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In this study, it is aimed to investigate the relationship between research and development (R&D) expenditures, foreign direct investment and economic growth over the period 1996-2011 in the sample of G-7 countries. In the empirical part of the study, Pedroni and Kao Cointegration Tests, Panel Granger Causality have been employed. It has been observed that the series are cointegrated in the long- run. As a result of the causality analysis, it is concluded that there is a unidirectional causality runs from foreign direct investments to R&D expenditures and to economic growth, there is a unidirectional causality runs from economic growth to R&D expenditures.
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Personnel policy and its particularities during the entire history of the Ukrainian Armed Forces building have been analyzed. Conclusions have been drawn on personnel policy of "downsizing" tradition shortcomings and its alternative has been proposed.
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Labor market is one of the most sensitive markets in the economy and therefore one of the dynamically changing one. EU Accession of Bulgaria (2007) has brought a significant change in its state. This paper researches and analyzes some of the key indicators, that have an influence over its status and perspectives after 2007. Using data from Bulgarian National Statistical Institute and EUROSTAT is presenting an information about main indicators such as GDP, inflation, investment activity, foreign investment level over a ten-year period (up 2007 to 2016) identified as essential for the Bulgarian labor market. By comparative analysis are defined the key trends of its development over the period and evaluated their relevance to those in the EU member states. There are indicated the problems related to the labor market and its remuneration in Bulgaria, the main steps for their solution and marked the perspectives for their development.
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Currently in Republic of Moldova there are discussions yet on abolishing or keeping employment record books. Since 1999 an electronic register works that contains the main information of employment record books. Recently a law was adopted that makes employment record books not mandatory anymore from 1 January 2019. Even though the employers were asked for their opinions on digitalization of employment records, surprisingly, but the employees weren’t asked for their opinions, even though the employment record book’s owner is the employee and there is the work experience. There are fears of employees that their data on work experience may be stolen or lost. In this paper are discussed the results of a recent survey done on employees to ask their opinions on abolishment of employment record books. The results showed that there are fears of different kind in population that the reform might not go as was intended. It’s recommended taking in consideration the fears of employees, by realizing a careful, gradual reform, taking in consideration individual cases.
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The Special Police Task Force of the Police Administration Bjelovar – Omega – was formed on 23rd February 1991 as the first regional unit of the Special Police Forces in Croatia. It covered the territory between western Slavonia and Podravina. Its commanders were Miralem Alečković and Hamdija Mašinović, and during the War, Omega numbered 302 active and 418 reserve members. The unit carried out its first operation on 2nd March 1991 in Pakrac, and became thereby the first Croatian army unit that was to operate actively in the Homeland War. After a series of interventions in Pakrac, the defence of Glina followed, and the tragic ambush in Sirač, where two members were killed and seven wounded. The next was the tragedy in Kusonje, where the unit attempted to rescue the Bjelovar guardsmen. Battles for Daruvar and Doljani followed, as well as the freeing of Pakrac by breaking out through Kukuljevac. In September, the unit played the crucial role in overtaking the barracks of the Yugoslav National Army in Doljani and Bjelovar. Omega had continued its warpath on the Pakrac–Lipik stretch, where it had carried out as many as nine interventions until the end of 1991. The unit was further one of the crucial success factors in Otkos 10, the Bilogora liberation operation. Omega further participated in the liberation operations Papuk-91 and Alfa. During the Homeland War, six members of the unit were killed, while 43 were wounded.
