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The recent crisis (2007–2008) has highlighted the weaknesses of the functioning economic theory, including financial instruments. It is, therefore, necessary to investigate what is the root causes of this, rather than focusing solely on an immediate examination of the phenomenon – also in the field of finance. The article shows a discussion of what is going on in this topic and points to the scale of the challenges facing modern finance.
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It is the purpose of both parts of the article to present the Prime Minister as a body subject to Sejm control. To achieve the above, an attempt has been made to characterise his legal and governmental status with the consideration given to the factors determining such status, especially those factors that are basic for the presentation of the Prime Minister and fit within the subjective and objective scope of the Sejm control over the government activity. Considerations in this respect are carried out based on the normative regulations, mainly on the Constitution of the Republic of Poland adopted on 2 April 1997. The article mainly includes the analysis of the legal and governmental status subject to Sejm control over the Prime Minister of the Council of Ministers as a chairman of the collective executive decision-making body of the Polish government, that is, the Council of Ministers. The focus has been placed on the role of the Prime Minister in shaping the make-up of the government, his power to discharge and reshuffle cabinet members and influence to consolidate the government. Subsequently, the position of the Prime Minister within the Council of Ministers was submitted to more profound analysis including the contemplation of such normative solutions crucial for this position as authority to represent the Council of Ministers, coordinate the work of the Council of Ministers ensure the implementation of policy adopted by the cabinet, define the manners of the implementation of policy of the Council of Ministers, and coordinate and control work of the cabinet members.
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The article is devoted to the problem of processing personal data by advocates. Much of the discussion is devoted to establishing the status of a advocate in the light of the Personal Data Protection Act of 29 August 1997. The author tries to distinguish when the advocate acts as a controller of personal data and when as their processor to whom that task has been assigned by the controller according to Art. 31 of the above mentioned act. The criteria for making data processing legitimate as well as the duties of an advocate connected with such data processing are also discussed. The author also stresses the consequences of the obligation to keep professional secrets from the point of view of the Personal Data Protection Act and from the point of view of control by the Inspector General for the Protection of Personal Data. In conclusion, the author points to the fact that the regulations referring to the protection of personal data are not adapted to the conditions in which advocates are working which, in turn, causes difficulties in complying with the obligations established by these regulations.
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More widely used geo-statistical methods for modeling distributed phenomena requires the evaluation of the quality of the product (maps) obtained by their application. The method of evaluation of uncertainty i.e. quality of the map was described on the example of a map of mean annual air temperature in Serbia for the period from the years 1991 to 2009 that was obtained from a relatively small number of samples for the whole country area (110 meteorological stations). The uncertainty of the map, obtained by kriging interpolation was evaluated by applying a Monte Carlo simulation modeling method. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. III47014, br. III43007 i br. TR 36009]
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This analysis is based on the human heat balance according to the bioclimatic man-environment heat exchange model created by Krzysztof Błażejczyk. The final result of the human heat balance model points to biothermal weather situations for the outdoor recreational needs. In this analysis, middles daily meteorological data (of climatological station of Novi Sad) were used for two extreme months, January and July. In this work, it is analyzed two periods, the first is for 1992-2010. and the second is for year 2010. The aim is to show how weather can be evaluated for recreational needs which the health resource of Novi Sad and to point out the shortcomings when it comes to multi-year analysis. The objective of this article has been to present a bioclimatic analysis of city Novi Sad and how weather variables come together in order to give a climate meaning on human organism.
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The review on greatest floods recorded in Vojvodina and central Serbia within the period from 1999 to 2009 is given in this paper. For 13 hydrological stations, that recorded the greatest floods for the present period, probability of occurrence of these floods has been accomplished. Based on analysis of time series of discharge and water level maximum, performed by applying probability theory and mathematical statistics, and calculated theoretical probability distribution function of floods, probability of occurrence of flood has been obtained. Most often the best agreement with the empirical distribution function had a Log-Pearson III, Pearson III distribution. These results can be used for dimensioning of hydro-technical objects for flood protection. The most significant causes for floods recorded in this period were melting of snow and intensive rainfall. In this paper the current situation of flood protection and future development of flood protection measures were also presented.
