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SECULARIST AND ISLAMIST CONSTITUTIONAL AND POLITICAL CONCEPTIONS IN THE MODERN MUSLIM WORLD: THE CASES OF KEMALIST TURKEY AND KHOMEINI’S IRAN

Author(s): Nikola Gjorshoski / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

Modern constitutional and political concepts, in a broad sense, represent an expressed codification of the elements of value that structure the relevant society or the particular group that tries to project or channel them through the existing order. The secularism vs. Islamism dichotomy is a part of such a conceptual framework. The author elaborates and compares both ultimate constitutional and political designs, specifying them through the example of Turkey and Iran, as well as to shows the basic characteristics through the prism of their political legitimacy, the organization of power, the human rights and freedoms, as well as the possibility of political activism. The thesis that the author notes develops in the direction of a warning that the extremes contained in the constitutional provisions in the vividly ideologically divided societies can be a source of a conflict and/or can generate instability or suffocation of the pluralism in the political arena.

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SAHABE ve TABİUNUN RİVAYETTE KULLANDIĞI LAFIZLAR BAĞLAMINDA SÜNNETİN KAPSAMI TARTIŞMASI

Author(s): Zübeyde Özben,Hayati Yılmaz / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 35/2017

The issue of the word sunnah’s content that is the subject to various researches in the modern period also has been discussed in the classical methodology books in a certain frame. The subject of sunnah’s content has been usually discussed in these books in connection with some forms used by companions and successors in the narrations. There is a conflict among the scholars about how to understand these narrations which used inside it absolute sunnah, amr and nahi words. Most of the scholars think that these narrations are like the elevated hadith while a group of scholars whose majority was occurred by Hanafi jurists opposed this opinion. When the evidences are examined, it seems that the main difference between them is their assumption about companions’ general attitude in the transmission. In addition, it should be taken into consideration that jurists’ understandings about accepting the companions’ words as evidence lead to their opinion about involving companions in sunnah. The different evaluations of these words have had a significant impact on provisions given by the sects in certain issues. When these discussions are taken into consideration it is understood that considering some clues is important for reaching the most accurate result.

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Fethullah Gülen’de Bati Algisi: Bir ‘Iyi’, ‘Kötü’ Ve ‘Çirkin’ Hikayesi

Author(s): Yavuz Çobanoglu / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 3/2012

Determining how intellectuals perceive the West requires understanding both the history of intellectual struggle and an ancient problem. Some prominent and traumatic truths of this ancient problem include being stuck between the East and the West, the application of synthesis as a practical solution to the matter, an on-going payoff, and a state of hostility triggered by backwardness. Although the West is a fundamental problem to all intellectuals in Turkey, it has been perceived especially by Islamist intellectuals as Christianity and materialism and all of the opposing ideas, uttered against it, have focused on these two concepts. Fethullah Gülen, an Islamist intellectual, also feeds on these political cultural veins at times. He shares the references he compiles from these veins with his readers; however, he has ideas of his own concerning the West. In his ideas, which become apparent under the titles of Western thought and philosophy, Christianity, communism, capitalism, and atheism, Gülen believes that the only thing such concepts lead human beings to is ‘evil’. According to him, the ideas and purposes of the West concerning the world of Islam have not changed since the Crusades. Although the source of the same purposes is the West, at times local collaborators (intellectuals, artists, writers, etc.) are also appointed to realise them. Gülen never neglects to warn ‘the innocent Anatolian people’ against this fatal threat through his writings as well. Gülen’s warnings aim to save the future of the people. Consequently, for Gülen, who has such foresight, the West and Western thought then transform into an eternal and sworn object of struggle. Therefore, Gülen’s efforts are actually the history of a struggle for honour of ‘the good’ against ‘the bad’ and ‘the ugly’. With the world domination of ‘the good’ (i.e., Islam), this struggle will come to an end, and humankind will dispose of this evil.

