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The Holocaust in Slovak Drama

Author(s): Dagmar Kročanová / Language(s): English Issue: 12/2017

Kročanová Dagmar, The Holocaust in Slovak Drama. “Poznańskie Studia Slawistyczne” 12. Poznań 2017. Publishing House of the Poznań Society for the Advancement of the Arts and Sciences, pp. 197–210. ISSN 2084-3011. The article discusses several Slovak plays with the theme of the Holocaust; namely Ticho (Silence) by Juraj Váh, Holokaust (Holocaust) by Viliam Klimáček, and Rabínka (The Woman Rabbi) by Anna Grusková. It also briefly refers to Návrat do života (Return to Life) and Antigona a tí druhí (Antigone and Those Others) by Peter Karvaš, both mediating traumas from concentration camps. Two plays (Ticho and Návrat do života) were written and staged immediately after the Second World War. Karvaš’s Antigona is a rare occurrence of the theme in Slovak drama during the Communism (in the early 1960s), whereas Klimáček’s and Grusková’s plays are recent, both staged in 2012. The article focuses on several aspects of these five plays: on dramatic characters representing “victims”, “witnesses” and “culprits” (Panas, quoted in Gawliński 2007: 19); on references about and/or representation of the Holocaust in dramatic texts; and on the type of the conflict(s) in the plays. It also mentions specific approaches of respective authors when dealing with the theme of the Holocaust, as well as with the relevance of their reflection of the theme for Slovak society in respective periods.

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The Holocausts

Author(s): Arkadiusz Morawiec / Language(s): English Issue: 12/2017

Morawiec Arkadiusz, The Holocausts. “Poznańskie Studia Slawistyczne” 12. Poznań 2017. Publishing House of the Poznań Society for the Advancement of the Arts and Sciences, pp. 225–239. ISSN 2084-3011. The article examines genocide as a category that has been used and abused in various, especially historical, political, and ideological, discourses. It considers whether the extermination of Jews (the Holocaust) should be studied in the context of other mass crimes. I investigate various sources of twentieth-century organized violence and their literary representations. I also discuss the works of Polish literature (by Nałkowska, Gębarski, Woroszylski, and Margolis), which depict twentieth- -century acts of genocide (the extermination of Jews and Armenians, in particular) in the context of other mass crimes.

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Kuća sećanja i zaborava Filipa Davida: književnost, pamćenje i smrt

Author(s): Časlav V. Nikolić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 12/2017

Časlav Nikolić, Kuća sećanja i zaborava Filipa Davida: književnost, pamćenje i smrt (House of Memories and Oblivion by Filip David: Literature, Memory and Death). “Poznańskie Studia Slawistyczne” 12. Poznań 2017. Publishing House of the Poznań Society for the Advancement of the Arts and Sciences, pp. 241–258. ISSN 2084-3011. The aim of this paper, is to determine the status of the Holocaust themes in contemporary Serbian literature. Philip David’s novel House of memories and oblivion contains resonances of the civilization after World War II considering the fate of Jewish people in this war. The attempt to highlight the work and the way of Western civilization to define itself in respect of the Holocaust was made. David’s novel is an example of a literary text which tests the boundaries of narrative regarding life of those who survived the Holocaust and tryed to find their identity. Literary discourse also allows to search for the truth about the crime in the gaps of the symbolic order of our world.

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Holokaust – hranica pragmatického jazyka

Author(s): Zora Prušková / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 12/2017

