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Maritime tourism is one of the fastest growing tourist branches, bringing significant revenue to the cities and ports that develop it. Baltic cruises generates about 20% of all maritime tourist traffic. However, Polish ports, as shown through the example of Gdynia, have a small marketshare. The article presents results of the analysis of changes in the volume of traffic of cruise ships and the number of tourists arriving in Gdynia. The undertaken research is aimed at assessing and indicating the direction of changes in maritime tourist traffic in Gdynia in the years 1997–2016. The subject of the study are changes in the number of visits of cruise ships and tourists in the port of Gdynia. The data for the analysis of the traffic volume of the cruise traffic come from the reports and information from the Port of Gdynia Authority S.A. in Gdynia and cited in the literature. The work used basic statistical methods, including the analysis of changes in the volume of tourist traffic in particular years. It has made it possible to indicate a decisive decrease in the number of visits made by cruisers in Gdynia in the analyzed period, with the number of tourists stabilizing at 80–90 thousand per year in the last four years. However, this number results from the fact that Gdynia had visits of larger cruisers in last years than it was in the previous period. The location of the port in Gdynia and the lack of significant investments in port infrastructure for maritime tourism lead to the stabilization of tourist traffic at the present level.
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The article attempts at identifying the structural characteristics of both employment and education that are conducive to innovativeness of national economies. The author assumes that innovation is determined on the one hand by structural changes in the economy, as manifested in a modern employment structure, and on the other by the structure of higher education which corresponds to the needs of innovative economy. This study report consists of three sections. In the first one, the Summary Innovation Index (SII) was used as the instrument for selecting the European economies with the highest level of innovation to establish the benchmark for further analysis. The second part presents results of a comparative study on the structure of employment across the EU member countries. The comparative analysis is continued in the third part, but there it focuses on the number and structure of higher education graduates by field of study. The analysis covers the years 2008–2016 and its spatial scope covers the EU-28. The methods used include both descriptive and analytical approach, including comparative analysis. The analysis results show that the countries normally seen as the “Leaders of Innovation” set certain directions of structural change which may or may not be followed by the runners-up. Changes in the structure of economy, in their turn, give rise to changes in the level and fields of education.
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The aim of the article is to assess selected spatial aspects of industrial restructuring in the Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) countries in the run-up to the 2008 economic crisis. The study includes both a comparative analysis of deindustrialisation processes at the national level as well as changes in the importance of the industrial sector in the NUTS3 regions of the CEE countries. In particular, the analysis enabled to identify regions that, on the one hand, achieved economic success measured by GDP growth in comparison to the national average, and on the other hand regions that noted an increase in the importance of industry in the gross value added structure. In three selected regions an in-depth qualitative research was conducted, aimed at identifying development factors, including the role of institutions and external intervention in the economic restructuring processes. The study shows that the scale of success of regions that underwent a successful restructuring of industry was relatively small. In the development processes of the regions exogenous factors played a decisive role, in particular the inflow of foreign capital. In turn, the importance of endogenous factors, such as the growth of innovativeness of enterprises or the development of small and medium-sized enterprises was relatively small. What was identified as a particularly important factor was cooperation between the main stakeholders of the regional and local development, resulting in properly formulated strategies of the territorial structures’ development.
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Tourist traffic plays an important role in the development of tourism in the world. The Hawaiian Islands are one of the best developed regions, as well as regions that are most frequently visited by tourists. Changes in the spatial arrangement (layout) are determined by, on the one hand, internal and external demands, and, on the other hand, development possibilities of individual islands. The aim of this article is to establish the changes in the range of tourist flows (tourist attendance) in spatial and temporal arrangement (layout) in the field of five islands within the range of the Hawaiian Islands, namely O’ahu, Maui, Kaua’i, Moloka’i and Hawai’i. The statistical analysis was performed on the basis of the data from the Report prepared by the Hawaii Tourism Authority 2005–2016 and the data from the Bank of Hawaii. Results of the research indicate changes in tourist flows (attendance) in the years 2005–2015. According to the data, the Hawaii Islands were visited by over 7.6 million people in 2007. In 2009 the economic crisis in the US and Japan slowed the flow of tourists by over 1.1 million, and its subsequent increase was recorded a year later, as well as in the following years. The greatest tourist flows were observed on the island of O’ahu. Domestic tourists constitute over 67% of the visitors to Hawaii. The development of touristic functions of the islands is diverse and depends not only on the size of the tourist flows as well as arrival reasons, but also on the touristic management. Moreover, the characteristic features of the existing tourism in Hawaii focus on the mass scale, spatial expansion and the increase in the standard of services.