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IZMEDU ASIMILACIJE I OTUĐENJA

Author(s): Tariq Ramadan / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 10/2002

Tekst "Izmedu asirnilacije i otudenja" predstavlja odlomak iz knjige Tarika Ramadana Biti musliman u Evropi koja ce se uskoro pojaviti u izdanju Udruzenja ilmijje IZ-e u BiH a koju su s engleskog jezika preveli Fikret i Hamida Karcic. Tarik Ramadan je profesor filozoftje i islamskih studija (Friburg University). Visemilionsko prisustvo muslimana u zapadnoevropskim zemljama otvra mnoga pitanja koja zahtijevaju odgovore filozofa, pravnika, socijalnih psihologa i drugih stmenjaka. Dali pripadanje islamskom ummetu iskljueuje integraciju u moderno zapadno drustvo? Sta sve podrazumijeva pojam evropskog gradanina? To su samo neke od tema elaboriranih u ovoj kjnjizi. Kao moderan ali ne i modernisticki musliman Ramadan ostavlja otvorenom srednju poziciju izmedu onih koji se zalaiu za potpuno asimiliranje muslimana u Evropi i onih koji odbijaju da se ukljuce u evropsko drustvo.

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DA LI JE "EURO-ISLAM" UTOPIJA ILI REALNA ŠANSA I ZA ISLAM I ZA EVROPU?

Author(s): Enes Karić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 5/2001

Kovanica "euro-islam" novijeg je datuma kako u engleskom tako i u drugim evropskim jezicima. U orijentalistièkoj literaturi sintagma "euro-islam" jedva da se igdje može naći, pogotovo je ona prava rijetkost u djelima orijentalista starijeg datuma.

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ISLAM I GLOBALNI IZAZOV - SUOČAVANJE SA ISKRIVLJAVANJEM SLIKE O ISLAMU OD STRANE GLOBALNIH MEDIJA

Author(s): Louay M. Safi / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 5/2001

Ovaj članak ispituje prirodu sadašnje medijske kampanje koja nastoji dati pogrešnu sliku islama, zatim identifikuje nekoliko taktika koje koriste oni koji islam krivo predstavljaju, i postavlja relevantan odgovor za suočavanje sa izazovom globalnih medija. Smatram da je medijska kampanja protiv islama politički motivirana, da se vodi od moćnih centara zapadnog društva koji u islamu vide potencijalnu globalnu snagu...

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ISLAMSKO OBRAZOVANJE I POLITIČKO SAZRIJEVANJE

Author(s): Louay M. Safi / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 3/2000

Rast američko-muslimanske zajednice u posljednja tri desetljeća prilièno je zapažen, i obećava svijetlu budućnost islama u Americi. Amerika je na mnogo načina promijenila muslimane, i zauzvrat je očekitvati da æe ona doživjeti korjenitu transformaciju njihovim prisustvom.

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Arabiškasis Ibn Rušdo Peripatetizmas

Author(s): Dalia Marija Stančienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 59/2009

The article reveals the influence of Arab philosophy to Latin Western Europe and discusses the propagation of Ibn Rushd’s philosophical and theological ideas. When Cordoba Caliphate was established, Muslim philosophers and theologians commented Hellenistic heritage and passed it to the Christian culture. Unknown to Europe treatises of Aristotle and their commentaries was translated into Latin at Toledo Translation Academy. Arab thinker Ibn Rushd is regarded as one of the most notorious commentators of Aristotle. He not only commented Aristotle but also considered the idea of human thinking and intellectual cognition, was interested in the theory of the World’s eternity, dealt with socio-political aspects of social life and with the problem of unity between theology and religion. While dealing with the latter, Ibn Rushd claimed that political leaders ought to organize social life in such a way that theologians were not able to disturb the peaceful cohabitation of ordinary people and philosophers. Ibn Rushd’s ethical-intellectual theory of society and man played an important role in formation of European intellectual identity.