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Purpose: The purpose of the paper was to estimate the interdependence between selected macroeconomic variables and non-performing loans in Ghana using a Bayesian Vector autoregressive approach. Design/methodology/approach This paper used annual series from 2008-2017 which was interpolated into quarterly frequencies to estimate how macroeconomic shocks affects quality of loan portfolio using a Bayesian Vector Autoregressive approach. Our Bayesian VAR system satisfied the stability condition where the inverse root polynomial is within the unit root circle hence our VAR system was deemed stable. The model was estimated at levels with 1 lag as indicated by the AIC and the SBIC Findings The findings were that shocks to gross domestic product , consumer price index , credit to private sector, imports and monetary policy rate leads to an increase in the NPL ratio at varying magnitudes and quarters. On the other-hand a shock to government debt lead to a fall in the NPL ratio in the short-run but it rebounded later in the tenth quarter. Originality/value This study concludes that the macroeconomic environment is a big influence on the performance of bank loan portfolio which translates into the NPLs. A shock to CPI seems to be highest in affecting the NPL ratio hence the Bank of Ghana should endeavour to keep a low inflation environment such that the policy rate will not be revised upwards which will put more strain on the _NPL ratio.
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Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of managerial optimism on corporate investment regarding the financially constrained firms for the case of Greece. Taking as a fact that managers principally are optimistic and often overconfident an effort is made to highlight the effect of this psychological bias on managerial investment decision – making. Design/methodology/approach The research methodology is based on the approach that the investment-cash flow sensitivity of firms with optimistic managers is more pronounced in financially constrained (equity dependent) firms. Data is gathered from the stock market as well as from balance sheets and cash flow statements for all firms of the sample. Focus is placed on every firm’s annual report in order to gather all necessary data for the methodology. Additionally, stock prices are classified on an everyday basis for all firms for the years from 2007 to 2012. Fixed effects panel regression of capital expenditures on several control variables is used among all stocks of the sample’s 184 non-financial firms with the highest financial constraints in order to examine the impact of the behaviour of optimistic managers to firm financial constraints. Findings Constrained firms exhibit a lower profitability, a lower pay-out ratio, a lower excess value, and are more likely to be financially distressed. The empirical findings clearly show that the investment-cash flow sensitivity of firms with optimistic managers is more pronounced in financially constrained (equity dependent) firms. The difference between unconstrained firms and constrained firms is that on one hand unconstrained firms, with more cash flow, tend to use debt in order to increase both their investment as well as their dividend payment, and on the other hand, constrained firms have to choose whether to apportion their cash flow to investment or dividend payments. Research limitations/implications In this study the regressions that were run were for the whole of the 6-year period of 2007 to 2012. However, testing each year individually could provide researchers with the ability to compare different results, to find out whether there was anything special statistically for each specific year and maybe test the period after the year 2010 when the Greek crisis had started to come up on the horizon. Additionally, supplementary research is proposed regarding the impact of managerial optimism in order to examine its impact on the whole range of decisions that managers have to make Originality/value As part of the literature which links psychological and economic variables to test behavioral finance models, this paper is the first to investigate managerial optimism and its impact on corporate investment in Greece. The importance of this study lie in finding how managerial decision making works within a firm, how biased a manager is when he has to make extremely important decisions regarding the firm’s future performance and success, and how managerial optimism affects corporate investment decision-making especially in financially constrained firms.
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The modern digital media environment is changing rapidly. Media experts are currently working in a multi- and trans-media environment, a global and interactive information space. Changes in the media sphere towards mobility and technological effectiveness over the past decade have not only contributed to a considerable advance in the field of media production, but also modified the principles of information functioning within society, thereby causing the transformation of professional attitudes among journalists and the audience’s media behavior. Journalists began to perform functions not peculiar to public journalism. In the media sphere, whole a number of professions appeared, all directly related to marketing, advertising, PR, etc. The ultra-high speed of work on different platforms simultaneously in the 24/7 regime does not change the basic value principles of journalism. What remains unchanged is that the ethical, humanistic components of the profession prevail in the minds of journalists. Nowadays, valuable specialists are those who can filter and select necessary information and focus their attention on the importance and usefulness for the audience, thus creating a competitive media environment. Such quality of a journalist as a system perspective on the world is appreciated. It implies the ability to see more extensively and deeply, the ability to break through the shroud of everyday life and transform reality at least slightly. The opinions of journalists on modern journalistic skills, such as the role of modern journalism and the attitude of society to it, journalist role and status, principles of this profession which are realized in media specialists’ minds, and modern interpretation by journalists themselves have been classified in the paper. Interviews with journalists were held in 2015–2017. The results of the study have been compared with our findings made in 2006.