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To analyze thermal regime of Sokobanja basin during 20th century we used the data from weather station in Sokobanja (300m above sea level). These data were processed and analyzed in 30-year periods, according to WMO recommendation, as well as in the period from 1991 to 2000. Thermal regime was analyzed through monthly, seasonal and annual arithmetic means, as well as on the basis of absolute maximum and minimum values.
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In this paper we have analyzed the correlation between the atmospheric circulation and annual precipitation in Serbia for period 1949-2004. The data for frequency Hess-Brezowsky circulation forms and types were used as indicators of atmospheric circulation. Statistically significant coefficient of a negative sign is obtained for zonal and half-meridional form and a positive sign for meridional form. The strength of correlation is not uniform in the space. According to the multiple linear regression the contribution of atmospheric circulation in the variability annual precipitation of Serbia is 69%. Also, we analyzed the connection between the atmospheric circulation and the mean annual cloudiness. Comparing the results for this two climate elements we have concluded that they show different time-space development for same macrosynoptic conditions. Also, we can speak about the regional aspects of these processes.
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The mineralization of water and its content in Crvena River so far have not been studied. Water sampling was conducted from April 2008 - May 2009. Total mineralization is relatively low, which is consistent with the dominant lithological structure (Permian red sandstone). Dry residue contains Ca2+ ion, with the increased participation of SiO2. During the observational period it is clearly expressed seasonal effect. It is reflected not in the direct but the indirect impact. Based on the ratio of individual ions a model is determined for estimation of water flow at the confluence of the Crvena River in Nisava River. It could be applied to other drainage basins that have not been studied so far.
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The paper examines the concept and measurement of quality of service in the hotel sector. The results of research survey that relate to the expectations and perceptions of consumers about the quality of services in the spa hotels are represented here. The survey was conducted in five Serbian spas (West Morava region) in August and September 2008. A model for measuring the quality of services is developed based on the SERVQUAL model. Statistical methods used here are descriptive statistical analysis and analysis of variance ANOVA, which is used for analyzing whether there is a statistically significant link between the dependent variables (questions in the domain of expectations and perceptions) and the independent variables (age structure of respondents). The results may be important to the providers of hotel services and contribute to the advancement of business through the adjustment of the product to the needs of the guest.
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According to the 2002 census, Novi Sad, the capital of The Autonomous Province of Vojvodina has 299.294 inhabitants, including the suburban settlements, which makes 14,7% of the total population of Vojvodina. The Town of Novi Sad includes two urban municipalities: Novi Sad and Petrovaradin, that is fifteen settlements. The goal of this paper is to point to the changes in the population trends in the suburban settlements and Novi Sad which occurred in the period between the censuses 1991 and 2002. In the mentioned period, the number of inhabitants increased in all settlements, except Kisa~, where on the average there were 34,4 inhabitants less every year. The population of Novi Sad and Veternik increased most. The basic question to be asked is: was the growth in the number of inhabitants caused by the positive natural increase or was due to the immigrated population.
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Humankind has been exposed to climate extremes from the very beginning of its existence. Today, prevention and mitigation of natural catastrophes have become a priority for International Union and World Meteorological Organization. Atmospheric electrical discharges and thunders represent an event characteristic of our part of the world in the warm half of a year. This climate event pose a danger to human life and material goods, so this work discusses approximate number of days with thunder and the absolutely highest number of days with thunder in Serbia in the period from 1995 to 2005.
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The spinning movements of air masses represent extremely rare phenomenon in the area of Serbia. Even though mini tornados are characterized by much weaker cyclonic movements of air masses than tornados for example, their destructive power can cause considerable damage and represent the significant factor of risk for casualties. Modern scientific researchers are characterized by the impossibility of making the precise prognostic models on the basis of which it would be possible to predict when and where not only the mini tornados are going to appear, but also the more intensive phenomena such as tropical depressions, storms, hurricanes, etc. Considering that in the last years there were many papers published with the evidences on the link between the processes on the Sun and atmospheric disturbances, the arguments by which it could be pointed to such feedback were presented in this paper. The potential causality was examined on the basis of the analysis of astrophysical parameters. By the use of Mann-Whitney U test on daily data for the period from 2004 to 2007, it turned out that there was a significant link between some variables, i.e. indexes of the solar activity and disturbances in the atmosphere. Moreover, the calculations used by Wilcoxon test spoke in favour of the obtained results.
