Slovenský demograf a vysokoškolský pedagóg Ján Svetoň v dejinách Slovenska po druhej svetovej vojne

Author(s): Jozef Žatkuliak / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2015

Professor Ján Svetoň (1905 – 1966), born in Romania, ranks thanks to his work in the field of science and activities on various positions among the leading Slovak cultural and public protagonists who at the end of the World War II contributed to the increased under-standing of the development of Slovakia and its inhabitants. He was the co-founder of the newer Slovak and Czechoslovak historical demography. His numerous papers and mono-graphs are focused on demographic, historical, economic and socio-cultural structure of the Slovak society and the Slovak emigration from 18th to 20th century. He was active as a schol-ar, pedagogue and citizen from 1930s to the mid-1960s. From 1944 till 1951 he was a re-searcher and from 1949 a chairman of the Slovak Planning and Statistical Office. In the years 1947 – 1948 he was a member of the resettlement and re-slovakizational commission which was dealing with the difficult relationships between Slovakia and Hungary. From 1952 he worked at the University of Economics and later became its vice-chancellor. This paper tries to clarify these aspects of his life and introduce brief survey of his professional production.

OBNOVA TRGOVINSKIH VEZA JUGOSLAVIJE I ITALIJE POSLE DRUGOG SVETSKOG RATA

Author(s): Miljan Milkić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2016

Negotiations on the signing of the post-World War II trade agreement between Yugoslavia and Italy were held in an atmosphere of political crisis and deteriorating bilateral relations. Numerous unresolved mutual political issues as well as tense international circumstances influenced the course of the negotiations. The unresolved issue of the status of the city of Trieste and the entire Venezia Giulia created an atmosphere of mistrust and increased tensions. The substantial political and economic support provided by the United States to Italy caused further difficulties for the negotiating position of the Yugoslav government. Political relations between the United States and the Soviet Union became very difficult after the Marshall Plan, which began to be implemented in June 1947. During this period, the Yugoslav-Italian trade agreement was signed. This trade agreement was contingent on solving other issues between Yugoslavia and Italy, particularly those relating to fishing, and this hampered negotiations and intensified its political character. Trade issues were perceived in the context of political relations and economic reasons were not decisive. The trade agreement, carefully prepared during mutual consultations of experts of both countries, was initialed on 17 April 1947 and signed on 28 November 1947 under political pressure. This apparent treaty signing delay was caused by the two governments downplaying political considerations and recognizing the urgent economic needs of market logic. The new trade agreement between Yugoslavia and Italy was finally signed on 4 August 1949.

Zewnętrzna interwencja: amerykański program książkowy, emigracyjni pośrednicy, korytarze wjazdowe do Europy Wschodniej 1956-1989

Author(s): Paweł Sowiński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 39/2015

This article presents, in a synthetic way, the program of book distribution which was a collaborative effort of the US government, the East European diaspora and lovers of books forbidden behind the Iron Curtain. In 1956-1989, about ten million publications were purchased and published from the operation budget for citizens of the Soviet Europe. This paper situates itself in the mainstream of cross-border history. Previous studies of post-war Europe strongly stress the importance of the continent’s division into two parts isolated from one another. The author does not entirely deny this thesis, yet he points to the systematic transmission of Western ideas and values through the Iron Curtain and analyses the consequences of the cultural expansion of the Western world.

Level of Analysis Problem in the Post-Cold War Deterrence: The Need for Regional Perspectives

Author(s): Hakan Mehmetcik / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2015

The end of the Cold War has had profound effect on deterrence theory and practice. Contrary to the perceived belief that deterrence was a dead concept after the demise of the Cold War rivalries, it lives, even grabs more attentions with recent developments in international relations. During the entire Cold War period, deterrence had been studied within a systemic context in which nuclear superpowers operated in a bipolar world. In the post-Cold War era, with a renewing interest in deterrence theory and practice, deterrence at regional level appears to be more pertinent to new security environment. However, current literature on the concept does not pay adequate attention to deterrence at this level. In this sense, Regional Security Complex Theory(RSCT) has an important explanatory power for resolving regional dynamics in which deterrence practice is generally shaped. This article aims to bridge the gap between deterrence studies and regions, as a level of analysis, by integrating RSCT within the wider deterrence discussion.