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This study examines the impact of export on regional employment in Turkey. To this end, using the annual export and employment figures of Regional Level 2 (Sub-regions) in Turkey for the 2005-2016 period, the study reveals that regional export in Turkey affected the regional employment rate positively. That is, an increase in regional export activity will lead to an increase in regional employment. This finding indicates that developing policies that will help promote the incentives in regional export rate correspondingly results in the employment rate. It appears that one of the leading problems in developing countries which have limited resources like Turkey is to see the gravity of the significance of the incentive policies that will promote employment.
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For several reasons the Question of Palestine has been closely followed by Turkey especially after the establishment of State of Israel. Turkey’s engagement with Palestinian territories is beyond her historical ties with it. At first, until 1990s, Palestinian issue served Turkish foreign policy to manage its relationship with the Arab World starting from 1960s. The other side of the coin was Turkey’s strained relations with Israel. The Oslo Peace Process between Israel and Palestinians enabled Turkey to boost its relations with Israel, reaching level of military partnership. After 2000s, Turkey’s balanced Palestinian policy has been dramatically changed and Turkey apparently became the leading advocate of “the Palestinian cause.” This article focuses on the evaluation of Turkey’s Palestinian policy and the logic behind it.
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The “Republic of Cyprus” became an EU Member State on May 1, 2004, without a comprehensive settlement of the Cyprus problem. The country became a member without having full control over all the areas that it claimed to be under its jurisdiction, which contradicts the basic principles of the EU. This admission also constitutes a clear and evident clash with the principles of international law on which it is claimed that the EU is founded. By accepting the unilateral application of the Greek Cypriots, the international agreements related to the sui generis situation of Cyprus have been discredited by the EU. Moreover, with this decision, the final settlement of the Cyprus problem becomes more complicated than before and Turkey-EU relations become more asymmetric in favor of the latter. Deriving from these points, this article analyzes and demonstrates the paradoxes of the contradictory EU membership of the RoC, which is the most controversial membership decision ever made within the EU. Furthermore, the negative implications of this decision for the Cyprus negotiation process and on Turkey-EU relations are also examined.
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The aim of this study is to examine the effect of increase in globalization on income distribution within the context of G7 countries. For this purpose, the relationship from 2003 and 2013 globalization and liberalization data and income inequality were analysed by panel data analysis. The results of the study revealed that globalization variable was negative sign and statistically significant at 95% confidence level. Accordingly, one-unit increase in globalization will reduce income inequality by 0.59. This result supports the hypothesis that the increase in globalization will reduce income inequality. In the study, a statistically significant relationship was reached 95% confidence level between the income inequality and capital deficit variable which was determined as control variable. In addition, the other control variable in the study, the gross domestic product variable, was found to be statistically significant at 90% confidence level.