Prušková Zora, Holokaust – hranica pragmatického jazyka (The Holocaust – the Border of Pragmatic Language). “Poznańskie Studia Slawistyczne” 12. Poznań 2017. Publishing House of the Poznań Society for the Advancement of the Arts and Sciences, pp. 259–270. ISSN 2084-3011. The theme of the paper is observing and revealing non-pragmatic language that, when dealing with deliberately chosen texts about acts of violence, leads to productive aesthetic disturbance. In its substance, this language refers to the gulf between intensity of representation and ideological intention towards a reader declared in a complicated manner. The paper discusses five texts with the theme of the Holocaust. Three of them deal with the Holocaust as with a recent experience, namely Curzio Malaparte’s Caput (1944), Žofia Nalkowska’s Medallions (1945), and Leopold Lahola’s Last Thing (1949–1956, published in a book in 1968); whereas two other ones deal with the Holocaust after some time in a form of belles-lettres memoirs or testimony, namely Juraj Špitzer’s I Did Not Want to Be a Jew (1994) and Jerzy Kosiński’s Painted Bird (in English in 1965, Czech translation was published in 2011). All interpreted texts are marked by specific language situated beyond the border of traditional literary representation. This language is either extremely subjective, expressive and periphrastic – in this case it borders on with absurd Realism or nonsense (in case of C. Malaparte, J. Kosiński, and L. Lahola) – or, in its neutral representation (in case of Ž. Nalkowska, and J. Špitzer), it borders on with a melancholic self-referential document on limits of cultural humanism or of normal, common humanity.

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“Prosthetic” Memory, “Aftersights” of Memory, Memory “Easy to Consume”? A Few Words About Visual Remembrance of the Holocaust

Author(s): Urszula Kowalska / Language(s): English Issue: 12/2017

Kowalska Urszula, “Prosthetic” Memory, “Aftersights” of Memory, Memory “Easy to Consume”? A Few Words About Visual Remembrance of the Holocaust. “Poznańskie Studia Slawistyczne” 12. Poznań 2017. Publishing House of the Poznań Society for the Advancement of the Arts and Sciences, pp. 331–345. ISSN 2084-3011. Discussion about the borders restricting (unavoidable today) aestheticization of memory about the Holocaust experience is still valid – in the article are recalled some different strategies of remembering the Holocaust in the art using photography. Two of the artistic projects (Powidoki by Zbigniew Libera and Pocztówki z Auschwitz by Paweł Szypulski) are using authentic photographs to initialize the discussion about trivialization of image, removing it from its original context and, at the same time, “blunting” the sensitivity of the recipient. The other two works (Auschwitz, co ja tu robię by Mikołaj Grynberg and Miejsca nieparzyste by Elżbieta Janicka) are suspended between conversation and silence (two classic poles of memory about the Holocaust). All of these works are disputing with “fixed” models and imaginary experiences, deconstructing pathos, they are talking about the blurring memories and manipulating with memory, about competition of different historic narrations and attempts at overtaking the past, passing the traumatic experiences of the war and the Holocaust to the next generations.

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„Ghetto beze zdi” – od wykluczenia do Terezína

Author(s): Joanna Brodniewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 12/2017

Dana Kasperová, Výchova a vzdělávání židovských dětí v protektorátu a v ghettu Terezín, Filozofická Fakulta Univerzity Karlovy, Praha 2010, 224 s. Książkę Dany Kasperovej Výchova a vzdělávání židovských dětí v protektorátu a v ghettu Terezín opublikowało Wydawnictwo Wydziału Filozoficznego Uniwersytetu Karola w serii „Humanitas”, poświęconej naukom społecznym i edukacji. Choć ukazała się ona parę lat temu, warto o niej napisać, gdyż podjęte zagadnienie opracowane zostało niezwykle rzetelnie, wieloaspektowo, na podstawie różnorodnych źródeł. W 2011 roku publikację doceniła Rada Naukowa Uniwersytetu Karola, przyznając autorce Nagrodę Rektora za najlepszą pracę naukową, podręcznik i skrypt roku.

