![XIV международен конгрес по османска социална и икономическа история](/api/image/getissuecoverimage?id=picture_2017_34300.jpg)
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Salonica was the centre of the national idea in the Ottoman Empire, which distinguished it essentially from the cosmopolitan Ottoman cities along the Asia Minor coast. The Bulgarians had a significant role to play in the political and ideological ebullience that had gripped the city in the first decade of the 20th century. Its representatives were among the most prominent proponents of the national, socialist and anarchist idea that inevitably influenced the Jewish community in the city. Even though its Jewish population did not identify itself with the national-liberation aspirations of the Christian population, the proximity of the Balkan nation states and particularly of Bulgaria had a tangible effect on the city and predetermined its fate.
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This study looks at bells and bell ringing in the medieval Balkans byfocusing on historical Serbia and Bulgaria. It provides a comprehensive view of the use of bells for religious purposes from the thirteenth century until the early Ottoman period. The evidence examined is organised in two parts; the first one deals with written sources while the second is a catalogue of church bells preserved in the region under study. Dated to the thirteenth, fourteenth and fifteenth century, some of these instruments are recent discoveries while others are not well known among scholars. This is the first time that most extant bells from the region are analysed together, offering the opportunity to trace the development of these artefacts in the Balkans. In a third section the information from written sources and actual bells is discussed in conjunction.
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The study is mostly based on the writings of Father Arthur Droulez of Congregation of the Mission. Special attention is paid on his accounts about the Bulgarian Uniates in Macedonia, published recently (1839–1939) in French. The main themes are presented, supplemented by information newly obtained from the private Bulgarian archives.
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The study focuses on the development of the Bulgarian girls’ education in the historical-geographical region of Macedonia during the Revival, as an important stage in the emancipation of the female sex. It can be noted that the first girls’ schools in the district had a short life due to a number of difficulties in their functioning. It should not be forgotten that in the ethnically diverse Macedonian provinces of the Ottoman Empire, their opening was more an expression of local patriotism and an attempt to overcome Greek influence in cities with a rather mixed population. From the second half of the 19th century Bulgarian girls’ schools were organized in the larger cities largely thanks to the tireless work of the teachers from Sopot Nedelya Petkova and her daughter Stanislava Karaivanova. Although timid at this early stage, the issue of girls’ education involved many women and raised the issue of the women’s movement among Bulgarians in Macedonia.
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The emergence of the first Catholic parishes in the territory of Kosovo and Metohija is related to the development of mining, mainly in the settlements of German miners Saxons and the colony of traders from the coastal parts of the Serbian medieval state (Cattaro, Dubrovnik, etc.). The significance and influence of these trading colonies has experienced its climax at the time of the Serbian despots, while the question of the spiritual and administrative authority over these parishes reflects the pretensions of certain Catholic ecclesiastical centers to protect the interests and rights in the exercise of their obligations.
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This article compares the projects for the initial modernization of education among the Czechs, Slovaks, Vojvodina Serbs and Bulgarians, their conception, initiation and the social factors responsible for their implementation. The role of the clergy for the spread of Enlightenment ideas and the preservation of the literary tradition – a factor common to all peoples – is outlined. The connection between the literacy of the broad strata of the subjugated peoples and the development of the native language is analyzed. The author considers the reform of education in the general context of state policy, noting that while in the Habsburg monarchy it was a governance policy aimed at the general process of modernization of the state, in the Ottoman Empire the central government remained indifferent and the Bulgarian educational project was the work of wealthy patriotic emigration.
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The paper presents the life and work of Eugene of Savoy, a famous military leader at the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries, whose achivements left a mark in the history of numerous countries, from Austria, through Germany, Italy and France, to Serbia. The biography of Prince Eugene has a mutinational, “pan-European” char- acter, bearing in mind that he came from an Italian family (princes of Savoy), that he was raised in the environment of the French royal court, and that he served three Habsburg emperors (Leopold I, Joseph I and Charles VI). Napoleon considered Eugene one of the seven greatest commanders of history.The article contains presentation of young years and military career of Prince Eugene, especially during the Great Turkish war (1683-1699) and after, includin presantation of crucial battles of Zenta (1687), Petrowaradin (1716) and Belgrade (1717). The Prince’s fame was secured with his decisive victory against the Ottomans at the Battle of Zenta in 1697, earning him Europe-wide fame. The Battle of Zenta proved to be the decisive victory in the long war against the Turks. Renewed hostilities against the Ottomans in the Austro-Turkish War consolidated his reputation, with victories at the battles of Petrovaradin (1716), and the decisive encounter at Belgrade (1717). Of all Eugene’s wars this was the one in which he exercised most direct control; it was also a war which, for the most part, Austria fought and won on her own. The war had dispelled the immediate Turkish threat to Hungary and was a triumph for the Empire and for Eugene personally. In the period after the Second World War, during the period of growing popularity of European integration and cooperation, as well as supranational ideas, there was a reinterpretation of the historical role of Eugene Savoy as an archetypal character “pan-European”, “hero of European culture”, “builder of Europe”. The period of the Austro-Turkish wars in which Prince Evgenije participated and his great victories over the Turks had an exceptional influence and significance on the history of the Serbian people (Great Migration 1690). A large number of Serbs also took part in the campaigns and battles led by Eugene of Savoy.