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It is widely known that innovation has got an impact on economic development, although there are still not many quantity studies on this topic. In developed countries new solutions are the effect of the domestic R&D production, but in those that are still catching up, like Poland, technology transfer is dominating and the innovation expenditure structure is a quite different. Additionally, it is complicated to measure this phenomenon, because of the short time series in public statistics. The main aim of the article is the identification and evaluation of the impact of innovation expenditures on innovation and their structure on manufacturing production value in Poland in 2006–2015 years, including regional differences, time delays and weight system. What is responsible for manufacturing development in Poland – domestic R&D or passive technology transfer, including foreign one? We were using multiregression panel data (time and spatial) model to find and describe some of the discoveries. We observed that there was a changing influence of every category of expenditure on the manufacturing production value. There was a growing importance of the domestic R&D, with parallel strong meaning of the imported passive technology transfer, on manufacturing. Additionally, used time delays were also significant. Finally, there is a necessity to use regional diversity to measure this phenomenon in less development countries.
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In the globalisation process, the largest corporations are becoming stronger despite the emerging economic crises. Cities with large corporations in their area can develop command and control functions in the global economy. In this case, Beijing has the strongest command and control function and next are New York, Tokyo, London and Paris. The aim of the study is to determine the level of resilience of command and control function to the crisis of the dominant sector creating this function in the cities of the United States and the perspectives of their resilience by 2025. The application was based on the perspectives of the World Economic Center Index (WECI). The ratio was based on the standardised values of the financial results of corporations located in the metropolitan area, taking into account its economic potential and sectoral diversification. In 2006–2016, most of the American World Economic Centers (WEC) dropped the number of headquarters, but at the same time increased resilience to the crisis in the main sector, and the most important WEC in the USA are now New York, Chicago, Houston and San Jose. It has been shown that the resilience of US cities to the command and control function crisis increased later than the market value of companies after the economic slowdown of 2008. In turn, in 2025, the most important World Economic Centers in the United States will be New York, Chicago, San Jose and San Francisco. No spatial dependence was observed in the projected dynamics of WECI values. Declines in value, as well as increases occur more or less evenly across the entire country. Also, the impact of a specific sector on the dynamics of the WECIs are not visible.
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The aim of the study is to analyse the changes in the command and control functions of cities in 2006 and 2012 based on the method of gravity centres. The analysis was performed both for individual sectors of the economy, as well as for European ones. On the basis of the International Potential Indicator, the shift of the centre of gravity of the command and control functions of cities to the East was noted. Nowadays, mainly due to the development of Central and Eastern Europe and the progressive European integration (rising to the East and South), the relocation of many companies from West to East and the growing importance of local companies in developing countries are increasing. It can be said that the importance of the command and control functions of cities in developing countries has increased (Russia, Poland). There was a decline in the importance of the blue banana region and British and German cities. This is especially visible in terms of the number of headquarters in the Eastern part of the continent. However, the capital shift is not that clear and the German and British corporations still remain strong leaders in Europe.
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The subject of this article are the structural changes in the armaments industry in Poland after 1990 regarding the background of worldwide transformations that took place at that time, in particular related to the consolidation of enterprises. The aim of the article is to provide answers to the following questions about the current structure of Polish armaments industry. First – to what extent is the structure similar to the concentrated model of the USA and Western Europe arms industry? Second – is the structure of Polish arms industry suitable for rebuilding its position on the global armaments market in the conditions of gradual reduction of protectionist barriers in Europe? Various research methods have been used to achieve the goal of the article. The basic one becomes the analysis of Polish and foreign literature of the subject and unpublished materials from the former Ministry of Economy. The second method – qualitative – uses the technique of free interview. The author interviewed nearly 20 chief-executive officers of Polish armament companies during several specialist military equipment and armament fairs in 2016 and 2017. The basic conclusions of the research are not optimistic. While the structure of Polish arms industry is not very close to the solutions applied in the US and Western Europe, it is more related to the concentrated models in national structures (holdings and concerns) characteristic for Central and Eastern European countries, the process of concentration was executed too slowly and in a random way. Nevertheless, the main problem is that existing structure does not improve the competitiveness of the Polish arms industry in the face of dynamic changes in the European one.
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This paper presents results of the literature review from the field of tourism and recreation covering Polish research papers published in the years 2000–2017. The literature review concerns the main issues related to the labour market in tourism economy. This study examines publications in specialist journals, monographs, monograph chapters and a ministerial report on this topic. The aim of the literature review was to establish the evolution of the discussed topics, adopted paradigms and research perspectives. The study was conducted from two points of view, i.e. as a classic textual analysis and as an exploratory analysis performed using Statistica Data Miner software. The analysis indicated that there was a modest but growing number of publications by tourism and recreation specialists and the topics investigated by the researchers were closely related to the changes on the labour market. The subject matter evolved from issues concerning the significance of tourism in boosting demand for labour, the level and structure of demand for specialists in this sector, as well as research focused on the role of employees in efficient operation of tourism enterprises. At the beginning of the 21st century the dominant research trends were based on a positivist paradigm, quantitative structural and functional, as well as economic and spatial analyses. However, these trends were gradually replaced by an interpretative paradigm and humanistic, behavioural, sociological, and interdisciplinary approaches.
