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In this article the author reviews the modern architecture and its visualising function of the collective idea.
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In this article the author reviews the modern architecture and its visualising function of the collective idea.
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The curriculum of the University of Sarajevo Faculty of Architecture (UNSA AF) has evolved from a predominantly theoretical framework and setting imaginary tasks to recognizing and adequately responding to current topics and real social problems. However, the inert institutional character is noticeable, limiting the academic community's timely response to urgent challenges and societal changes. To eliminate the identified shortcomings and improve the education process, the Faculty of Architecture has undertaken several activities in cooperation with partnering institutions in BiH and the EU, resulting in critical self-evaluation and novel guidelines. Previous examples of collaboration with industry illustrate possible ways to improve the quality of education and raise student competencies. The newly designed ERASMUS + project “APLE” (2022) aims to integrate practice and cooperation with the real sector to transfer (applicable) knowledge into the teaching process. New formats of interaction with the real and public sector “ARCHIPRAXIS” are envisaged as a testing ground for implementing various ideas. This paper aims to present the importance and modalities of incorporating the practical component into the process of student education and the actualization of global topics in the local context. It also wants to point out the inertia and shortcomings in the existing academic procedures at different levels, which should be valorized as extracurricular activities. The experience gained, i.e., "lessons learned," should serve all actors involved in the educational process: academia, and industry, to the broader community to create a better framework for acquiring and applying knowledge.
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The comparative study on recent changes in greening processes in residential areas of Kraków and Lviv is intended to improve the insight into and devise a new approach to shaping and preserving urban green spaces. It aims to outline the critical current character- istics of greening in residential areas and changes in their structure brought by urbanisation in Poland and Ukraine today.
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Denise Scott Brown a trailblazing architect and advocate for postmodernism played a pivotal role in reshaping the archi- tectural landscape by championing the inclusion of postmodern urban and housing experience. The paper focuses on the transition from modernist formalist and functional understanding of the city, towards postmodern urban methods as repre- sented by DSB, photography, collage, active socioplastics, attention to consumerist symbolism, as a means of encoding the empirics of urbanism, the living cities. In everyday scenes she documented social interactions, meditated on complexities of postmodern experience of poverty and wealth, criticism of increasing commercialization of the image of the city, and mute- ness of formally planned urban scape, and architectural vernacular of twentieth century American city. She was a precursor in her socially informed studies of postmodern society and its embodiment in suburban housing, such as in “Learning form Levittown”. She applied the new methodology and critical yet inclusive observation of complexities and challenges of con- temporary cityscape.
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Delays in construction are a widespread global problem, leading to potential cost overruns and legal disputes. Additionally, delays can result in a decline in construction quality and loss of public trust. The aim of this study is to examine the effects of project delays in various regions and the preventive role of optimizing concrete works. Literature review and bibliometric analysis are carried out to determine global research trends. Findings show that optimizing concrete works can provide benefits such as cost savings, time savings, improved quality and safety, and environmental benefits. Optimization of concrete material composition is one of the most examined topics in this field. Based on the findings, construction firms have the potential to attain cost efficiencies while concurrently mitigating carbon emissions.
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This study deals with the architectural characteristics, symbolism, and identity of the conical muqarnas-domed tomb attributed to Zumurrud Khatun, the Turkish mother of Abbasid Caliph Nasir Li-Dîn Allah, located in the south of the west bank of Baghdad. The muqarnas dome represents a remarkable feature of medieval Islamic mausoleum architecture. Many of these distinctive structures, found across a vast geographic expanse from Transoxiana to Andalusia, can be dated back to the 5/11th and 7/13th centuries. These architectural features were often associated with renowned scholars, mystics, and statesmen known for their piety. The Zumurrud Khatun Tomb, dating from the early 7/13th century, stands out as an exceptional architectural specimen of muqarnas-domed tombs from the Abbasid era. The transition from the tomb’s octagonal base to the dome is ingeniously achieved through squinches comprising sixteen cells, complemented by light holes within the muqarnas cells and exterior hezârbâf brickwork. These elements firmly place the building within the architectural style of the 7/13th century, marking it as one of the century’s most outstanding examples. Historical records once referred to this tomb as “Sitti Zubaidah.” However, research conducted in the early 20th century uncovered discrepancies between the tomb’s inscription, which recorded the burial of Zubaidah bint Ja’far (the wife of Caliph Hârûn al-Rasheed), and the architectural style and content of the tomb. It was revealed that Zubaidah’s actual tomb was situated approximately six kilometers north of this location. Subsequently, a series of studies published between 1940 and 1950 shifted the prevailing view, suggesting that the tomb belonged to Zumurrud Khatun, the mother of Caliph Nasir Li-Dîn Allah.
