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Collective Defence in the Age of Hybrid Warfare

Author(s): Benjamin Tallis,Michal Šimečka / Language(s): English

Over the past two and half years, ‘hybrid warfare’ has turned from an academic fad into an article of conventional wisdom. Russia’s March 2014 annexation of Crimea and aggression in the Donbas – and, even more importantly, the lessons collectively inferred from the conflict by US and European policy-makers – has fashioned a new lens through which security in Europe, particularly the Eastern flank of NATO, came to be imagined and pursued. This is despite the lack of either an agreed-upon definition or a consensus on the manifestations of hybrid warfare. This discussion paper provides a (critical) reflection on hybrid warfare – as both a concept and a practice – in the context of collective security in Europe, and discusses the role of the institutions and policies of NATO, the EU, and Member States. This introductory section presents an overview of the state of play. It outlines the core challenges of hybrid warfare for collective defense in the post-2014 context, especially regarding the Eastern flank of NATO, as well as the strategic assumptions that underlie them.

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Střet o politiku vůči ČLR v roce 2016: Aktéři české politiky na Dálném východě a veřejná a mediální debata

Author(s): Rudolf Fürst / Language(s): Czech

Participation of actors in the Czech political agenda and public debate, problematic acceptance of President Si Jinping's visit to Prague and split between state institutions at the time of the visit to the Dalai Lama. The continuing trend of the strong role of lobbyist circles in the bilateral agenda. Increasing polarization and thickening of the Czech debate on relations with China, the ideology of most Czech media and their securitization obsessions.

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Padesát odstínů terorismu?

Author(s): Veronika Bílková / Language(s): Czech

On 25 January 2016, the Government of the Czech Republic approved the material of the Ministry of the Interior of the Czech Republic, on the basis of which a system of proclamation of threats of terrorism was introduced. After the terrorist attacks in Brussels on March 22, 2016, the system was first activated, i.e. the Czech Republic switched from normal state to state of vigilance. This material briefly summarizes the content of the new system, compares it with systems used in other countries, and formulates some general recommendations.

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No Revolution Has Taken Place: The Post-2015 Human Rights Foreign Policy of the Czech Republic

Author(s): Veronika Bílková / Language(s): English

In 2015, two new conceptual documents were adopted in the Czech Republic, under the Government of Bohuslav Sobotka –the general Concept of the Czech Republic´s Foreign Policy (available in English here) and a more specific Concept of Human Rights Promotion and Transition Cooperation(available in Czech here). The former document replaced an older text entitled Conceptual Basis of the Foreign Policy of the Czech Republic (available in English here) which had been adopted in 2011 by the Government of Petr Nečas. The latter document builds on the 2010 Concept of Transition Policy,but it is broader in scope, covering not only transition policy/cooperation but also human rights promotion.

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Where Two Are Fighting, the Third Has to Adjudicate – Ukraine and the Russian Federation at the International Court of Justice

Author(s): Veronika Bílková / Language(s): English

The first hearing in the dispute between Ukraine and the Russian Federation was held at the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in the Hague on 6th-9th March 2017. The hearing did not relate to the substance of the dispute, but to the request by Ukraine for provisional measures under Article 41 of the ICJ. The decision on the request has not been issued yet. Despite this, it might be useful to briefly summarize the case and consider Ukraine´s chances to succeed in it.

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Does the Negotiated Convention on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons Contradict the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT)?

Author(s): Miroslav Tůma / Language(s): English

As regards nuclear disarmament negotiations, the year 2017 has been exception also far. The main reason for such praise is that this year, the historically unprecedented two-stage negotiations regarding the Convention on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons have begun at the UN conference in New York. The first round of the talks already took place on March 27–3, 2017, the second one began on June 15 and will finish on July 7, 2017.Moreover, in the first half of the year, the first meeting of the Non-Proliferation Treaty Preparatory Committee for the 10th Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons took place in Vienna on May 2–12, which opened the Treaty’s review process. Within its framework, the Committee has scheduled another two meetings before the whole review process will reach its climax in 2020 with the 10th Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Review Conference. After the failure of the preliminary Review Conference in 2015 due to fact that it did not come to a consensus or an agreement on the final report, the following review process is of the utmost importance, especially in the context of the future negotiations about the Convention on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons.