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Dwa teatry. O opisywaniu czegoś, czego nie ma

Author(s): Agata Firlej / Language(s): Polish Issue: 12/2017

Grzegorz Niziołek, Polski teatr Zagłady, Instytut Teatralny im. Zbigniewa Raszewskiego/wydawnictwo Krytyki Politycznej, Warszawa 2013, 586 s. W ciągu czterech lat (2011–2014) ukazały się w Polsce trzy książki, które – jak się wydaje – wyznaczają nowy kierunek badaniom nad zjawiskami kultury i udowadniają, że pogłoski o kryzysie humanistyki w Polsce są nieco przesadzone. Jan Sowa zawarł w Fantomowym ciele króla (Kraków 2011) umotywowaną historycznie i socjologicznie refleksję nad środkowoeuropejskimi problemami z nowoczesnością, Andrzej Leder w Prze- śnionej rewolucji (Warszawa 2014) zajmuje się powojenną transformacją polskiej mentalności, natomiast Grzegorz Niziołek w Polskim teatrze Zagłady (Warszawa 2013) poprzez rozważania teatrologiczne sięga do źródeł zbiorowej traumy.

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Wygnanie ocalonych. Doświadczenie emigracji pomarcowej w filmach Mariana Marzyńskiego i Leszka Leo Kantora

Author(s): Maciej Pietrzak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 29/2017

Autobiographical threads occupy an important place in films of Marian Marzyński and Leszek Leo Kantor. Interesting is the convergence of life experiences common to both authors. We can indicate a lot of parallelisms in biographies of both directors. Certainly, the most important analogy is the fact that both of them survived the Holocaust as children. Common to both artists is also experience of anti-Semitic campaign of March 1968, as a result of which they were forced to emigrate from Poland. The objective of this article is to demonstrate how this personal experience of exile resonates in their work.

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„6 tys. [Żydów] co dzień” – „oczywiście na stracenie”. Opowieść o pierwszej depeszy Polskiego Państwa Podziemnego na temat Wielkiej Akcji w getcie warszawskim

Author(s): Adam Puławski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2017

On 22nd July 1942, Germans initiated the Grossaktion, i.e. the destruction of the Warsaw Ghetto. The first known piece of information from the Polish Underground State addressed to the Polish Government-in-exile in London is the dispatch of 26th July 1942 by Stefan Korboński. However, its complete content has been unknown to date. All the evidence suggests that the key sentence about the daily “contingents” of Jews transported for extermination was wrongly understood in London. Moreover, unlike Korboński’s intention, the dispatch was publicised via the radio, which contradicts the thesis about the silence of the Polish Government-in-exile (at least in the initial period).

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Policja pomocnicza, OUN a Holokaust na terenie obwodu sumskiego (1941–1943)

Author(s): Jurij Radczenko / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2017

The participation of Ukrainian Hilfspolizei in murders of the Jewish population in eastern Ukraine has been poorly investigated, especially at the local level. The article focuses on the activity of the Ukrainian Hilfspolizei with regard to the murder of Jews and the plundering of Jewish property. It also investigates the motivations of those who joined the Ukrainian police in the Sumy oblast. Ukrainian auxiliary forces took part in extermination of Jewish population and communities in many regions of Ukraine. But how high was level participation in persecutions, plundering and murders of Jews by Ukrainian policemen in Sumy Oblast – a Borderland between Ukraine and Russia? Did they take part in mass shooting or played auxiliary role? Who were members of Ukrainian police in Sumy oblasts? What about their background and collective social portrait? The Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (Organizatsia Ukra’inskych Nationalistiv) took active part in creation and activity of the Ukrainian militia (Ukrains’ka narodna militsia) in western and central regions of Ukraine. After disband of the militia OUN infiltrated its member in structures of police. The same situation we can see in case of Russian right radical party National-Labor Union of New Generation (Nazional’no-Trudodvoy Souz Novogo Pokolenia) and its actions in Russia Nazis occupied. How strong was influence and infiltration to Ukrainian police abovementioned totalitarian nationalistic organization in mostly Russian speaking regional centre like Sumy? What influence to local police did the Soviet intelligence have? How deeply did integral nationalistic ideology penetrate in Weltanschauung of Ukrainian policemen in Sumy oblast? What were motivations which forced Ukrainian policeman take part in anti-Jewish actions? Could we speak about specific social-psychological motivations of members Ukrainian police in Sumy oblasts? Such questions in the context of “ordinary men/willing executors discussion” using new unpublished sources from German, Ukrainian, American and Israeli archives are addressed here.