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The paper has on one hand summarizing character, on the other hand it embodies a kind of vision on scientific research in ethnology. Since it is not possible to cover the whole range of problems at once, the author has decided for these preferences. She will develop her reflections on examples mostly based on the scientific performance of the Institute of Ethnology of Slovak Academy of Sciences, as this is one of the main research working places in the ethnology field in Slovakia. Nevertheless, she presumes that many of the issues under discussion will have a nation-wide applicability. Under the term 'ethnology' the author understands any research of human beings and groups of people (in the broadest sense of the word: from a community to modern society), peoples cultural and societal activities, their institutions, contemporary research and historical research. In this term she also includes folklore studies, which have an important place in the Institute. In a broader sense she considers them to be sub-discipline of ethnology. The first part is devoted to the research outline; herein the author is concentrating on the era of the last decade The aftermath of 1989 was characterized by dynamism, opening of the old-new issues and searching for new ones Time setting is not going to be strict, as the themes under discussion, as well as theoretical and methodological approaches and research results were not solely connected with the last decade of the 20th century. The research outline is not chronological, it is ordered in relation to the issues. The questions the author is asking in this pan sound as follows: What was the scope of themes and issues, which themes were preferred and which became marginal? Did the theoretical and methodological discussion develop in the aftermath of 1989? Which were the main theoretical approaches in the core of the researchers interest? The second part, which is devoted to trends methodological research in Slovakia, is based on following premise: nowadays ethnologists very often declare their detachment from historically oriented science, which concentrates on (its own) construction of folk, traditional culture. The scope of interest moves towards the question of anthropological research of culture and society. Nevertheless, what does it mean anthropological research of culture and society? To what extent can be this trend considered a vision of ethnological research in Slovakia? Which are the premises to start of? Which theoretical and methodological approaches serve inspirational for the research in Slovakia?
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To study and generalize experience of the teaching staff of the Civil Protection and Disaster Medicine Department for a period from 1967 to 2017. To investigate the dynamics of changes in educational, pedagogical and scientific work, to evaluate the achievements and to draw conclusions regarding further improvement of educational process and training of medical personnel and scientific activities. Material and methods. Archival and current materials of organization and activities of the State Institution “Zaporizhzhya Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine” and Civil Protection and Disaster Medicine Department for 1926–2017 are studied. Educational, pedagogical and scientific materials of the teaching staff of the Department are analyzed and summarized. Results. Studied materials and generalized experience, analysis of dynamics of changes in the educational and pedagogical process, educational and methodological work and scientific achievements and their evaluation made it possible to draw conclusions regarding further improvement of the educational process and scientific activities. Conclusions. The past of medicine, considering its present state, made it possible to trace and evaluate, in the historical sequence, changes in medical education, educational process, content of medical knowledge, training of medical personnel, problems of science, mainstream theories and paradigms, organizational forms of emergency medical care in emergency situations of anthropogenic, natural, social and military nature and to outline ways of their further improvement.
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Bosnia and Herzegovina has been fighting for centuries through centuries in order to remain a unique, complete, independent and sovereign state. Throughout its many years of history, the various rulers who shared, appropriated, gave and took parts of its territory without any consequences were replaced in its territory. Following the independence referendum held on February 29 and March 1, 1992, the international recognition of Bosnia and Herzegovina followed on 6 April 1992 by the European Community (EC) in its existing borders. On June 30, 1999, Bosnia and Herzegovina signed the Border Agreement with the Republic of Croatia, but it has never been ratified by the Croatian Parliament or by the Bosnia and Herzegovina Parliament. When it comes to the territorial demarcation of Bosnia and Herzegovina with the neighboring countries, the opinion of the Badinter Arbitration Commission of the Conference on Yugoslavia, which defined the boundaries of delimitation based on some rules of international law, is important. In this regard, it is necessary to point out the legal significance of Opinion no. 3. Arbitration commissions which read: "The borders between former federal units are considered to be the borders of the successor states, and can not be changed by force, but only by agreement". The principle of "uti possidetis" can serve as a basis for defining the land borders of Bosnia and Herzegovina with neighboring countries. The gaining of Bosnia and Herzegovina's independence and its international recognition has sparked an interest in the issue of identification, that is, determining its land borders with neighboring countries, as well as the sea delineation with the Republic of Croatia. The international recognition of new states implies clearly and undoubtedly the limits of its sovereignty.