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Preliminary legal opinion from the European Court of Justice – maybe green light to the emergency relocation system, hundred meters after having left the crossing

Author(s): Tamás Lattmann / Language(s): English

The Opinion of Advocate General Yves Bot, published on 26 July 2017 signals an important step towards closing the legal case initiated by Slovakia and Hungary against the provisional mechanism for the mandatory relocation of asylum seekers, created by the Council in September 2015 to assist Greece and Italy. It is not favorable towards the two member states’ arguments. It proposes that the Court shall dismiss them, and uphold the Council’s decision. This Reflection analyses the original decision, the arguments and the possible political consequences.

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Katalánsko na rozcestí. Nebo na scestí?

Author(s): Veronika Bílková / Language(s): Czech

On Friday, October 27, 2017, the Autonomous Community of Catalonia advanced to the long-awaited and very dreadful declaration of independence from Spain. It did so by approving the Declaration of Independence published by Catalan Prime Minister Carles Puigdemont on 10 October, two weeks earlier, but the document remained aside and served as a tool of pressure on the Spanish government. Rubikon has now been exceeded, and the Catalan Parliament has formally accepted the declaration. This was a very tight majority of 70 votes in the 135-ballot institution (10 MPs voted against, two absent, the rest of the party not taking part in the protest). The result clearly shows that significant dividing lines are currently not only between Spain and Catalonia, but also inside Catalan society itself.The Catalan question is very complex. It has political, economic, social, historical, cultural, legal and emotional aspects. This reflection is further analyzed only by the penultimate category; therefore, it contemplates the legal aspects of the declaration of Catalan independence. When reading a reflection, it must be borne in mind that law (both national and international) is just one of the pieces of a complex mosaic that, although it has an effect on the resulting picture, does not determine it in itself. In the case of Catalonia, this is all the more true that the law leaves many issues concerning the emergence of new states and the secession of part of the state territory deliberately vague so as not to conclude the path of different political agreements.

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Recognition of Jerusalem as the capital city of Israel – acknowledging the obvious, or an illegitimate act?

Author(s): Veronika Bílková / Language(s): English

On December 6, 2017, the US president Donald Trump officially recognized Jerusalem as the capital city of the State of Israel and announced his plan to move the American embassy there. The majority of States have reacted with condemnation or unease to this decision; a minority, including the Czech Republic, have expressed their understanding or, in some cases, even support for it. The divide within the international community demonstrated itself also in the UN General Assembly. The resolution criticizing the attempts to change the status of Jerusalem unilaterally was adopted by 128 votes in favor, with 9 States voting against and 35, including the Czech Republic, abstaining. In the UN Security Council, a resolution with a very similar content got support from 1 States but could not be adopted due to the US veto. What makes the recognition of Jerusalem as the capital city of Israel such a controversial issue? Is it not after all, as Trump said, just the recognition of the obvious? What led the General Assembly to express its deep regret at the US decision and label it as legally problematic? These questions will be addressed in the following International Law Reflection of the Centre for International Law of the IIR.

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Macedonia – back in the global spotlight

Author(s): Andreja Bogdanovski / Language(s): English

What has brought Macedonia back into the global spotlight? Basically: the police operation in Kumanovo, 9 and 10 May 2015, which catapulted Macedonia into media headlines around the world. This large-scale operation against what officials identified as a terrorist group (partly infiltrating from Kosovo) ignited fears of fresh internal ethnic clashes like those of 2001, when Macedonian security forces were fighting ethnic Albanian rebels. In 2001 the country was on the verge of a civil war, which was prevented thanks to the signing of the Ohrid Framework Agreement, ultimately a power-sharing agreement. The concern in 2015 has been whether inter-ethnic clashes might erupt again.

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BETON - Kulturno propagandni komplet br. 115, god. V, Beograd, utorak, 20. septembar 2011.

Author(s): Igor Štiks,Srećko Horvat,Toni Prug,Ana Veselinović,Boris Kanzleiter / Language(s): Serbian

UVODNA REČ; SADRŽAJ / KAZALO; Srećko Horvat & Igor Štiks: Dobrodošli u pustinju tranzicije, Toni Prug: Direktna demokracija; Intervju sa Dejvidom Harvijem: Gradovi i građani; Boris Kanzleiter & Ana Veselinović: Levica na Balkanu

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EAP Think Bridge - № 2020-31 - Focus on Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine

Author(s): Richard Giragosian,Vadim Mojeiko,Lasha Tughushi,Ludmila Nofit,Sergiy Gerasymchuk / Language(s): English