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We continue to explore approaches that foster the development of architectural projects that are harmoniously integrated into their physical, historical and cultural context. This article examines the often underestimated impact of 'Genius loci', or The Spirit Of Place, in contemporary architecture, revealing how its integration can result in creations that resonate with their context. Through exploratory methods, it becomes evident that integrating traditional elements into contemporary architecture can revitalize the essence of locations, fostering cultural and social vitality.This article encourages architectural practices that respect the memory of sites and prepare for their future.
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A strengthening of cross-laminated timber (CLT) by a composite effect with steel girders can widen the application of CLT ceilings to spans over 8 m. Most possible shear connectors are not stiff enough to ensure a completely rigid composite. At present, it has not been sufficiently clarified how the elastic bending behaviour is affected by the influences of the flexibility of continuously and discontinuously shear connectors, the number of transverse layers of the CLT and the span width. Thus, 4-point bending tests and vibration tests were performed with different cross-section configurations and two different shear connectors in continuous and discontinuous spacing in spans of 8.10 and 10.80 m. To date, no comparable bending tests have been carried out in these spans, with more than five CLT-layers and discontinuously arranged shear connectors. The composite beams deformed linear-elastically until the yield strength of the steel was reached. The composite effect increased the elastic bending stiffness up to twofold compared to no composite. Increasing the span resulted in a higher bending stiffnesses. The elastic bending stiffness of the composite beams with shear studs was significantly lower than with fully threaded screws. For a worthwhile composite effect, both materials should contribute a balanced share of the stiffness. A larger share of the CLT in the bending stiffness compared to the steel girder created a higher elastic limit load capacity but an equivalent bending stiffness. It is necessary to discuss which cross-sectional configurations are appropriate in terms of load bearing capacity, economic efficiency and sustainability. To assess the practical application potential in spans between 8 and 12 m, the tests were additionally evaluated for the equivalent load level for the serviceability limit state of office or industrial buildings. For spans of 8.10 m, the limits according to EC5 for the initial deflection of L/300 and fundamental frequency of 8 Hz can be met. For spans of 10.80 m, only less strict deflection limits are achieved. However, by increasing the degree of composite through more shear connectors, compliance with the limit values mentioned could already be possible with the cross-sections tested. In case of fire, it may be sufficient to consider only the CLT with the reduced cross-section method (EN 1995-1-2) for load transfer, even for longer fire durations.