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The article is a continuation of a study published in 2012 in the journal “Historical Review” under the same title. Here the author summarizes data on Russian liturgical books delivered to the Bulgarian lands at the request and with the assistance of the Russian Vice Consul in Plovdiv Naiden Gerov. The information was found in the archive fund of N. Gerov in the Bulgarian Historical Archive at the National Library “St. St. Cyril and Methodius” (NBCM–BIA) after the publication of the study, published in 2012.
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The proposed article pays attention to a document that provides valuable information in two directions. The first one is related to the Christian moral norms typical for the period of the Bulgarian National Revival. The second direction is related to the public self-organization and charity. The mentioned document is a letter (from 1860) sent by the notables of Tarnovo to their fellow countrymen in Ottoman Bulgaria, and in Romania (Bucharest) in order to help financially and morally their fellow-citizen Mihail Vasilev. He was a guild member (a furrier) and a merchant who became very poor in 1860. Probably the reasons for his pauperization were related to the specific economic and financial situation in the Ottoman Empire after the Crimean War (1853–1856). The negative factors caused by the war forced Mihail to leave the urban setting, and settle down in Romania. It is interesting to note that the spirit of Christian ethical norms (goodness, charity, compassion) influences the content of the whole document. The notables of Tarnovo urged their compatriots in the Bulgarian lands, and in Romania to help the needy and his family (a wife and five daughters). There are also some clues about merchants, their profession and wealth; the role of basic moral principles such as honesty. Last but not least, the discussed primary source can give the opportunity to assess the importance of self-organization of Bulgarians to help each other. Their social capital (social/entrepreneurial networks and contacts based on mutual trust) played an important role in such philanthropic activities.
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Review of: Josip Parat - La transgression en temps de guerre de l’Antiquité à nos jours, ur. Nathalie BARRANDON, Isabelle PIMOUGUET-PEDARROS (Rennes: Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2021). 270 str. ISBN 978-2-7535-8160-9. Dino Mujadžević - Pavol MALINIAK i Imrich NAGY: Turek na obzore (Z prameňov k uhorskoosmanským vzťahom) (Kraków: Spolok Slovákov v Poľsku, 2013). 245 str. ISBN 978-83-7490-652-4. Milan Vrbanus - Ladislav DOBRICA i Ivana POSEDI: Kronika franjevačkog samostana u Vukovaru: Knjiga I (1722.-1780.). Gradivo za povijest Vukovarsko-srijemske županije županije, knjiga XIV (Vukovar: Državni arhiv u Vukovaru, Franjevački samostan Vukovar i Hrvatska franjevačka provincija sv. Ćirila i Metoda, 2020). XXI + 468 str. ISBN 978-953-7980283. Gabrijela Odobašić - Mirjana REPANIĆ-BRAUN i Mario BRAUN: Spomenik Svetoga Trojstva u Osijeku / Monument of the Holy Trinity in Osijek (Zagreb – Osijek: Hrvatska akademija znanosti i umjetnosti, Zavod za znanstveni i umjetnički rad u Osijeku, 2020). 295 str. ISBN 978-953-347-367-3. Iva Vidović - Katarina HORVAT-LEVAJ i Margareta TURKALJ PODMANICKI: Palača Slavonske general-komande u Osijeku (Zagreb – Osijek: Hrvatska akademija znanosti i umjetnosti, Zavod za znanstveni i umjetnički rad u Osijeku, Sveučilište Josipa Jurja Strossmayera u Osijeku, 2019). 237 str. ISBN 978-953-347-324-6. Josip Lučić - Tužna mladost i žalostna smrt Pere Šestića iz Račinovaca. Sastavio Stančić. 3. izdanje (pretisak), ur. Martina KELAVA (Drenovci: Muzej Cvelferije, 2020). 112. str. + obiteljsko stablo (Obitelj Šestić). ISBN 978-953-48152-3-6. Ivan Milec - Stipica GRGIĆ: Između režimske ideologije i potreba građana: Savska banovina 1929-1939. (Zagreb: Sveučilište u Zagrebu, Fakultet hrvatskih studija, 2020). 878 str. ISBN 978-953-7823-81-8. Ana Rajković Pejić - Stefan GUŽVICA: Prije Tita. Frakcijske borbe u Komunističkoj partiji Jugoslavije 1936.-1940. (Zagreb: Srednja Europa, 2020). 156 str. ISBN 978-953-8281-24-2. Stjepan Bekavac - Ivan TEPEŠ: Hrvatska politička emigracija – HSS (Zagreb: AGM d. o. o., 2021). 464 str. ISBN 978-953-174-528-4. Petra Kolesarić - Osječki zbornik, sv. 36., gl. ur. Marina Vinaj (Osijek: Muzej Slavonije, 2021). 136 str. ISSN 0473-4882.