2020 has been a challenging year for the Eastern Partnership.The countries require quite some time to recover from theconsequences of the pandemic for the health care systemand the economy and, perhaps, without the support of foreignpartners, including the EU, they will not recover any soon.Armenia and Azerbaijan will have to start anew the diplomaticpath to normalizing relations after a destructive 44-day war. // CONTENT: Analytica: Eastern Partnership in the Next Decade: Focus on Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine // Azerbaijan: All Efforts to Ensure Karabakh Recovery // Crisis in Post-War Armenia // Belarus: Lukashenko Threatens with NATO Invasion, COVID-19 Pandemic on the Rise // Georgia: One-Party Parliament // Moldova at Crossroads // Ukraine: 2020 Controversial Results in Politics and Epidemic

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EAP Think Bridge - № 2020-19 - June of High Level and Low Content

Author(s): Sergiy Gerasymchuk,Laura Zghibarta,Lasha Tughushi,Vadim Mojeiko,Richard Giragosian,Hennadiy Maksak / Language(s): English

Just as last year, they did not dare to call the meeting of the Eastern Partnership heads of states a summit. The main political event was yet again postponed – until 2021. No common statements and declarations have followed since the June online conferences. Does this mean that the European Union and partner states cannot agree on a future framework for cooperation? Or is the interest in the policy fading from both sides? Hennady Maksak searched for answers. In the meantime, neither the quarantine nor the summer season slowed down the political life in the region. Passions run high around the upcoming elections in Belarus and Moldova. And in Georgia, the authorities and the opposition finally agreed on the rules of the parliamentary election. The Armenian anti-corruption campaign got to the oligarch and opposition member of the parliament. Azerbaijan is again dissatisfied with the brutality of the police, this time both domestic and Russian. And in Ukraine, the presidential party in parliament failed to support the action plan of its own government. Against this backdrop, the countries of the region continue to combat the coronavirus pandemic and its economic consequences. The highlights of the Eastern Partnership life in June are in our traditional overviews of the month. //// CONTENT: Analytica: June of High Level and Low Content // Azerbaijan Condemns Police Actions, both Russian and Domestic. // Armenia’s Political Drama // Belarus: Wave of Repression at the Start of the Election Campaign // Georgia: New System Elections to Come // Year 1 or Year 0 for Moldovan Politics? // Ukraine: Economic Recession, Threats to Democracy and Dynamic Growth in Relations with Neighbors // Eastern Partnership Civil Society Forum News

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EAP Think Bridge - № 2019-08 - Total victory of revolution in Armenia or another serious challenge?

Author(s): Sevinç Aliyeva,Richard Giragosian,Arseni Sivitski,Lasha Tughushi,Sorin Sclearuc,Sergiy Gerasymchuk,Natalia Kupriy / Language(s): English

Is the resignation of the old government enough to talk about the victory of a revolution? Unfortunately, the examples of Ukraine and Georgia indicate the opposite. Now Armenia also faces a major challenge: can the new leadership resist the temptations of the monopoly of power and really reform the state? Both the government and the parliament in Yerevan are yet again under the control of one political force, which, moreover, has no real management experience. Do the new leaders have enough will and wisdom to deal with the country’s serious internal problems and maintain a foreign policy balance? Richard Giragosian analyzes the outlook for Armenia. Meanwhile, Ukraine is slowly but surely moving along the path of reforms, including fulfilling the obligations under the document “20 Eastern Partnership Deliverables Until 2020”. Natalia Kupriy examined how things are going in the public administration reform, the key one for the country. In Georgia, the judicial reform is endangered. Its implementation is the most difficult for the state, and its current steps caused a scandal and a split in the ruling party. Reforms in Belarus are aimed at further mobilizing the state apparatus and strengthening control. In the meantime, the economy is under threat of stagnation without Russian support. The peace process to resolve the conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh intensified unexpectedly between Azerbaijan and Armenia. However, real results are not yet visible and the motives of the parties are vague. Moldova and Ukraine are completely absorbed by the electoral process, which has already entered the home stretch. The most important developments of January in the Eastern Partnership are analyzed in our reviews by experts from each of the countries in the region. //// CONTENT: A “not so new” Armenian government // Azerbaijan: Diplomatic optimism over Karabakh // Belarus: Between independence and economic benefits // Georgia: Naked truth under the cover of justice // Moldova: Aleas jacta est! // Ukraine’s presidential election begins // Analytica: Total victory of revolution in Armenia or another serious challenge? // Public administration reform in Ukraine: A review of accomplishments

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EAP Think Bridge - № 2018-07 - The Assembly of Changes of the Eastern Partnership Civil Society Forum

Author(s): Richard Giragosian,Sevinç Aliyeva,Arseni Sivitski,Lasha Tughushi,Sorin Sclearuc,Sergiy Gerasymchuk,Natalia Chermoshentseva,Hennadiy Maksak / Language(s): English

