archives it explores how their intelligence services managed to follow the developments and why the Western Allies were interested in the violence and all its perpetrators. The author hypothesises that the British and Americans were interested in registering as many violent incidents as possible, while they focused mostly on the cases directly involving their soldiers or mission members.

Avstrijski in britanski varnostni organi in njihov odnos do koroških Slovencev v prvih letih po drugi svetovni vojni

Author(s): Avguštin Malle / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/2013

Immediately after the liberation Carinthian Slovenians – especially those in favour of the annexation of the Carinthian territory inhabited by Slovenians or with mixed population to the homeland – faced various forms of repression carried out by the British military government and Austrian security bodies, subordinate to the British. They mostly suffered due to the general ban on public meetings, prohibition of their own press, and systematic protraction of the restoration of pre-war political, cultural and economic organisations and societies. The authorities delayed the restoration of the Union of Carinthian Cooperatives until as late as February 1949, causing extensive material damage to the Carinthian Slovenians. The number of cooperative members fell to 10% of pre-war membership. Due to activities in the interest of the Slovenian nation, the officials and activists of the Provincial Committee of the Liberation Front for Slovenian Carinthia, its subcommittees and other organisations established during anti-fascist resistance were tried at military courts. A large number of youth activists received many months of prison sentences, the gatherings were subject to physical attacks, and even individual Slovenian priests were not safe from repression. The authorities refused to issue passports to certain individuals, thus preventing Slovenian officials from stating their demands at international conferences. Security bodies often sought Slovenian periodicals and literature and searched intensively for the collection of texts entitled Koroški zbornik, published in Ljubljana in 1946. All criticism of the measures taken by the occupying forces was forbidden. Of the British officers only Gerald Sharp exhibited a more positive attitude towards Carinthian Slovenians, while many of them have bad memories of the military judge lieutenant colonel Cohen. After the decision reached in Paris on 20 June 1949 that the Austrian-Yugoslav border is to remain unchanged, the repression gradually subsided.

Милош Московљевић, опуномоћени посланик ФНРЈ у Ослу

Author(s): Momčilo Isić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2016

This article is an analysis of the circumstances in which Miloš Moskovljević worked and the results of his diplomatic activities as plenipotentiary envoy of FPRY to Oslo, Norway. Especially are stressed the lack of conϐidence which the new communist authorities had towards him as a bourgeois politician from a previous era and the newly developed situation created by the conϐlict that arose between the Communist Party of Yugoslavia and Cominform.

„Az egész választás egy vicc.” Telefonlehallgatási dokumentumok az 1947-es „kék cédulás” országgyűlési választások történetéhez

Author(s): / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2016

Az országgyűlés működése pontról pontra

Author(s): Eszter Légrády / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2016

Püski Levente: A Horthy-korszak parlamentje. Országgyűlés Hivatala, Budapest, 2015. 512 oldal

Udział przedstawicieli arystokracji w masowych przemieszczeniach polskiej ludności cywilnej w czasie kampanii wrześniowej 1939 r.

Author(s): Mariusz Nowak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 02/2005

In the article, the issue of the landowners' attitude towards forced displacements of Poland civilians was divided into several questions.In the introduction the, author presented reasons for emigration, emphasizing that the process also included the analyzed community. Based on individual cases, author tried to show the conditions and directions of displacements, systematized them according to the busiest routes on the south, north and east of the country.In the margin of the issue, the consequences of the aristocracy participation in the mentioned movements were shown. Symptoms of that, was spreading – among public prejudiced against the aristocracy, which it considered a part of before–war elite–unfavorable opinions accusing landowners of being partly responsible for the military defeat of the country.This stance could have been softened by the fact of engagement of the aristocracy in the fight to protect freedom in the September campaign, organizing aid for war victims and participation in creation of conspiracy organizations.