Ungarn und die Propagandakampagnen des sozialistischen Lagers gegen Wiederbewaffnung und Aufrüstung der Bundesrepublik Deutschland in den 1950er und 1960er Jahren

Author(s): Zoltán Maruzsa / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2013

In the first half of the period of Cold War, during the Rearmament of the Federal Republik of Germany, the Hungarian diplomacy . in cooperation with the Soviet Union and other allied countries . took foreign policy actions against the new west-german military forces. The purpose of this study is to provide an overview on this campaigns and to show clearly the position of Hungary among the countries of the Warsaw Pact.

A pártállam árnyékában

Author(s): Nikoletta Sipos-Onyestyák / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 4/2015

With the goal of promoting peace, the modern Olympic movement was born on the eve of the 20th century, burdened with political and ideological tensions, therefore international conflicts have always had an effect on the summer Olympics. After World War II, despite the fact that the world had become bipolar, sports could continue to surmount the political, social and ideological differences between countries for some time. But in the 1980s, the conflict between the Soviet Union and the USA became so intense that the Olympic Games became the theatre of waging international conflicts with political leaders resorting to the means of boycott. The group of participants was not complete either at the 1980 summer Olympics in Moscow, or in Los Angeles in 1984. In compensation, the athletes of the Socialist countries boycotting the 1984 Summer Olympics could participate in the A-category Friendship Games in the summer of 1984. Staying away from the Olympic Games, however, deeply wounded everybody, and the “surrogate Olympics” provided opportunity for abuse. Even though the Olympics became victim of power politics in the 1980s, it managed to rise renewed from its ashes as the leaders of the biggest powers of the world realized that they need to resolve their political conflicts elsewhere. In 1989-1990, the transformation of world order and the series of regime changes provided a new framework and new possibilities for managing international sport relations.

Hírnévpolitika és a történelem esetlegességei

Author(s): Péter Fodor / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 4/2015

The 1950s was a remarkable period in the history of Hungarian football, not just because of the spectacular results, but we can surely state that the Golden Team (Aranycsapat) was an image-building means in the propaganda arsenal of national communism, which played a prominent role in the system-level symbiosis of sports and politics. The way the team's fame was changing and was being shaped grew far beyond the significance of the events of sports history: the riots on the streets of Budapest after the 1954 world cup final as well as the rewriting and deletion of the memory of those players who stayed abroad after the crushing of the 1956 revolution equally belong to the interpretive context of Márton Keleti's movie A Csodacsatár (The marvellous striker), which was originally filmed in the summer of 1956, then partially re-filmed with new actors in 1957. In my paper, I mainly look for answers to the question: what strategies of politics of memory can be detected in the storyline of the movie as well as in the characterization and the modal formation of the genre of satire? Both versions of the movie can be interrogated using such interpretive interests since it thematizes fame itself, as it is being formed in mass media, in such a way that in its historical references it recalls the political agents and practices of both the interwar period and the Rákosi regime.

Post-War Friendship Between Neighbors: An outline of Soviet-Finnish Music Exchanges from 1944 towards the collapse of the Soviet Union

Author(s): Meri Elisabet Herrala / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2014

In this article, I will analyze the role of music in the process of building peaceful relations between the Soviet Union and the Republic of Finland after the Second World War. The role of music as a weapon of “soft power” was an important alternative in Finnish-Soviet relations in order to enhance understanding between them and to avoid further conflict. I will analyze how the leading Soviet soloists were often first “tested” in Finland before their further outreach to the West from 1944 to the collapse of the Soviet Union. Because of its position as a neutral country between the East and the West Finland was seen as a safe experimental location in which to evaluate the performers’ loyalties to the Soviet regime. However, violinist Victoria Mullova’s 1983 defection to the West via Finland showed that the Soviet power was not so overpowering any more, even towards its own citizens. The Soviet Union was already heading for a collapse due to political and economic realities. Its diminishing cultural influence on the West undermined its power, and accelerated its demise. Using primary source materials and newspapers mainly from the Finnish National Archives and Sibelius Museum as well as the former Soviet archives in Moscow, I will examine the ways in which Soviet government cooperated with Finnish non-governmental organizations such as the Finland-Soviet Union Friendship Society, the main coordinating body of Finnish-Soviet relations, Finnish concert firms etc.

