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Nacionalumo paradoksai. Tapatybės paieška lietuvos architektūroje

Author(s): Julija Reklaitė / Language(s): English Issue: 19/2013

Architecture is one of the most distinct expression forms of power. According to Deyan Sudjic, the author of the book The Edifice Complex (2010), rich and powerful – and their architects – shape the world. On the other hand, being such an exceptional tool of image formation, architecture develops and promotes awareness of identity of a city and human being. But architecture cannot be always so easily readable as typical for a certain state, city or person, and related to a specific place. No less effective conception of power and nationality in architecture is usually encoded by its indirect, (consciously and unconsciously) concealed meanings. Specific atmosphere, peculiarity of some particular place is created by how one can orientate in the city, what captures the attention, how can the multitude move (and is moving) in the city. Through these, often subconscious factors we identify ourselves with cities, remember them while traveling and make associations. This article aims to analyze the indirect ways, by which a construct of national identity is created through architecture and its images, patriotic feelings are encouraged and image of the country if developed. This is the first part of the article which consists of two parts.

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Antikos architektūros stebuklai: fenomenas ir sampratos genezė

Author(s): Gytis Oržikauskas / Language(s): English Issue: 19/2013

One of the most important features of historical architecture is the ability to convey social, political and religious ideas through its forms. Ancient Greek architecture featured this ability for the first time in the history of Western Europe. Nevertheless, ancient Greek culture was divided into two politically and culturally radically different periods in which the uniqueness of architecture played quite a different role. Case studies show that the classical period architecture reflected transcendental idea of perfection: architecture was not to be original, but meet requirements of refined proportions. Priority of architecture was to shape public spaces and metaphorically convey political ideas through structure of composition. Hellenistic period architecture was designed in order to empower its founders and creators while architecture had lost its transcendental imagery. Architectural expression at the time was heavily influenced by these factors as size of the buildings, situation and straightforwardly articulated political imagery.

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Възгледите на „Де стийл“ и Баухаус, или за връзката между живопис и архитектура в европейското изкуство

Author(s): Boriana Vulchanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 8/2013

Avant-garde painting of the early twentieth century sought to find new views of representing form and space, introducing purposeful use of smooth planes. This was a common conceptual moment both to painting and architecture. Most tangibly the new ideas are witnessed in the Dutch De Stijl group, founded in 1917. Most of the members of the group were trying to transfer the concepts of neoplasticism to architecture. The ideas of the German art school Bauhaus established a few years later were similar with analogous quest found in its doctrine. Prerequisites determining the state of architecture and providing favourable creative environment are the development of engineering studies and techniques and the invention of steel and reinforced concrete. Still, architecture of the twentieth century means in the first place renouncement of historicism and ornamentalism, replaced by a clear functionalism. Creation of modern architecture takes much more than reformation of its plastic language. A new philosophy is built, which makes the best use of innovations and engineering techniques. Innovative views should not be treated as coincidental or historically unconditioned. Even in cases when these come from individual persons or small creative groups, they reflect ideas coming as a result of evolving creative thinking. Art reorients from objective expression of reality towards subjective, avant-garde and even scientific, passing from cubism to abstractionism.

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Съвременната архитектура като масова комуникация: „отвъд“ архитектурата или разтегната медийна реалност

Author(s): Maria Diamandieva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 8/2013

This paper advocates the assumption that the contemporary production of architectural avant-garde owes its character not only to transformation, typical of the invasion of e-media of the field of traditional arts, but also to the fact that architectural reality, which in itself is media or such, which communicates through conveying meanings, is transformed, changing its own architectural media (i.e. means of expression) adequately to the technological progress in the field of representations. The architecture-mass media relation is not single-layer, but rather spatial and multidirectional. Contemporary architecture does not just receive, convert and use external media mechanisms, which it adopts, but transforms its principally communicative nature into a complex technological intermedium.

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Sinergija misli, slikarstva in oblikovanja prostora na daljnem vzhodu

Author(s): Peter Marolt / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 2/2010

The subject of the study is that portion of the fine arts connected with the spatial design of the Far East, where there is a pronounced inter-twinning and passing between individual types of art or styles of expression which have at least one point in common: artistic activity results from an interiorised way of life and a respect for (the power of) nature. Zen, which also refers to Daoism, through the masters of the tea ceremony as arbiters of every kind of taste in art: architecture, painting, garden design, art craft... also directly affects the interior design and structure of tea houses. It influences the choice of materials and symbolically correspond to the The Middle Way, as well as the practical philosophy of life of the Japanese whereby the details of the tea house are adopted from a modest rural house. The art of the Far East is marked by an acceptance of reality as it is, without prejudiced judgment or distinction, which is seen even in the selection of objects used in the tea ceremony. The article points out that the study of the tradition is a starting point, and not a final destination. The latter is represented, for example, by painting skills, which can be adopted, but used to present things in some other way, in accordance with the present time.