The new 2019 should be a year of change, both in the partner states and in the region as a whole. A series of elections can completely change the political reality. And the 10th anniversary of the Eastern Partnership is an occasion not only for celebrating , but also for defining new goals. Civil society should actively join the search for these new horizons for the Eastern Partnership beyond 2020. What new tools for participation in decision-making within? the Eastern Partnership Civil Society Forum received, what changed in the Forum itself and what other accents were put during the unusual it its form and content annual Assembly, analyzed Gennady Maksak. What shifts should be expected in the region after the change of power in Georgia and Armenia? What will the elections bring in Moldova, Ukraine and Belarus, where the campaigns are in full swing? The results of year 2018 are summarized in our traditional reviews of events in each of the six par tner countries. In the meantime, the joint staff working document “20 EaP deliverables until 2020” remains the main roadmap in relations with European partners. And further ambitions will largely depend on the implementation of this “homework assignment”. How Ukraine fulfills the provisions of the document regarding gender equality is studied by Natalia Chermoshentseva. //// CONTENT: Armenia’s new political reality // Investors leave Azerbaijan? // Belarus: The Kremlin’s ultimatum // Georgia: Opposition declares a boycott // Moldova: Elections are coming // Ukraine: In the hope of new victories? // Analytica: Are they equal? How Ukraine deals with gender equality issues // The Assembly of Changes of the Eastern Partnership Civil Society Forum

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„Planirana pandemija“? Teorije zavere o korona virusu

Author(s): Zoran Pavlović M. / Language(s): Serbian

Iz zbornika „Svakodnevica i društveni odgovori na epidemijske krize 1914-2020“, u okviru projekta „Čovek i društvo u vremenu krize“, urednik zbornika Milan Ristović, izdavač Filozofski fakultet Univerziteta u Beogradu 2021. Predmet ovog rada su teorije zavere o korona virusu u Srbiji u periodu od početka pandemije kovida-19 u martu 2020. do aprila 2021. Materijal za analizu bile su objave na društvenim mrežama, kao i komentari na portalima glavnih medija u Srbiji. Opisan je veći broj narativa o teorijama zavere koje se uopšteno tiču virusa korona i vakcine protiv kovida-19.

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Pandemija i kolaps medija

Author(s): Nikola Zdravković / Language(s): Serbian

U sceni iz filma U igri (State of Play, 2008), holivudske adaptacije istoimene britanske mini-serije, protagonista koji je iskusni istraživački novinar odlučuje da ne objavi relativno tabloidnu ispovest jedne konobarice jer nije uveren da ona govori istinu. Par dana kasnije, ta konobarica odlazi u druge medije i njena priča postaje udarna vest. Naš novinar, sa druge strane, dobija oštru kritiku od svoje urednice: naime, šta to znači da nije bio siguran u istinitost priče? Jer, kako mu urednica kaže…

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Kruševac kojeg više nema

Author(s): Vojislav Pejović / Language(s): Serbian

Pandemija virusa SARS-Cov-2, izazivača bolesti zvane kovid-19, traje već pune dvije godine. Za to vrijeme svašta smo naučili o virusu, sebi samima, svijetu oko nas i Novaku Đokoviću.

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Blagi omikron i druge fantazije

Author(s): Raina MacIntyre / Language(s): Serbian

Tokom većeg dela pandemije Australija je suzbijala širenje virusa kroz mere javnog zdravlja zasnovane na naučnim činjenicama, kao što su zatvaranje granica, otkrivanje slučajeva zaraze putem testiranja, praćenje kontakata, karantin, fizičko distanciranje, vakcinacija i, povremeno, lokdaun. Nažalost, lokdaun je poslužio za političko prepucavanje i emotivno uzrujavanje javnosti, što je ovu drastičnu meru učinilo simbolom svih drugih mera javnog zdravlja, koje većinom ne narušavaju lične slobode. Poricanje je ipak obeležilo pandemiju. Poricanje da se virus prenosi vazduhom, poricanje nauke, poricanje težine omikron varijante i poricanje šta stvarno znači „živeti sa kovidom-19“.

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Evropski pohod antivaksera

Author(s): Federica Bianchi / Language(s): Serbian

COVID potvrda kao novi Berlinski zid. Nova žuta zvijezda na kaputima progonjenih. Zlokobni digitalni čip umetnut u živote običnih građana. Europski instrument, izumljen da bi garantirao slobodu i sigurnost, u očima podržavatelja raznih europskih desnica postao je oružje kontrole i opresije.

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