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“Net zero whole life carbon” is an ambitious climate target that refers to neutralizing and offsetting the entire LCA-based carbon footprint of a building, including both operational and embodied greenhouse gas emissions. Especially in the Northern climate, viable building envelope structures must, therefore, provide good thermal insulation and low embodied emissions. Carbon offset is typically based on excess on-site renewable energy or purchased carbon offsets disconnected from the building and the site. Viable strategies for carbon neutrality start by minimizing material-related and energy-related CO2e emissions. As a result, new kinds of building envelope structures have been recently introduced in the academic literature and experimental building projects. Traditional construction materials, such as timber and clay, have been sourced locally and processed manually, providing good results for the embodied emissions in life cycle assessment. Recent studies on clay-based construction materials have concluded that more research on clay as a construction material is needed, in particular considering its environmental performance. One specific concern in the Northern climate is that the weather conditions limit clay construction outdoors and prevent industrial-scale application of these solutions. The methods of prefabrication can address these issues. This study introduces the critical technical and environmental properties of a new prefabricated wall element based on a combination of light timber frame and light clay. In a hybrid light clay-timber structure, a mixture of clay and hemp shives is cast between the timber studs. On the one hand, the novelty of this wall structure is the prefabrication that enables industrial applications and upscaling without the limitations of weather conditions. On the other hand, the study assesses the climate impact of a light clay-timber wall element : cradle-to-gate emissions, thermal insulation, and the climate benefits outside the system boundary (carbon handprint) reported in the D-module of the LCA framework. The study also shows that natural materials require a different approach than synthetic materials from industrial processes. There may be variations in the properties of hemp and clay, especially when local sourcing is prioritized for better environmental performance. Moreover, the mixing and installation processes have a significant impact on the final properties and the performance. We show that constructing a light clay wall is a knowledge-intensive process that may result in very different technical properties. The authors argue that the case study demonstrates a paradigm shift in developing building envelope solutions. The future low-carbon building solutions are knowledge-intensive but prioritize local, natural materials and minimize the processing of these materials. The quality control could be based on the grading of natural raw materials, similar to the grading of sawn timber. In light of the results, we discuss the interpretation of the net zero targets and the viability of accounting for the benefits beyond the system boundary, reported in the LCA framework as module D impacts (also referred to as “carbon handprint”) as a carbon offset. The best specimen of prefabricated light clay-timber elements shows low carbon footprint and good thermal insulation while providing a superb carbon handprint.
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The hygrothermal performance of highly insulated, prefabricated wooden roof structures is likely to deteriorate due to the low heat flux to the ventilation cavity. This article evaluates the possibility to improve the moisture safety of such roofs in a Nordic climate by using different control methods for the ventilation rate of the roof and by using thermal insulation above the roof sheathing. The results support the use of adaptive roof ventilation as it decreases the probability of mould growth in the roof. The use of thermal insulation above roof sheathing decreases the probability of mould growth only slightly in a roof with elevated amount of built-in moisture.
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Károly Kós, along with other Hungarian artists and architects, contributed to the development of a natural approach of culture, based on the local environment and on the local way of life. This is, in his eyes, the right way to the universal. Architecture and music, in particular, are intertwined, as they both attempt to create an agreeable environment to mankind. The transylvanian or Transylvania-inspired art is an example of this proximity between the architectural and the musical language.
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This article examines the architectural and exhibition concepts of the national pavilions of Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Belarus and Ukraine, which were created for the purposes of the World Expo exhibitions in the years 2000-2020 in the context of the promoted national image. After 1991 and the collapse of the USSR, the countries of Eastern Europe began the process of creating their own national images, in which the World Expo exhibitions became one of the most important platforms for international presentations. The article discusses selected exhibition strategies presented by these countries at six exhibitions: World Expo 2000 in Hanover, World Expo 2005 in Aichi, World Expo 2010 in Shanghai, World Expo 2015 in Milan and World Expo in Dubai 2020. The analysis of solutions was carried out from the perspective of searching for unique forms that distinguish the concepts of individual pavilions. The result of the research was the specification of the tendencies that distinguish pavilions of Eastern European countries from other solutions.
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Traditional blacksmith workshops (Majdani) are one of the examples of businesses in Bosnia and Herzegovina that have existed in their authenticity for more than five centuries (Geographical coordinates: 44º10'09.01''N, 18º27'52.79''E, elevation: 797). It is a specific way of producing a wide range of wrought iron products using resources from the immediate environment. Iron production has been a strategic issue since the beginning of human civilizations, both for the individual and for all levels of the social communities to which he belonged. The exploitation of iron ore, as well as its processing, was always strictly supervised and controlled by the very top of a social community (emperor, king, political and military top of the state).
