![Батак - историко-живописни паралели и асоциации](/api/image/getissuecoverimage?id=picture_2013_27182.jpg)
Батак - историко-живописни паралели и асоциации
The slaughter in Batak is one of the most controversial moments in Bulgarian history, but the guilt and the shame from this monstrous deed do not fall to the victims but to the executioners.
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The slaughter in Batak is one of the most controversial moments in Bulgarian history, but the guilt and the shame from this monstrous deed do not fall to the victims but to the executioners.
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Registers of travel permits for Bulgarians, issued by the Ruse Municipality, stored in the Ruse State Archive, contain unpublished reports of alleged two short visits of Levski to Ruse in early September and mid-October 1869. These documents, despite the fragmentary information, contain invaluable information about not yet sufficiently studied aspects of the everyday life of the Bulgarian society during the Revival period, specific information about the genealogy research and reconstruction of the past regarding the intensity of trips of Bulgarians through Ruse and their ultimate goal. It is assumed that the Vasil Ivanov, registered on September 10, 1869, was Levski, who visited Ruse to meet a Polish emigrant, Rachkovsky (that is the name mentioned in the cited document, but probably it is Mr. Rovinski). The second visit is in the middle of October when Levski made an unsuccessful attempt to build a secret channel, Ruse – Giurgiu, to carry the revolutionary correspondence (the revolutionary channel Bucharest – Giurgiu – Ruse began functioning in the second half of 1871)
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This study is dedicated to one of the most critical periods in the life of Vassil Levsky. Based on survived records and documents as well as on the survey of the achievements of the medicine at that time an attempt is made to reveal his disease at the beginning of 1868 and the surgical intervention that followed. The critical evaluation of the scarce information points to the diagnosis of tuberculosis which caused chronic mesoadenitis combined with local abscess and a long lasting fistula was formed following the surgical manipulation. Appendicitis as well as actinomycosis is also discussed as possible alternatives.
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The present study investigates some aspects of the transformation of the late estate society in the Hungarian kingdom from a microhistorical perspective. The local conflicts around the 1842 muster of the burghers’ guard in the free royal town Košice appertained to the burghers’ duties in general: their mandatory service in the guard and their behaviour towards the council. The analysis of these events reveals how transforming social practices clash with the social order solidified by old customs and law. In general, this conflict sheds light on the changes of the contemporary conception as well as the social transformation of burghership as a category of the estate society right before the outbreak of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848.
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The study deals with the emotional history of Slovak antisemitism in the late 19th century. Inspired by the theory of Sander L. Gilman, it examines the role of the stereotypes of "race", sexuality and disease in the political thought of Svetozár Hurban-Vajanský who was the most influential Slovak ideologue in the 1880s and 1890s. The detailed analysis shows the impact of "race", sexuality and disease on Vajanský's perception of the nation-building processes in East Central Europe and their failure, respectivelly. The anti-Jewish stereotypes are seen as an integral part of the so called "naturalization-codes" (Bernhard Giesen) which helped the nationalist intellectuals to distinguish between their own national communities and the "others" in terms of "race" and gender. The search for the roots of the racialist antisemitism of the first half of the 20th century will thus reveal a particular ideological mixture of tradition and modernity, of Christianity and science – similar to the contemporary allegations of "ritual murder" or the visual anti-Jewish bias.
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In this work based on primary sources, the author investigates the chronology of the appearance of the Bulgars and their movement around Europe. Historical facts show that the formation of the Volga Tatars as an ethnicity was in large part based on the cultural traditions of the Bulgars. In light of the information contained in the article, the Bulgars cannot be considered direct ancestors of the Chuvash people.
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In the years after the Ilinden-Preobrazhenie uprising in 1903, complex and ambiguous relations developed between the IMARO and the Bulgarian governments. The nonintervention of Bulgaria in support of the rebels in Macedonia and the Adrianople Thrace led to serious tensions between the revolutionary organization and the state factors in the Principality. There was an intensive process of ideological organizational fragmentation in the IMARO itself, as part of its circles supported the idea of completely breaking off the ties with official Bulgaria. Although it publicly supported conduct of declarative distancing by the Bulgarian state, the Internal Organization continued to benefit from its financial and military assistance. During the period under review, the state subsidies for IMARO increased many times. The financing of the revolutionary organization by the Bulgarian governments suffered from many weaknesses, but it was of great importance for the preservation of its potential. Despite a number of contradictions and problems between state institutions and revolutionary activists, their common strategic goal – the liberation of Macedonia and Adrianople Thrace – determined their permanent co-operation.