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Integracija staro-novo

Author(s): Vjekoslava Sanković Simčić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 2/2010

The integration of old and new may be amply applied in the process of protection and revitalisation of the cultural heritage. In the process of implementation, the axioms and tenets of the discipline of restoration need to be observed. In cases when conservation and restoration work aimed at re-establishing the integrity of authentic values cannot be carried out, the fresh intervention must reflect contemporary technical and technological achievements and means of expression. The fear of a failed outcome of an architectural solution frequently steers one towards choosing less risky solutions: the method of 'falso storico' or the adaptation method, i.e. solutions which integrate into the existing heritage as discretely as possible. An analysis of characteristic realisations of integration of the old and the new from Sarajevo, Mostar, Jajce and Split illustrates well the attitudes of the milieu, the protection services and contemporary developers towards the values, significance and integrity of historical unity. The objective is to point to both the positive and negative effects of each case that is analysed, in order to elevate the level of knowledge and awareness about the adequate preservation of valuable cultural and historic sites.

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Ekološke in energijsko varčne hiše iz slamnatih bal

Author(s): Larisa Brojan / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 2/2010

Straw-bale construction acquires new dimensions in this time, which is emphasising environment friendly construction. Over a long period of time it has been popular only within a circle of people who wished to build and live in harmony with nature, but ever more frequently we may come upon modern concepts of construction which envisage the use of strawbales. Comparing the energy requirements for manufacturing various building materials reveals that energy consumption in the manufacture of straw-bales is extremely low, which means that straw-bale construction results in a minimum carbon and ecological footprint. Straw - rather than emitting carbon - acts as a carbon sink. Straw as a remnant of the harvest of different cereals is available in huge quantities in Slovenia. The rare cases of straw-bale construction in our country are local attractions and arouse additional interest, and consequently influence the decisons of individuals to use this building material. The examples presented prove that the use of straw as a building material is a reasonable choice. The inclusion and use of straw in construction is also perfectly appropriate for building in urban areas, and not only for out-of-town projects.

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Arhitektura vodnih mlinov v južni Srbiji

Author(s): Ana Momčilović-Petronijević,Biljana Aranđelović / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2010

The water mill structures were very frequent in the rural territory of south Serbia until the half of 20th century. Their architecture is unique, and mostly in the regional Morava style. Unfortunately, due to neglect these unique structures were not only abandoned but in most part devastated. It is supposed that they existed in these areas as early as in the ancient times, due to the favorable natural conditions. The land lords used to bestow villages to monasteries and churches, and with them, sometimes, the water mills. For such water mills there were special legal regulations. In the medieval historical sources, apart from the monastery or church water mills, there were those belonging to entire villages or village districts. In near past one could find a favorable river location for a water mill without the actual water mills. The population swelled in villages, in the periods nearing the end of the Turkish rule, and between the two world wars. For this reason, the major part of the watermill was constructed then. The water mills were usually constructed at those parts of river valleys with rapids. From the riverbeds, water was conducted, by means of flumes to the required height of the water mills. One flume could accommodate two, three even six water mills. The water mills remained what they used to be in the ancient past: form, structure, certain parts with names, order, manner of usage etc.

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Arhitektura med gradnjo in rušenjem identitete

Author(s): Beatriz Tomšič Čerkez / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 2/2010

Architecture is as alive and as dynamic as the person who creates it. It actually changes its meanings in accordance with changes in values in the society, or culture, in which it develops. The diversity of identities makes any society specific and individual, unique and irreplaceable. Architecture as a social product is in a similar situation. Communities draw their identity from memories of a common origin, which reinforces a sense of belonging and confidence. Traditions include the special attitude of peoples to their own histories and identities. Architecture can be a powerful symbolic means of asserting the presence of communities in a given area. Therefore, cultural cleansing is linked to processes of ethnic cleansing and genocide. This paper aims to open a debate on the links between identity and architecture as material culture and the meaning of specific extreme interventions in common space, to understand which of these connections has the key role. The discussion was prompted by the specific case of post-war reconstruction in the town of Stolac in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

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Vrednotenje večnadstropnih avstrijskih pasivnih sta novanjskih zgradb po vselitvi

Author(s): Alexander G. Keul / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2010

Under climate change conditions, sustainable housing has become a political agenda. A key issue for the implementation of sustainable building concepts like passive housing is their user acceptance. Post-occupancy evaluation, provides representative user opinions about housing innovations. The article analyzes a 2007-2008 POE series about the first multistorey passive housing complexes at Austria, eight properties in Vienna and Salzburg City with 577 housing units. A written user survey, answered by 324, collected sociodemographic data on well-being, housing quality criteria, motivation to save energy, information on versus problems with heating and ventilation system. A control group of 244 conventional housing units was studied parallel. Three Vienna PH projects were on a high level of well-being like detached single housing. Less than 50% had chosen their flat because it was passive housing. After several months of experience, 75-85% liked PH. Handling problems with the PH technology were reported especially in the first time period after moving in. The main issue of successful PH identification was the repeated dialogue with management and technicians.