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This study aims to show how the polarisation of the economic space can modify the investment attractiveness of the regional space. A thesis has been put forward that the polarisation of the economic space affects the investment attractiveness of the regional space by strengthening the polarising power of the regions with the highest investment attractiveness. This study uses the results of the parameterisation of investment attractiveness of Polish regions for 2015 by gmina; it also identifies growth poles in four five-year time periods: 2008–2012, 2009–2013, 2010–2014, and 2011–2015. The study shows that the permanent growth poles are created at a distance of several dozen kilometres from large cities. It indicates the depletion of development reserves of large and medium-sized cities, especially those with extensive space management. Smaller centres are gaining location attractiveness, especially those located in the vicinity of communication routes, where access to investment areas and lower costs of running a business attract investors. Special economic zones are also located in such places. The poles and their clusters usually form large agglomerations and industrial centres in the development phase. They are usually places with high investment attractiveness, adjusted by management decisions of large enterprises, local government units and the state government. The polarisation of the economic space affects the increase of the investment attractiveness of the regions, strengthening the succession of economic production and service functions in special economic zones. Investments in road infrastructure and revitalisation processes supported by special economic zones are essential.
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The purpose of the paper was to synthetically characterise the changes of spatial differentiation of industry innovation in Poland in 2005–2015 in the context of research problems of innovativeness with the use of the cross product. The availability of data limited the scope of the research. For example, innovative activity was presented through the analysis of the share of innovative units in the total number of industrial enterprises and the size of expenditure on innovative activities incurred by industrial enterprises. The analysis of the share of innovative products in the value of total production and net revenues from sales of innovative products in net revenues from total sales was also made. The analyses mentioned were presented against the research and development situation in Poland as a whole and by voivodeship. Research confirmed that significant spatial diversity distinguishes the spatial structure of innovation in Polish industry by voivodeship. Moreover, it is significant that innovative expenditures show low efficiency. Spatial structure of industry innovativeness in Poland was highly stable in the analysed period. The changes in the spatial structure were insignificant and reached only 4% in synthetic terms. More substantial transformations of the structure, often of an abrupt character, concerned only the selected features of industry innovativeness.
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The aim of the article is to present the degree of indebtedness of Poles in spatial terms and to explain the causes of this phenomenon. The conclusions from the analysis show that the overdue debt is the result of a combination of causes, two of which seem to be essential – these are economic (structural) and cultural reasons. Economic reasons relate mainly to a large number of state-owned farms in Western and Northern Poland in the period before 1989. On the other hand, cultural causes are related to the first and also relate to the issue of connection with the place of residence and ownership. The inhabitants of Western Poland constitute an immigrant population, poorly emotionally and legally bound with the place of residence. The opposite are the inhabitants of Eastern Poland, who are often associated with the same place for generations. Aspirations affecting the financial behaviour of the population, shaped by neighbouring countries, are not without significance. Rich Germany creates other (higher) consumption standards in the West of Poland, rather than poor Ukraine in the East. The article uses causal relationships and elements of historical analysis. The information in it comes from scientific studies and reports on overdue debt in 2007–2017. Due to the complexity of the issues undertaken, the findings in the article are mainly of a directional nature and constitute a starting point for further in-depth research.
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The article aims to present the impact of the relocation processes of industrial entities on the dynamics of changes in the distribution of production activities in Wrocław (Poland) and the suburban area in the years 2008–2016. The study is based on the analysis of data from the REGON database for 2008 and 2016. As a result of the study, it was found that the relocation of industrial activities has little impact on the distribution of production activities in Wrocław (up to 10%), and a little more for industrial activities in the suburban area (up to 25%). The decisive factors are the current operating conditions of the enterprise, which may lead to the disappearance or creation of new business entities. To a large extent, relocation of industrial activities is related to the process of suburbanisation (nearly 80% of entities that changed their seat are natural persons running a business), domestic capital (over 90%) and the size of entities (90% of entities are micro and small enterprises employing up to 9 people).