Clerul din Republica Sovietică Socialistă Moldovenească. Registrul oficial din 1945-1948 (II)

Author(s): Teodor Candu,Octavian Moșin / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2010

After the annexation of Bassarabia at the USSR (Union of Soviet SocialistRepublics), the Bassarabian society confronted with major problems of religious,economical, political and social order, which results continue to be felt and till thepresent days. One among the social classes which suffered the most persecutions wasthe clergy. They were baited (persecuted) not only in the period after the annexation butand during the soviet administration.From this reason, in the present material we try to publish the nominal lists of thepriests and of the church servers from Bassarabia from the end of 40 years, of the lastcentury, registered by the Soviet authorities

Judeţul Botoşani în primele luni ale ocupaţiei sovietice. Memoriile inedite ale prefectului Dimitrie Russu (7 aprilie – 17 august 1944)

Author(s): Marcel Varga / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 3/2011

Dimitrie Russu, Botoşani county prefect from 7 April to 17 August 1944, expose in a report to minister of Internal Affairs the situation of this area before and after the Soviet military occupation. After the Romanian administration of Botoşani was evacuated at the end of March 1944, on 7 April the Red Army troops were occupied the city. Soon after, the German bombers destroyed a lot of houses and another buildings. After rebuilding destroyed facilities and institutions, Russu reorganized Prefecture, Law Court, Police etc. and was concerned for the smooth running of economic activities. Ample space is reserved for presentation of proposed relations with the Soviets, Jews and Romanians. Despite the statements made by V. Molotov in April 1944, the Soviets interfered actively in the political and social transformations. In April, Ana Pauker and Vasile Luca had been personally in Botoşani and tried to persuade Russu to join the communism. He refused and on 17 August, Russu was dismissed by the Soviet command and replaced by Gh. Boldescu

O poveste dintr-o iarnă. „Căderea” Regionalei comuniste „Dunărea de Jos” (ianuarie 1941)

Author(s): Ştefan Bosomitu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 4/2012

The histories of the Romanian interwar “left”, and of the Romanian interwar communism were actually never written. If an interest on this topic existed during the communist regime, the rhetoric of the historiographical discourse was strongly influenced by ideological and political interference. Subsequently, these topics were always avoided and even ignored by a historiography rather concerned with the repressive dimension of the regime established at the end of World War II. Starting with an excerpt from a propaganda material compiled in 1948 by the Agitprop Section of the Covurlui R.W.P. (Romanian Workers Party) County Organization, our study aims to reconstruct an important episode of the communist movement in Galati during World War II – the “collapse” of the “Lower Danube” Communist Regional Organization (January 1941), which led to the arrest of dozens of people and conviction of thirteen. The involvement in the events of a character as Miron Constantinescu who, after 1945, would experienced a fulminant political ascent – becoming a member of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee, Chairman of the State Planning Committee and Minister of Education, led to the falsification of the history. Thus, the January 1941’s events were reassessed, by attributing to Miron Constantinescu all the credits for coordinating the entire clandestine communist movement in the region. In reality, things were quite different. Our study is based primarily on unpublished archival sources, and it is reconstructing the sequences of the “Lower Danube” Regional Communist Organization history, but also the identities and roles of its members. Last but not least, we tried to reconstruct the subsequent destinies of those involved in the events of January 1941. Their lives tell interesting stories.

Poliţia din oraşul Galaţi sub presiunea ofensivei comuniste, 1944-1949

Author(s): Adrian Pohrib / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 4/2012

The study consists of an analysis of the historical context where the institutional evolution of the Police of Galaţi took place in the period comprised between August, 23rd, 1944 and January, 1949. The paper approaches topics such as the way the Armistice Convention from September, 12th, 1944 became effective, the tasks and theresponsibilities assigned to the Police, the relations between the Police and the Soviet troops which occupied the town, the purge of the Police personnel after the Government led by Dr. Petru Groza held the power (on March, 6th, 1945), the offensive of the Romanian Communist Party and the attitude of the Police, the role played by the Police during the elections and the amendments brought to the legal frame of the activity of the Police, which ended in the abolishment of the Police and the creation of the Popular Militia (1949).