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In the period from 2012 to 2022, the kitchen space is understood as the most economically frequent room, and in terms of specific requirements, the most complex for planning action. In the process of anthropological deposition and creation of these complex requirements, the kitchen project relies heavily on modern materials, and thus on new technologies. The paper will cover 20 (twenty) kitchen projects, concepts of existing projects from the Macedonian low-rise and high-rise housing structure with all their positive and negative aspects. The project is where everything begins and ends. The paper includes and makes typologies of projects that are most often encountered and projects for which the user experience shows through analyzes that they are accepted as functionally useful. By reviewing a series of changes in the architecture of kitchen spaces over the past 10 years, with a focus on the types of kitchens that were used and how they evolved over time according to the dimensions of the space and the needs of the user, the research focuses on the types of kitchens according to available kitchen dimensions.
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The article presents new hypotheses concerning possible workshop links between the Dominican church and monastery in Sandomierz and buildings raised at the turn of the 12th century in Central Europe, especially in the Old March (today Jerichower Land in Saxony-Anhalt). The hypothesis, currently prevailing in specialist literature, that the construction workshop responsible for the erection of the church of St James had originated from Lombardy, is contested. In addition, hypotheses posed by Zofia Gołubiew in her monograph on the church, where she sought the origins of the solutions applied in Sandomierz in the territories of Germany, Austria and Switzerland, are subjected to a critical analysis. The text also draws attention to the 13th-century elements of the Sandomierz complex, which show similarities to edifices raised locally, in Lesser Poland and Silesia. In analysing the ceramic decorations of the nave and the eastern wing of the monastery, the author points to the tradition of producing ceramic floor tiles with a relief decoration, common towards the end of the 12th and in the 13th century in Central Europe, including, among others, the Dominican monastery in Cracow, where the production of the first tiles of this kind is dated to the early 1240s.
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The article is devoted to the hitherto overlooked architectural motif of spherical supports in tower spires, observed in northern Europe since the early 17th century. Probably derived from the obelisk ball-based motif popular in iconography. It first appeared within the spire of the Westerkerk tower designed by Hendrik de Keyser, and later in the realizations of his students in Denmark. Graphic representations of the towers also played a role in popularizing the motif. The article investigates the potential routes of the motif ’s spread and explores possible connections between the different objects. Due to the various forms and contexts in which the motif was used, it is difficult to determine any additional ideological content beyond the prestigious functions associated with dominant tower structures.
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In the text, the author presents monuments of wooden religious buildings preserved in the western part of Kashubia, in the Bytów region. The article shows both the architecture and furnishings of churches in Sominy, Jasień and Ugoszcz. The author presents both the current state of monuments and historical information about these objects. The description were based on three types of sources: conservation documentation, field research and archival research. It is complemented by an introduction explaining the specificity of these temples (mainly their equipment), which over the centuries have changed their affiliation to Catholic and Evangelical religious associations.
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The Chilean university system has programs that accept students with low standardized test scores, leading to inadequate preparation and a higher dropout potential. However, these students may have valuable sociocultural experiences that can be transformed into contextual skills. A teaching/learning methodology was designed and evaluated to address these gaps and motivate students to achieve university-level objectives through "meaningful learning". The methodology involved using quantitative tests and qualitative surveys to identify contextual skills. Strategies were then developed to guide students in applying these skills to classroom problems. The approach was tested in four courses in the Architecture program at Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, with a control section and an experimental section for each course. In the experimental section, students with higher levels of contextual skills led small groups with lower levels of development in those skills. The results showed improvements in the average grades of the experimental section compared to the control section in three out of the four courses. Additionally, most students showed significant improvements compared to their scores on standardized tests. This methodology has the potential to enhance the construction of concepts and facilitate "meaningful learning" by leveraging students' previous sociocultural contextual learning for a successful university experience.
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This is a review of a book about the interpretation of disasters in art and architecture. The book was a result of one of the first conferences of this kind in Gent, Belgium.
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