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Prednosti pasivne hiše

Author(s): Martina Zbašnik-Senegačnik,Andrej Senegačnik / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 2/2010

The passive house is currently an optimal energy-saving building. Because of quality thermal cladding, adequate air-tightness and a built-in controlled ventilation system recovering the heat from waste air, its annual heating energy demand amounts to a maximum of 15 kWh/(m2a), which can be met by so-called warm air heating. A passive house has numerous advantages over the structures in which we live today. Apart from low energy consumption (and, consequently, reduced dependence on fossil fuels), and low maintenance costs, its advantage lies primarily in permanently fresh, warm and clean air. Thanks to relatively large glazed surfaces, the passive house also offers the great comfort of illumination. The article argues for the advantages of the passive house, using calculations, measurements and research results from other authors.

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Avtorska pravica kot instrument zaščite arhitekturnih del

Author(s): Saša Krajnc / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 2/2010

Copyright protection of architectural works is undoubtedly one of the relatively vaguely discussed topics, especially within the Slovene legal theory. The scarce sources, which mostly handle this matter rather fragmentary, baffle even jurists.. Yet they are the ones who suffer the consequences of a rather indistinct regulation of the copyright protection of architectural works. The later is rather specific, compared to other categories of artistic works. Some important rights, which writers, painters, composers and other authors take for granted, are denied to the architect. The criteria for the qualification of a work as a work of art are also stricter for architectural works. The following discussion aims to explain the essential characteristics of copyright as an instrument of protection of architectural works and most significant rights of architects in a clear and comprehendible manner, even for non-jurists. Special attention will be devoted to issues like which criteria the work must fulfill to obtain copyright protection, what are the architects’ legal means in case of copyright infringement and what is the nature of the relationship between the architect and the client as the (mostly) economically stronger party.

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Medijski toranj

Author(s): Željko Kipke / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 2/2012

Kada bi vam netko rekao da je u Grazu osnovano društvo pod nazivom Medienturm, uz podatak da se ista skupina okuplja u prostorijama bivšeg vodenog tornja, najvjerojatnije biste automatski krenuli dopunjavati priču idejama o tajnovitosti organizacije, posebnoj inicijaciji za ulazak u krug posvećenih i tome slično. Međutim, tomu nije tako, iako bi se našao dobar broj razloga koji bi mogli potkrijepiti i takvu pripovijest. To više što je organizam tornja oduvijek tražio posebnu disciplinu žitelja. Sjetimo se tragičnog Quasimoda, zvonara čuvene pariške katedrale, ili brojnih anonimnih svjetioničara prisiljenih na život pustinjaka. Drugim riječima, dobrovoljni izgnanici, pojedinci ili skupine, morali su prihvatiti — htjeli to ili ne — zadaće o kojima užurbana svakodnevica ne brine niti o njima ima pojma. Njihova je percepcija drugačije usmjeravana, no ako ništa drugo, promatračka je pozicija nudila povlašteni položaj. Ne samo u pogledu preglednosti nad terenom, nego i zbog neslućenih prednosti nove komunikacije. Tornjevi, zapravo, dograđuju staru tradiciju akupunktiranja Zemljine površine. Oni su prvenstveno energetska vrela jednog svijeta koji želi više i dalje. Zbog takvih okolnosti njihovi su čuvari doživljavali nelagodna iskustva koja su ih slamala ili ih činila jačima.

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Die Ostung der Burzenländer mittelalterlichen Kirchen

Author(s): Alfred Prox / Language(s): German Issue: 1/1985

Der Osten spielt seit der Antike in vielen Glaubensgemeinschaften eine bedeutende Rolle. Hierzu gehört auch die symbolische Ostung der christlichen Kirchen, d.h. die Ausrichtung ihrer Längsachsen von West nach Ost. Im eigentlichen Sinne bedeutet „Ostung“ die Blickrichtung nach Osten, in die Gegend der als Prinzip des Lebens täglich neu erscheinenden Sonne. Im religiösen Bereich gibt die Ostung dem Glauben an die Gegenwart der sakralen Macht im Raum sichtbaren Ausdruck. Sie findet sich daher, besonders in Religionen, die die Vorstellung von der Gottheit eng mit der aufgehenden Sonne verknüpfen, bei Gebet, Opfer, Bestattung und als Richtung der Hauptachse von Kultbauten.