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Praktyki polskości

Author(s): Irena Grudzińska-Gross / Language(s): Polish Issue: 49/2017

There were two phases in the post-1989 Polish historical politics as projected abroad. The initially “normal” Poland gradually transformed itself around year 2004 into a Poland of suffering and redemption. An important role in that transformation was played by the reaction to the external vision of Poland’s role and fate during the Second World War, causing the “Holocaustization” of the Polish historical self-image. The article discusses the main elements of that self-image and the way it is used.

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Eseiści kondycji żydowskiej – po Zagładzie: Maurice Blanchot i Bogdan Dawid Wojdowski

Author(s): Katarzyna Kuczyńska-Koschany / Language(s): Polish Issue: 30/2017

The main object of the author’s reflection is the Jewish situation after the Holocaust expressed in the genre of literary essay. The thoughts of Maurice Blanchot and Bogdan Dawid Wojdowski – both prominent essayists – are taken into consideration as an example. Whereas the French writer’s reflections on the Jewish situation are part of his observations about the category of infinity, the Polish essayist’s realizations are intermingled with his own tragic fate as a Jew. Blanchot and Wojdowski wrote after the Holocaust, which is an unique turning point in history for the Jews and their diaspora as well as for the Mediterranean culture.

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Modernity and the Holocaust

Author(s): Mojmir Križan / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 04/1991

Review of: Zygmunt Bauman "Modernity and the Holocaust"; Polity Press, Cambridge 1989. by: Mojmir Križan

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Trzecia Rzeszy wobec Romów i Sinti – w kręgu rasizmu i ludobójstwa

Author(s): Piotr J. Krzyżanowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 25/2017

The Third Reich’s policy towards the Sinti and Roma people was based on racist theories claiming the superiority of the German nation over other nations. The rule of the National Socialists in Germany systematically eliminated the Sinti and Roma people from all areas of public life. They were regarded as a socially unassimilated group prone to criminal activity. Consequently, the Roma and Sinti people were refused the right to live and were subject to compulsory sterilisation and systematic extermination during World War II. It was in German-occupied Poland that the extermination was carried out to the greatest extent. Losses among the Roma and Sinti people have not been precisely estimated yet. Approximately at least 250,000 lost their lives in ghettos, concentration camps and outside the camps.

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Bernard Mark, powstanie w getcie warszawskim i proces Jürgena Stroopa

Author(s): Gabriel N. Finder / Language(s): Polish Issue: 13/2017

Jürgen Stroop, the SS general who led the liquidation of the Warsaw Ghetto and the suppression of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising in April–May 1943, was convicted by a Polish court in 1951 and executed in 1952. Bernard (Ber) Mark (1908–1966), Holocaust historian and director of the Jewish Historical Institute in Warsaw, provided expert testimony for the prosecution at Stroop’s trial. Mark felt constrained to graft a communist-inflected narrative onto his account of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising and to shoehorn it into his expert testimony in court and then into his interpretation of the trial for a Jewish audience. He did his best to give the Jewish Fighting Organization, which spearheaded the uprising, and its Jewish fighters their due at a time when expression of unvarnished appreciation for Jewish heroism was risky, even while he was paying overrated tribute to the communist underground for its assistance to the Jewish rebels during the uprising. But he always stopped short of the line between conformity to and defiance of the communist regime.