Sivil toplum kuruluşlarinin uluslararasi çatişma ve krizlerdeki rolü

Author(s): Zeyyat Bandeoğlu / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 33/2017

The role of the non-governmental organizations in international conflicts and crisis The aim of this study is to specify with its reasons that the NGOs have taken place as a new actor gradually increasing in the international system and conflict media in the post-cold war era. Thus it is accepted as the main argument of this study that the NGOs have activated in conflict environment and crisis regions especially after post-cold war era. ın this study, it is very important that NGOs as a new actor may affect the balance of war or conflict. On this account, it has been bore in mind that NGOs' constructive and destructive activities and /so it is tried to bring an objective perspective to the study. As a conclusion, it could be argued that NGOs have both positive and negative functions connected with their important place in the conflict environment. However it is thought that this situation must not overshadow important tasks that NGOs' undertake.

Yugoslavia and Security in Europe during the 1960s (Views, Attitudes, Initiatives)

Author(s): Ljubodrag D. Dimić / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2016

The issue of peace and security in Europe was one of the key issues of the Yugoslav foreign policy during the 1960s. Yugoslavia supported initiatives for the suspension and prohibition of nuclear testing, destruction of obsolete military arsenal, nuclear non-proliferation, achieving global security, recognition of Oder-Neisse border and a need for the acceptance of two German states. The article is based on Yugoslav and Soviet published and unpublished sources and relevant domestic and foreign literature.

“From Kragujevac to Kilimanjaro”: Imagining and re-imagining Africa and the self-perception of Yugoslavia in the travelogues from socialist Yugoslavia

Author(s): Nemanja Radonjić / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2016

The article examines travelogues about Africa from a philosophical geography point of view, and compares them to other contemporary representations of Africa. It contextualizes the travelogues both within Yugoslavia and the tides of afro-optimism and afro-pessimism as well as numerous other Cold War phenomena. It also uses the travelogues to establish an auto-representation of Yugoslavia vis-a-vis Africa

The Days of the 1956 Revolution and the Years of Retaliation in Cluj Napoca

Author(s): Gyula Dávid / Language(s): English Issue: 19/2017

In 1956 there was not a revolution in Romania, however, the show of sympathy towards the Hungarian revolution provoked various forms of retaliation, and also triggered a showdown with the real or putative enemies of the communist regime. The history of the nation’s attitudes towards the revolution’s events and objectives – including the behaviour of the Hungarians – is quite well known, but on the 60th anniversary of the revolution it is definitely worth taking a closer look on the effects and projections of this huge event in ClujNapoca (Kolozsvár). Following Stalin’s death, in 1953 the icy tension of the Cold War began to thaw, and the population of the countries that were rendered under Soviet subordination after the Second World War began to feel hopeful: the dictatorship could be replaced with a more democratic regime, with some kind of reform communism.

Politics: The Fall of the Soviet Union Revisited

Author(s): Peter Rutland / Language(s): English Issue: 01/09/2018

Top academics are still debating why the USSR collapsed and whether the West could have done more in the early 1990s to secure a well-functioning democracy in Russia.

Tentative de creare a unui sistem european de securitate și apărare în perioada Războiului Rece

Author(s): Ioan Codruţ Lucinescu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: I/2006

In spite of significant efforts, not even nowadays can the European Union be regarded as an (emerging) military superpower. The study above deals mainly with the complex history of the idea which, along several decades, led to what is, at this very moment, a more and more coherent (even if not properly supported by all necessary resources) common defense policy of the EU. The first stage was, in the late 1940s the effort to build and operate and economic space able, in the long run, to mobilize and use, in case of need, a large amount of military power. Later on, in 1950, Churchill directly asked for an instrument he called European Army. Later on, WEU was established. The study evaluates, with a lot of details, complex relationship between NATO and Europe’s own military efforts. The final pages focus the attention on a distinct problem, more and more obvious and significant: the gap(s) between USA and Europe, which make(s) a stronger and stronger joint continental defense effort more necessary than ever before.

Christopher B. Balme, Berenika Szymanski-Düll (eds.), Theatre, Globalization and the Cold War, Palgrave Macmillan, 2017

Author(s): Ana Teodorescu / Language(s): English Issue: 8/2017

ABD’nin Askeri Güç Uygulamasının Dönüşümü

Author(s): Özdemir Akbal / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 18/2019

Systemic International Political Theory (SIPT) has been trying to explain how states interact in the systemic international political structure. The interaction can be described as a cooperation and conflict as well. Within this context the SIPT evaluates the military practices as a means of the foreign and international politics. This essay analyses how the United States military power transformation is influenced by international political structure. The restrictive and equalizing features of international political structure generates equal environmental conditions for all units in the systemic structure. Thus, each acting unit in the structure needs transformations and reformations. As an acting unit in the international political structure, the United States also needs transformations and reformations for maximization its security. In this respect, the United States military power practices have changed especially in the aftermath of the Vietnam War. As a consequence of these developments United States military power practices based more on special and covert operations and supporting the regional allies as well.