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Deploying Masculinity in the Transphobic Framework of the Islamic Middle-East

Author(s): Serkan Ertin / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2013

Transgender identity poses a threat to the well-established gender roles in the Islamic Middle East, where the acquisition of masculinity, the initial and essential criterion for a man’s configuration and deployment in patriarchal discourses, has not become a major concern for academic studies. The Man, enjoying his reified superiority to the Woman granted by religious and cultural discourses, does not question his subjugated position in the heteronormative system he is constituted in. The deployment of masculinity is of great significance in the outbreak of transphobia in the Islamic framework of Turkey and Iran and this paper intends to examine the role of masculinity and the traditional binary of Man/Woman in the harassment, insult, hate murders, persecutions, victimisations, and obligatory sex change surgeries LGBT individuals in the Islamic context are exposed to, focusing on two countries, the former being a country in the process of its EU accession negotiations and the latter being one of the world’s oldest continuous major civilizations. Deployment of masculinity and the Man/Woman binary is of importance to this study since in patriarchal heteronormative discourses dominant in these two countries a man is expected to be manly and effeminacy is considered offensive, as a result of which effeminate men are harassed in these heteronormative societies, seen in the case of the Transwoman, while manliness is an admired characteristic for women and masculine women, ironically, are encouraged and flattered.

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Transitions Online_Around the Bloc-Bigamous Kyrgyz Cleric Is Unrepentant

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Transitions Online_Around the Bloc-Bigamous Kyrgyz Cleric Is Unrepentant

Author(s): TOL TOL / Language(s): English Issue: 12/05/2017

The popular ex-mufti insists that polygamy is tradition, sparking a debate on the role of Islam in the officially secular state.

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Iranian foreign policy and discourse of divine justice

Author(s): Ieva Koreivaitė / Language(s): English Issue: 34/2015

Iran nuclear negotiations, which resulted in an agreement in Vienna on the 14 July 2015 after signing The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, and its aftermath is one of the key topics of inquiry in recent decade. The density of the debate is primarily emanating from concerns related to the security questions of the Middle East and to the sensitivity of Israeli security situation. Moreover, it arises from the complexity of the whole negotiation process. Such issues like Supreme Leader’s Ali Khamene’i’s fatwa designating sinfulness to the nuclear capacity, his after-deal speech, calling for the enmity between Iran and the United States, Iran’s declared aim to implement global justice and other cases are not customary acts of the state and the study of Iranian foreign policy is not substantive using customary instruments of analysis of International Relations. The article refers to the problem of knowledge production on Iran, and suggests that it mainly resulted from the lack of exchange between International Relations and Middle Eastern studies. This article aims to point at the authority of the ideas in Iran’s foreign policy that Islam or Islamic ideologies like Khumaynism produce. Therefore the article focuses on the main narratives of the First Supreme Leader Ruhullah Khumayni’s concept of justice in order to, first, explain the key points in Iran’s position during negotiations and its aftermath and, second, to introduce the study of the concept of justice as a productive source of information and an approach for further analysis of Iranian foreign policy.

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Urođene ideje u islamskoj filozofiji

Author(s): Tehran Halilović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2017

The human soul is the subject of debates in numerous scientific disciplines. Philosophical considerations encompass a special dimension of the human soul that is related to ontological truths. Among different philosophical questions raised regarding the human soul, the issue of innate ideas particularly stands out. Well-known points of disagreement between Plato and Aristotle regarding this question are usually focused on whether a person possesses knowledge and thoughts from their creation, i.e. birth, or they acquire them through time and experience. With the appearance of Cartesian scepticism and following the solutions Descartes offered for the problem of certain knowledge, the issue of innate ideas has remained the focal question for many prominent philosophers. In the Islamic philosophy, the rational explanation of the nature of innate ideas originates from the more comprehensive theory of the human soul and it states that a person, according to their nature, possesses already existent cognitive abilities they were born with. Innate cognitive abilities discussed in the Islamic philosophy do not refer just to theoretical, but to practical knowledge, as well. Therefore, the analysis of innate ideas in the works of Muslim philosophers is connected to a larger number of scientific disciplines than when it comes to most Western philosophers. The difference between the practical and theoretic intellect will serve as a cognitive basis for defining another aspect of innate ideas. The products of a practical intellect, the human will and his actions, are personal and particular and, therefore, can be connected to the everyday life of a person. Owing to the general presence of the practical intellect in all life spheres, the influence of innate ideas, which are determined in a human being, is recognizable in all most detailed moments of their life.