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„Czarna, ogromna chmura wisi nad nami i na pewno spadnie…” Żydzi w miastach i miasteczkach Generalnego Gubernatorstwa wobec wiadomości o akcji „Reinhardt”

Author(s): Maria Ferenc Piotrowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 13/2017

This article regards the existential experience of Holocaust victims and the psychological and cognitive mechanisms in confrontation with the first news about the functioning of the death camps. It analyzes the testimonies of Jews from over 40 towns and small towns in the General Government regarding the gradual influx of news about the Holocaust and the consequent reactions. Initially, the hearsay came mostly from afar, and then from increasingly close localities. The Poles were the source of that (imprecise) information about the lot of the deported Jews, while in certain localities appeared escapees from the death centers who gave accounts of what they had witnessed. That hearsay and those testimonies met with different reactions – from despair, through denial, suppression, and resignation, to attempts to save one’s life. This article devotes special attention to a reflection on the possibility of death of oneself and one’s family as well as the phenomenon of denial and pushing the news about the Holocaust away from oneself.

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„Zaprowiantowanie obozu jest podobno wzorowe…” Wiedza więźniów getta łódzkiego na temat ośrodka zagłady w Chełmnie nad Nerem

Author(s): Adam Sitarek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 13/2017

Information about the extermination conducted in the Chełmno nad Nerem death center reached the Łódź ghetto in the spring of 1942. An important link in the information transmission chain was Grabów, reached by the first escapees from Chełmno. Rabbi Jakub Szulman played a large role as he started sending letters with information about the crime obtained from the escapees. The letters he wrote reached Łódź together with people resettled from the provincial ghettos of Wartheland, from whom the Łódź ghetto residents heard a confirmation of the information about the purpose of the Chełmno nad Nerem center. The information flow was also affected by the information blockade campaign conducted by the Germans followed by a misinformation campaign regarding the actual lot of the people deported to Chełmno.

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Funkcjonowanie urzędu powierniczego na przykładzie Chełma

Author(s): Adam Puławski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 13/2017

The Treuhändstelle in Chełm administered real estate in the city (for some time a city with city rights) and in the Chełm country district. In 1940 their joint office was at Orlicz-Dreszera Street 6. The former Treuhändstelle were probably subordinate to the district Treuhänder. The Chełm Treuhändstelle took over more than 600 houses from their Jewish owners, with participation of the municipal authorities, including pre-war Polish clerks. The Germans made a profit on that property, at the expense of the Jews. Ordinary inhabitants of Chełm, various institutions, and Catholic priests sought to trade that real estate.

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Zabiegi likwidujące skutki obrzezania wykonywane w Warszawie w czasie drugiej wojny światowej. Wstępna próba opisu zjawiska

Author(s): Maria Ciesielska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 13/2017

Men’s circumcision is in many countries considered as a hygienic-cosmetic or aesthetic treatment. However, it still remains in close connection with religious rites (Judaism, Islam) and is still practiced all over the world. During the Second World War the visible effects of circumcision became an indisputable evidence of being a Jew and were often used especially by the so-called szmalcownicy (blackmailers). Fear of the possibility of discovering as non-Aryan prompted many Jews hiding on the so-called Aryan side of Warsaw to seek medical practitioners who would restore the condition as it was before the circumcision. The reconstruction surgery was called in surgical jargon “knife baptizing”. Almost all of the procedures were performed by Aryan doctors although four cases of hiding Jewish doctors participating in such procedures are known. Surgical technique consisted of the surgical formation of a new foreskin after tissue preparation and stretching it by manual treatment. The success of the repair operation depended on the patient’s cooperation with the doctor, the worst result was in children. The physicians described in the article and the operating technique are probably only a fragment of a broader activity, described meticulously by only one of the doctors – Dr. Janusz Skórski. This work is an attempt to describe the phenomenon based on the very scanty source material, but it seems to be the first such attempt for several decades.

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„Świadek zeznał, co następuje...”. Protokoły przesłuchania polskich pracowników kolei pracujących na stacjach w okolicy obozów akcji „Reinhardt”

Author(s): Justyna Majewska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 13/2017

The article presents a selection of immediate post-war testimonies of Polish railway workers, who served at train stations at Bełżec, Sobibór and Treblinka. Testimonies, collected during investigations conducted by Polish authorities regarding the death camps, reviles the level of awareness of Polish witnesses to the crimes conducted at the Operation Reinhardt death camps.

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