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Purpose of Article. The research raises questions of analysis and generalization of the experience of public libraries of the South of Ukraine in the 90's of the 20th century in cultural and leisure activities. Мethodology. The methodological basis of the research is the socio-communicative approach, general theoretical methods, comparative analysis, which allowed to investigate the transformational processes of cultural and leisure activities of the specified period. The scientific novelty of the work consists in the study of cultural and entertainment events, based on the principles of complexity, differential approach, and continuity. Conclusions. Cultural and leisure activities of libraries, formed in the 90's of the 20's century, are a deliberate process of creating conditions for a motivated personality choice of substantive action; a communicative process that promotes the assimilation, production, and distribution of spiritual and material values in the field of leisure.
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Representatives from the EU and its Mediterranean partners (ARLEM), local and regional institutions have the opportunity to actively participate in the ENP. Moreover, the European Grouping of Territorial Cooperation (EGTC) serves as a distinct policy tool for enhancing territorial development and cooperation, allowing for the engagement of subnational actors from different EU countries –and third countries as well. Drawing on the literature of multi-level governance, it is argued that sub-state entities have managed to expand their institutional role in new policy areas that have been traditionally monopolized by central state authorities. Certain types of subnational mobilization originally found on initiatives proposed and developed by the CoR, the financial instrument of the ENP (ENI) as well as the EGTC are taken into consideration and examined from a comparative perspective. Subnational mobilization literature has flourished since the mid. 1990s. Regional and local authorities have tried, not always successfully, to utilize alternative channels of representation in the European Union (EU) in different policy areas and with different scope and depth. The policy areas and the degree of subnational mobilization is greatly varied contingent on exogenous -at the EU level- and endogenous -within local and regional organisational capacity- factors. Most commonly, subnational authorities (SNAs) find themselves involved in cohesion policy issues, environmental affairs, and social policy measures, mostly involved in the implementation phase. However, as the EU continuously emphasizes the importance of regional and local authorities in facilitating the European integration process, it has fuelled SNAs’ institutional ambitions and expanded their aspirations for participation in new policy areas, even in fields traditionally considered to be exercised –and monopolized–by national authorities, such as foreign policy issues. This article focuses on the role of subnational institutions in the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP), a relatively new policy area compared to other established EU policies. In short, the ENP was introduced in 2004 and revised in 2011 and 2015. Its rationale is to bring closer EU countries and their neighbours, so as to work together on issues regarding prosperity, stability and security for all. The ENP constitutes a policy field for subnational authorities that aim to mobilize in the supranational arena. The European Neighbourhood Instrument (ENI – former European Neighbourhood Policy Instrument/ENPI) is the ENP financial tool which provides opportunities for “financial mobilization” to institutional actors by granting funds for implementing programmes. In addition, the European Committee of the Regions (CoR), the official assembly of representatives of local and regional authorities in the EU, stands for another channel for subnational mobilization. Through specific policy initiatives that have been established and promoted by the CoR, namely the Conference of Regional and Local Authorities for the Eastern Partnership (CORLEAP) and the Assembly of Local and Regional elected
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Jacek Faltynowicz, „Odnowa monopolisty” – państwowe przedsiębiorstwo w drodze od gospodarki centralnie sterowanej do wolnorynkowej, wspomnienie aktywnego uczestnika transformacji gospodarczej po 1989 roku.
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„Otwartość” – rozmowa z Paulą Sawicką, liderką „Otwartej Rzeczpospolitej”, o wartościach społeczeństwa obywatelskiego „Z wykluczonymi” – fotoreportaż przedstawiający akcje MONAR-u przeciwko wykluczaniu poszkodowanych przez los „Sprawiedliwość” – rozmowa z Danutą Przywarą, liderką Helsińskiej Fundacji Praw Człowieka, o walce o prawa i wolności obywatelskie „Z oblężonymi” – fotoreportaż z konwojów Polskiej Akcji Humanitarnej do Sarajewa w latach 90. „Solidarność” – rozmowa z Ewą Kulik-Bielińską, dyrektorką Fundacji Batorego, o łączeniu energii organizacji pozarządowych „Z wyzwolonymi” – fotoreportaż z Przystanku Woodstock z lat 2003–04
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