Arhivele Statului din Chişinău şi Cernăuţi între evacuarea în România (1944) şi restituirea către URSS

Author(s): Cristina Țineghe / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 4/2012

The evolution of the events at the end of the Second World War leaded to the retreat of the Romanian administration from Bessarabia and Bukovina. Among the retreated institutions were the State Archives in Chişinău and Chernovtsy relocated in Bibeşti, Gorj County, respectively, Micăsasa, Târnava Mică. The end of the World War forced Romania to enforce the stipulations of the Truce Convention signed in Moscow on September 12, 1945. Hence, the documents of the two evicted regional branches of the State Archives were handed over to the Soviet authorities in order to be transported to USSR. The documents preserved by the National Archives of Romania reflect this process and contain inventories of the restored archival patrimony.

Germanii din România în atenţia lui Stalin. Politica faţă de minoritatea germană în anii 1944-1948*

Author(s): Hannelore Baier / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 6/2014

After the Second World War the German minority was not expelled from Romania – different from other Central and Eastern European countries entering the zone of Soviet influence. What circumstances this could be ascribed to, and where the final decision was made – in Moscow or in Bucharest – could thus fur not be completely clarified. Archival documents having become accessible after 1990 as well as memorial literature published since then indicate that the Romanian politicians of any colour would have liked to definitely solve the “German question” even before the end of the war preferably by expulsion. However, Stalin wanted to have the Transylvanian Saxons and Banat Swabians retained in their original territories and integrated into society by his model of nationalities policy – the political development in Europe and in Transylvania permitting. The decision on the “German question” was thus postponed until the Peace Conference. At talks with the RCP-leaders in the Kremlin in April 1946, Stalin indicated firmly that he had no intention of expelling the Saxons and the Swabians, and the same was not being claimed for at the Peace Conference. Neither evacuation taking place immediately after the change of weapons of the 23rd of August 1944, nor expulsion in the years that followed, in 1948 the inclusion of the Germans of Romania into the socialist transformation of the society was begun. The inclusion was to be based on the resolution on the national question which was inspired by Stalin’s nationalities policy. The recognition of the Germans of Romania as “cohabiting nationality” followed after five years of their discrimination and expropriation as an ethnic group belonging to the nation that had incited and lost the war. It was during these years that the “national awareness” was consolidated and that their feelings of victimized community of the Romanian regime installed under the Soviet pressure.

Sovietizarea Basarabiei: politici economice, represive și sociale. Studiu de caz: orașul Bălți (1944-1949)

Author(s): Dumitru Lisnic / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 7/2015

The article focuses on the process of Sovietisation of the city of Bălți during Stalin’s rule of USSR. Being a territory occupied by the Soviet Union in 1940, Bessarabia was quite different from other regions of USSR. It had a poor industry, the most important branch of economy being agriculture. Also, it was different from an ideological and social point of view. The first aim of the Soviet cadres sent by Moscow to rule the newly established Moldavian SSR, which comprised two thirds of Bessarabia and several rayons of the former Moldavian Autonomous SSR, was to organize and strengthen the Soviet state control over the region. Analysing the case of the city of Bălți, the author identified the political, economic and social tools used to accomplish this purpose. From the Moscow’s point of view, all the Bessarabians, despite their social or national origins or their political views, could not be trusted because they where former Romanian citizens. The Soviet state appointed in all important functions only non-Bessarabian cadres. The industrial enterprises and the number of the population of the city of Bălți grew fast as a result of the economic and social policies applied by the Soviet state. The growth of the population was a result of the arrival of workers and of the staff of state institutions. From 1940 to 1948 the population grew from 30.000 of inhabitants to 60.000 of inhabitants mainly due to the arrival of non-Bessarabian people. From the point of view of All-Union C(b)P this was a measure aimed to increase the social support of the regime in the city and to accelerate the process of Sovietisation of the region. An important step was to create the conditions for a bigger population by investing in dwellings. The elimination of real or virtual enemies of the regime, by arrest or exile, was another policy applied in this period in the city of Bălți that was not only a constituent part but rather a central part of the Sovietization.