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Die gotische Bauplastik Mühlbachs. Ihre Entstehung im europäischen Kontext und ihre Einflüsse in Siebenbürgen

Author(s): Florian Brote / Language(s): German Issue: 1/1985

Sinn und Zweck dieser Arbeit war es, auf die Abhängigkeit des bauplastischen Schmuckes der Mühlbacher Kirche vom dem der Par! er-Werkstätten im süddeutschen Raum hinzuweisen, wie auch auf das Echo der Mühlbacher Werke in der gotischen Steinmetz- und Bildhauerkunst in Siebenbürgen. Dabei sollten einige hier aufgezählte Beispiele behilflich sein68 • Die Parallelen der siebenbürgischen gotischen Plastik zur west- und zentraleuropäischen Kunst sind viel zahlreicher, zum größten Teil jedoch noch unerforscht. Ausführliche stilkritische Untersuchungen der siebenbürgischen Werke und Vergleiche zur west- und zentraleuropäischen Kunst würden neue Erkenntnisse bringen.

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Prilog razmatranjima o novijoj arhitekturi u Bosni Srebrenoj: Plehan i Sesvetska Sopnica

Author(s): Miroslav Malinović / Language(s): Issue: 42/2015

The work deals with the research and critical review of the architecture of two of the largest projects in the Franciscan Province Bosna Argentina: Religious and Cultural Centre Plehan – The convent and the church of Saint Marc the Evangelist and Pastoral and Cultural Centre Sesvetska Sopnica – The convent of Saint Elias and the church of Our Lady of Angels. Both projects, although with missing common historical background and usual relations, represent currently the biggest undertakings in the Province, not only by their volume, but by their importance for the congregation and the time to come. The destitution of the last civil war and the inhuman actions within, led to subsequent sequence of project production and the construction of these buildings. The Bosnian friars were consistent to their principles and commissioned the architects with the reputation as high as the importance of these projects: Srećko Kreitmayer in Sesvetska Sopnica and the academician Zlatko Ugljen in Plehan. This work does not aim to compare the architecture of the aforementioned projects, but to present and review the plurality of each of them, contributing to contemporary and future interpretations in the wider field of the sacred architecture. The foundations of the work rest on the usual methods in the field of history of architecture: detailed field work, the archive and library research, interviews with the architects and the involved friars, and last but not the least, the detailed analysis of collected material. A short introduction will be shown first, following the summarized history of the convents, functional description, and the valorization of the architecture of both new projects. The work is expected to provide a good insight into the overall architects’ ideas, general concept, and the approach to the project, but also the details about the current state and constructed building parts, the artistic decoration and other important characteristics. In addition to that, a modest contribution to the critical review of the architecture should offer the basics for the placement of these projects in the contemporary scene of sacred architecture, where they undoubtedly belong.

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Nacionalumo paradoksai. Tapatybės paieška architektūros įvaizdžiuose

Author(s): Julija Reklaitė / Language(s): Issue: 20/2014

Architecture is one of the most distinct forms of expression of power. According to Deyan Sudjic, the author of The Edifice Complex (Sudjic D., 2010), “rich and powerful build, as this is what they do”. On the other hand, being such a distinct tool of image formation, architecture develops and promotes awareness of the identity of a city and a human being. But architecture cannot always be so easily readable as typical for a certain state, city or person, and related to a specific place. No less effective concept of power and nationality in architecture is usually encoded by indirect, (consciously and unconsciously) concealed meanings. The specific atmosphere, identical to some particular place, is created by how one can orientate in the city, what captures one’s attention, andhow the crowd can move (and does move) in the city. Through these often subconscious factors we can identify ourselves to cities, remember them while traveling, and make associations. This article aims to analyze the indirect ways by which a myth of national identity is created through architecture and its images, patriotic feelings are encouraged, and the image of the country is developed.

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Contents

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Issue: 2/2011

TOC Issue 2/2011

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Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Issue: 1/2009

TOC Volume 16/No 1//2009

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Deliryczny Nowy Jork – urbanistyczno-architektoniczna psychoanaliza?

Author(s): Filip Lipiński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 01/2014

The paper offers a critical discussion of Rem Koolhaas’s book "Delirious New York", first published in Polish in 2013. The essay’s author outlines the topics discussed in the book, focusing on key aspects of both Koolhassas’ analytical perspective on the city and its architecture, and the manner in which he wrote the book. Special attention is placed on connections between the book’s title, the transformations it describes, and its language, all of which reveal Koolhaas’ interest in surrealism and psychoanalytic discourse. This book offers an interpretation harking back to the nineteenth and mid-twentieth centuries, of the metropolis as the realization of what the Dutch architect calls the “ideology of Manhattanization”, located at the border between the city’s unconsciousness to consciousness. The paper also discusses the book’s proposal for thinking about the history of New York as a multi-layered process in which imagination and material reality, concepts and matter, are inseparably entangled, and constitute “Manhattanism”.

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