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The article presents evaluation of the quality of electricity in the network cooperating with hydroelectric power plant. The assessment was based on the Decree of the Minister of Economy dated 4 May 2007 on detailed conditions for the operation of the power system and the norm PN-EN 50160: 2010 – Voltage characteristics of electricity supplied by public distribution systems. The analysis was based on actual measurements made by power quality recorder Fluke 1760. The analysis particular emphasis has been to: values of higher harmonics and voltage distortion factor (THDu) Power factor cosφ. Active power. Assessment of quality of electric energy will be discussed based on the analysis of the measurements.
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Transmission line easement was enforced into Polish law in 2008. It is a limited property right. consisting of the fact that an entrepreneur may use an encumbered real estate in the designated scope. The parties in transmission line easement are the transmission operator and the property owner. Transmission line easement is established for the benefit of a transmission operator who owns transmission devices located on someone else’s land, or is intending to install such devices on someone else’s property.
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The aim of this paper is to analyze and conceptualize the relationship between private and public ownership, to present their short characteristics and to answer the question of whether the equality between these “forms” or “types” of ownership is possible.
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Dieser Artikel ist erste Publikaion in Polen über gegenwartigen eidgenössisches B undesgericht. Er stellt alle Kompetenz dieses G erichts dar, welche befindet sich in verschiedene Rechtsäkte: B undesverfassung vom 18.April 1999, B undesgesetz vom 17.Juni 2005 über das B undesgericht (B undesgerichtsgesetz) und Reglement vom 20.November 2006 für das B undesgericht. Ü berdies in diesem Artikel befindet sich solche Information betreffend B undesgerichts, wie: Organisation, Struktur, Richter und Richterinnen.
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Poland had to meet various political, legal and economic criteria in order to become a member of the European Union; the EU itself also had to prepare for it in institutional and financial respect. Although fulfilling acquis communautaire standards, then accession negotiations and completion of formalities lasted 10 years and the anti-EU campaign before a national referendum about Polish integration with the EU caused serious doubts and concerns connected with the accession, still on the 1 May 2004 Poland became a member of the EU. Now, after 10 years of membership there are several questions how Poland has used its presence in this organization. Has it been a time of prosperity and success or rather a failure and a historical mistake? What and how has Poland been changed over this time? Have social doubts connected with the EU integration been allayed? These are just a few questions raised in this article and the author tries to answer them.
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Freedom Union, a political formation which was created from the connection of the Democratic Union and the Liberal-Democratic Congress in spring 1994, was accused of being the continuation of DU’s idea and the difference between DU and FU was a regulation in the party’s statute which banned creating political factions. Conflicts among the members of the connected groups took place already during the first convention of the party. It turned out then, that there must be a place for various views on various themes in the party. The members were accused of switching to either left or right side of the political scene, for example through crypto-factions creation — Polish Liberal Group. As a result, party activists put forward a proposal to create Democratic Forum which main aim was to strengthen FU position on the political arena and to unify actions of the union members.
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During Soviet times the existence of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was considered an occupation of Belarus. Together with the theory about the origins of the old Russian [sic!] nation it supported the unification of the Belarusian territories with Russia. At the beginning of the 1990s in independent Belarus the so-called “national state” conception of history was developed; its adherents considered the Grand Duchy of Lithuania a Belarusian-Lithuanian state and preferred political history. The next changes occurred in the mid-1990s, when some returned to historical views from Soviet times, others remained on the national historical positions. It is apparent in the evaluations of the founding of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the unions, and the foreign policy (especially towards Moscow). The article points out to the main directions in research and to major editions of sources to the history of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
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