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The period under study is conditioned by the author’s interest in the period of modernization and Europeanization of Bulgaria, coinciding with the peaceful years of the reign of Prince/King Ferdinand (1887–1912). These were two and a half decades of upsurge in practically all spheres of state development, which yielded brilliant results due to the united efforts of the Crown and the political class. Logically, this effective development not only did not pass by, but also manifested itself in the sphere of the armed forces, which had gone the long way of their modernization from a small and inexperienced army after the Liberation to the strongest militarily Christian state on the Balkan Peninsula on the eve of the Balkan Wars. Without pretending to be exhaustive, the study offers an overview of the development of the Bulgarian armed forces in the period 1887–1912 in the context of the reign of Prince Ferdinand. It deals with issues such as: the state of the army from the Liberation to the end of the Interregnum (1879–1887); the gradual positive change in the field of modernization of the material and training base of the soldiers and officers; the modern legislative activity of the time; the rearmament of all branches of the army using the most modern Western systems; the establishment of the Institute of Reserve Officers and of the Army Reserve Cadre; the training of officers and sergeants in Bulgaria and abroad (with emphasis on the posting of officers to Russian and Western European training establishments and academies). Important problems are not overlooked, such as the development and maintenance of the cavalry stock and base, the creation of military intelligence, the emergence and development of the problem of Bulgarian soldier and officer uniforms and their direct dependence on the foreign policy context of the time, etc. Among the main contributions of the study is the juxtaposition of the two first Bulgarian rulers, Prince Alexander I and Ferdinand I in their attitude to the military theme and its protagonists, both in practical and political terms. No less interesting is the consideration of the question of the attitude of the two heads of state towards the senior officers and their ability to lead and turn them into instruments of their aims and intentions.
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The study aims to identify some of the worries, difficulties, and dissatisfactions experienced by certain categories of inhabitants within Moldavian towns. They had to face the changes brought to the economic system at the continental level, manifested in space which, from the 17th to the late 18th century, was under the overwhelming influence of the Ottoman economic system. Among the challenges experienced by the merchants and artisans in a changing world, such as that of the first half of the 19th century, I mention the organisation into guilds, the supremacy of the western economy, the first attempts to constitute a free market, as well as competition and protectionism. Such transformations influence individual and mostly group attitudes, through the invocation of old privileges and traditions or the protection of the representatives of local power or foreign consulates. They also invoked, in a rather confused manner at first, but then increasingly more clearly, the value of free trade. The disturbance of the old order and the volatility of the new one left traces in the files within various collections of the Archives in Iaşi; the study relies on these sources.
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The present article looks briefly at the history of the Roman Catholic Congregation (the Daughters of Charity of Saint-Vincent-de-Paul) who proclaim the Gospel among the Levantine peoples. The religious institute of women devoted to active charitable work. They settled in Ottoman Salonica around the 1850s. Their activities were closely linked to those of the Lazarists, depending on the same superior of the Mission. Referring to the French archives of their house in Salonica and personal documents, the author briefly presents the objectives of their mission, which, until 1913, was facilitated by the Franco-Ottoman capitulations. The schools of Daughters of Charity were attended by children of different nations, including Bulgarians. The text is an initial attempt to study the schools of the women’s congregations in the Balkans.
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