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The paper discusses the notion of a transborder recreational tourism complex (TBRTC) as a geographic and as a wider multidisciplinary concept and describes such complexes within transborder tourism regions in Western Ukraine. A TBRTC is introduced as a spatial formation that arises within tourism-specific transborder collaboration. A TBRTC combines three necessary components: the entirety of all tourism-attracting resources in a specific transborder region; the travel-enabling infrastructure, including transborder-specific features like border-crossing checkpoints; and informational and coordination resources such as tour operating services and defined tourist routes. The paper explains basic terminology and key principles for formation and existence of TBRTCs. The authors start by explaining the unique characteristics of transborder tourism in Europe and in tourism-oriented formations called Euro-zones. A principal model of TBRTC is proposed, including the list of factors necessary for its formation, the key structural modules of a complex; and the causal connectivity map between these modules applied to different types of tourism. The concept of a TBRTC is illustrated using the example of the TBRTC forming in Bukovina-Bessarabia transborder region along part of Ukraine-Romania-Moldova border. This region offers multiple types of tourism activities, which translates into the emergence of a robust transborder tourism recreation complex that started forming in the late 1990s and continues to be shaped until this time.
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Tourism is one of the basic sectors of the European economy. Tourism initiatives funded by the European Union promote entrepreneurship and development of regions. The author emphasizes the role of education in this field as it can create entrepreneurial attitudes and improve the quality of human capital. The aim of the article was to present the legal basis and competences of EU institutions in the field of tourism and the European funds financing tourism projects. The author presents tourism projects financed from the EU funds in Małopolskie Voivodeship in relation to Poland. Therefore, the article is divided into three parts. The study refers to the programming period of 2007–2013. In the light of the conducted considerations, we can see that tourism sector has not been a preferential one for a long time in the EU policy. There is still a lack of financial instruments entirely oriented on tourism projects. The most important role in the Małopolskie Voivodeship played projects in the category of business development, science and education, as well as work and social integration. Tourism projects played a smaller role in the total number of projects supported by EU funds. However, it is important that many tourism projects are international and support regional entrepreneurship.
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This paper examines the liberalisation and the regional air network configuration from Nigeria to other West African regions. It aims to study the impacts of liberalisation on the regional spatial structure of air networks from Nigeria to West Africa in the pre and post-liberalisation. The pre-liberalisation covers between 1988–2000, and the post-liberalisation ranges from 2001 to 2018. The methodology involves using the graph theory to calculate the route and the network topology in the pre and post-liberalisation and compare the resulting index. This hypothesis was tested using the alpha index. The alpha index analysis compares the level of connection in a pre-and post-liberalisation network via graphical depictions of each period’s route and network structure and the resulting alpha index. The pre-liberalisation alpha index for the route and network was 0.297, while the post-liberalisation alpha index was 0.334. The alpha index ranged from 0 to 1 and was the perfect network for the post‐liberalisation period. In post-liberalisation, the alpha index of the route and network are higher than in pre-liberalisation. Hence, the connection is better in post-liberalisation.
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The article presents the results of research on functional transformations of industrial and post-industrial areas of the Kłodzko region (Poland) in 2004–2020. The presented research is based on the analysis of statistical data from the REGON database and on the conducted field research. The article shows that the process of functional succession, i.e. the gradual entry of entities with various functions into industrial and post-industrial areas, in the Kłodzko region, takes place both in towns and villages. The observed scale and dynamics of functional changes is much greater in cities than in rural areas. It is largely related to the availability, the possibility of adapting to other functions and the knowledge of this type of land by potential investors. Functional transformations significantly changed the face of industrial and post-industrial areas of the Kłodzko region after 1989, modifying their physiognomy (appearance) and morphology (structure).
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The purpose of the paper is to answer the following question: Are corporate revenues and the command and control functions of cities, regions, and countries the result of growth at firms already in the area or are they the result of the in‑migration of corporate headquarters? The paper also shows corporate revenues for selected cities and regions of the world as well as examines their command and control function, which illustrates the strength of cities and countries in the global economy. In order to accomplish this goal, corporate revenue values were examined and the command and control function index was calculated for each studied city. The index is based on corporate sales revenue, profits, market value, and asset value, and is computed using financial data for corporations listed by Forbes Global 2000. Research has shown that the significance of existing leaders such as New York and London is declining in favour of Beijing – which is now characterised by the most important command and control functions in the world economy. Furthermore, Chinese corporations are outpacing those headquartered in Japan, although changes in the location of corporate headquarters does not strongly affect the command and control function of cities and countries. In light of the fact that the number of corporations changing the location of their headquarters has increased in recent years along with an increase in corporate revenue, cities oriented toward economic growth may choose to take action to motivate large corporations to move their headquarters to their geographic area.
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The aim of this paper is to define a method for uncovering smart city technology trends using competitive technical intelligence processes focused on intellectual property analysis using data visualisation. The authors introduce ways of gathering relevant core bibliographic data on the desired technology together with search preparation and query building. For demonstration purposes, the authors have used the European Patent Office datasets. The aim of this paper is to define a method for smart city competitive intelligence analysis focused on the main innovative companies and organizations and specific technology trends. The time period between the years 1997 and 2017 is used. Based on the results, the authors have indicated that Samsung is the leader in intelligent city innovations in this period. Five main product invention categories were also identified.
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