THE COLD WAR SEEN THROUGH THE PRISM OF YUGOSLAVIAN CINEMA: A ‘NON-ALIGNED’ VIEW ON THE CONFLICT

Author(s): Antoanela Petkovska,Marija Dimitrovska / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2018

The focus of this paper is the treatment of the topics related to the Cold War in Yugoslavian cinema, compared to the most prominent features of the discourse of the Cold War in Hollywood and the Soviet cinema. The Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia, in its four and a half decades of existence, put a significant emphasis on spreading political messages through state-sponsored, mostly feature films. The aspect of the treatment of the Cold War by Yugoslavian cinematography is furthermore intriguing having in mind the unique strategic position the country had in the period of the Cold War, after the deterioration of Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union’s relations, and the role Josip Broz Tito played in the establishment of the Non-Alignment Movement, which acted buffer zone in the ever growing hostility between the USA and the Soviet Union. The sample of movies we analyze present in a narrative form the perception of the Otherness of both the main protagonists in the conflict and the position of the ‘non-aligned’ view on the Cold War events. The analysis of the political messages in Yugoslavian cinema is all the more compelling having in mind that Yugoslavian officials saw cinema as a very convenient way of sending political messages to the masses through the medium dubbed as Biblia pauperum. This resulted in a flourishing of the national cinematography in the decades of Yugoslavia’s existence with film that were strongly politically committed. The sample of movies was analyzed in terms of the production, the financing, the commercial success of the movies and the critical response they evoked. Furthermore, we convey a discourse analysis considering the aspect of commitment, the explicit and implicit interpretations of the events of the Cold War, the response of the public and their treatment in today’s discourse of the Cold War. The sample also contains films produces after the dissolution of Yugoslavia, reminiscing of aspects related to the Cold War. Our findings will then be put through a comparative analysis with the most prominent features of Hollywood and Soviet films that marked the juxtaposed discourses of the Cold War.

Történetírás Magyarországon, 1949–1990

Author(s): Ferenc Glatz / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 03/2011

The Stalinist political model which was introduced in Hungary in 1948–1949 profoundly modified the institutional framework of scientific life in general and of the historical science in particular. Scientific planned economy was part of the system of institutions of a political regime concieved in the atmosphere of the Cold War. In return for ist maintenance by the state, science had to comply with the expectations of the proletarian dictature with regard to agitation and propaganda. All this involved, of course, the ideological and political stigmatisation of pre-war “bourgeois” historiography. The present study, which is the unaltered and as yet unpublished text of a lecture held in 1991, tries to answer two questions: firstly, how politically determined was the science of history during the soviet regime, and to what extent was it successful in profiting from favourable occasions in order to make professional attitudes prevail; secondly, what role did the science of history played in preparing the change of regime?

Događaji 1956. godine te njihove prethodne okolnosti u Pomurju i razdoblje konsolidacije do kraja 90-ih godina

Author(s): Lóránt Bali,László Gulyás / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 4/2019

The Yugoslav – Hungarian border was a special zone during the Cold War. There was a special „little Cold War” in the border area. Hungary, under the leadership of Matthias Rákosi, tried to take action against Yugoslavia, the „separate passenger“, following the Stalinist spirit. Mátyás Rákosi was Josif Visarionovic’s most faithful student of Stalin. Its ethnic insensitivity has also been significantly affected by the Croatian nationality living along the border. The aim of the study is to present the political thinking of the period and its effects on everyday life in Zala County in the fifties and its changes until the change of regime.

PRL i konflikt w Saharze Zachodniej: dekolonizacja, ekonomia i ograniczenia socjalistycznej solidarności z ruchami wyzwoleńczymi w czasie zimnej wojny

Author(s): Przemysław Gasztold,Piotr Grudka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2024

The article discusses the People’s Republic of Poland’s position towards the Western Sahara conflict and the activities of the Polisario Front in the context of political and economic relations with Morocco and Algeria, and in relation to the position of the USSR. The main determinants of Polish policy towards the conflict are analysed, indicating the dominant role of economic factors in shaping the Polish United Workers’ Party leadership strategy.