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Based on published and newly discovered unpublished sources, as well as the existing historical research on the topic, the author reconstructs the church-national struggle in Sofia in the years after the end of the Crimean War (1856). The events in Sofia are discussed in the context of the national struggle for an independent Bulgarian church and in comparison with the similar activities in Plovdiv at the same time. Two main moments in the church movement in Sofia attract the attention and form the cores around which the source material is focused: the reaction in the city after the secession from the Patriarchate of Constantinople on 3 April 1860 in the Bulgarian church „St. Stefan“ in Constantinople – two months later Sofia’s Bulgarians also renounced the Patriarchate and reinforced this with relevant changes in the municipal self-government; the dramatic events in Sofia in 1861 when the citizens of Sofia defended their previously stated position on the church issue by refusing to accept the patriarchal bishop – Bulgarian Dorotheos.
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Professor Francesco Guida’s lecture, delivered in connection with his election as Doctor Honoris Causa of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, is a synthesis of the historical relations of Italy with the peoples and states in the Balkan Peninsula at the time of the struggles for national unification, for liberation and for political emancipation in the 19th and 20th century. The author examines successively Italy’s relations with Greece, with Serbia, with Bulgaria, Albania, Montenegro and Romania. The stages of Italian-Balkan relations are outlined: from the interaction in the struggle for national liberation to the political and diplomatic relations after the formation of national states and their inclusion in military and political blocs on the eve of World War I, shedding light on the Italian economic interest in the region as well.Guida also discusses the ideas of Garibaldi and Mazzini, which had a wide impact in the Balkans, too, at the time of national-liberation movements. In conclusion, he points out that the national revival movement of Italy (Risorgimento) and the national revival movements of the Balkan peoples had close and important ties. However, these ties should not be overestimated, because the ideas and the political figures of Italy did not exercise a greater influence on the political fate of the Balkan peoples than the Russian Pan-Slavism or than the political and diplomatic initiative of Austria-Hungary.
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The archives of Bulgarian entrepreneurs from the National revival period contain valuable primary sources that allow us to investigate different issues. Such is the situation with the documentary collections of brothers Hristo, Nichola and Ivan Todorovi Pulievi, and their relatives Evlogi and Hristo Georgievi. One can find in those primary sources information concerning the division of the Bulgarian lands in the production of certain agricultural and craft goods; for little-known or unknown businessmen, for commercial practices, for certain events of regional and national scale. Some of the problems mentioned above have been the subject of scientific interest and research, but there are still “white fields” that deserve attention.
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In 1869 a Bulgarian Learned Society in Braila was finally founded, as realization of an idea of the Bulgarian Revival community from the 1850s. From the begging the Bulgarian Learned Society and its leaders are actively involved in European scientific life, using the experience of the work of similar institutions. Thanks to the efforts of several leading figures, a network of contacts is quickly established, which contributes to the further development of the Society. This article provides information on the BLS‘s connections with various individuals and foreign scientific organizations at the its initial stage, and aims to present and analyze the various factors that influence the development of such relationships.
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This article considers the creation of IRA and pays attention to its ideology, organization and social structure during the period under review. It examines the main IRA’s actions in the conflict with British government (1919 –1921) and their consequences. The main thesis presented in this study is that through its heterogeneous actions during the Irish war of independence IRA becomes decisive but not only factor in the rejection of the British government from the south of the island. Applying partisan tactics and acting together with the separatist Irish government IRA successfully neutralized British armed forces leading to the signing of the peace treaty between two countries (06.12.1921).
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The review of: Pieter Lagrou: The Legacy of Nazi Occupation. Patriotic Memory and National Recovery in Western Europe, 1945-1965. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2000, 327 strani.
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On the basis of literature and archive sources, the author outlines some characteristics of the economic development in Slovenia in the first two years after the Second World War. Special attention is dedicated to the the endeavours of the federal bodies to centralize and unify, as soon as possible, the economy in Yugoslavia.
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The review of: Janez Janša: Premiki. Nastajanje in obramba slovenske države 1988-1992. Mladinska knjiga Ljubljana 1992, 364 strani.
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The review of: Janko Prunk , Slovenski narodni programi, Založilo Društvo 2000, Ljubljana 1986, 284 str.
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The author analyzes the arrangement of federal relations in the constitutional system of the new Yugoslavia from the National Liberation War in the years 1941—1945 to the present constitutional arrangement based on the constitution of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1974. The continuity of federal principles from the second session of the AVNOJ in Jajce in 1943 onwards is emphasized and the arrangement during individual stages is assessed.
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The name of Marin Drinov is well-known among the specialists and among the wider audience as the name of a notable scholar, honoured enlightener and public figure. Despite numerous studies, however, his correspondence has not received the adequate attention from researchers and still remains hardly accessible to readers. The study focuses on the fate of the epistolary heritage of M. Drinov in the context of the development of the Bulgarian historical science in the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century. Special attention is paid to the scientists who have made significant contributions to the search, reading and publication of his correspondence. The article outlines the prospects for future research and the preparation for publication of his known and unknown letters.
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