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OSNOVI RAZUMJEVANJA BALANSIRANJA INTERESA I ŠTETA U ISLAMSKOM PRAVU (FIKHUL-MUVAZENAT)

Author(s): Sulejman Topoljak / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 8/2016

This study will attempt to clarify the methods of balancing between benefits and harm in the Islamic law. The legal balancing means science that aims to discover and explain the methods and ways through which we can compare between benefits and damages in the most beneficial scientific way, or between interest and damage when they come into collision and try to translate stated theorizing examples into reality. The most important principles or rules underlying Fiqh Al-Muwazanat, ie. legal balancing are: 1- balancing between the benefits in terms of their preferences and neglect, 2- balancing between harms in terms of their mandatory acceptance when they are impossible to avoid, and their neglect or delay, 3- balancing between benefits and harm in terms of defining the rules on which it is required to prefer the harm over the benefit, or to ignore the damage at the cost of benefits. Regarding the legal balancing of benefits and harm, Islam follows the principle of harmonization and reconciliation between benefits whenever possible, and if not, then resorts to overcoming and preference. The subject of studying this type of Islamic law are Sharia regulations and standards, ie. acts of legal addresses which involve worldly and otherworldly interests because Sharia norms are related to these acts and interests. Sharia regulations and standards require just for the realization of human benefit and the removal of harm, as stated by Imam Suyuti who claims that all of God's commands and prohibitions ultimately aim to take into account the interests, and removal of harm is basically a kind of benefit.

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MEVLUD IZMEĐU LIJEPOG OBIČAJA (SUNNETUN HASENETUN) I ZABRANJENE NOVOTARIJE (BIDA'TUN SEJJIETUN)

Author(s): Muharem Štulanović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 8/2016

In the Muslim tradition, month of Rabi'al-Awwal has been devoted to remebrance and memory of the prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him, through special programs, or so called Al-Mawlids every year. Each year with the arrival of the month Rabi'al-Awwal, in which Muhammad, peace be upon him, was born, we have legal Shariah discussions over the issue of marking and celebrating the birthday of Muhammad, through organizing celebrations of Al-Mawlid. Orthodox, puritanistic scholars state that Al-Mawlid is a forbidden, ugly novelty and innovation in religion (AlBid'ah Al-Sajjiah), which was invented as a festival day because of blind imitation of others, like Christians, nonbelievers etc. The other, contemporary scholars have an opinion that Al-Mawlid is a good and commendable act (AlSunnah Al-Hasanah) which has its justification and is applied through the practice and achievemnt of certain permissible forms of worship, such as recitation of the Quran, sending salutations and blessings upon Muhammad, peace be upon him, reciting prayers and dhikr and a reminder about the Seerah, ie. biography of Muhammad, peace be upon him, through religious lectures, speeches, etc. In modern terms, this event can be used in our mosques and community in educational and missionary purposes, as an expression of love for Allah's Messenger, and as a tradition and custom of modern memory and remembrance of Allah's Messenger, his teaching and his mission. Al-Mawlid should not to be taken as a religious, ceremonial event, which is unfortunately often the case in practice.

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KUR'AN KAO IZVOR PRAVNE NAUKE

Author(s): Haris Veladžić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 8/2016

The Qur'an, as the last divine revelation, contains regulations relating to all aspects of human life and as such is a basic, fundamental source of all disciplines from the corpus of Islamic sciences. This work aims to present the Qur'an as the basic source of Islamic jurisprudence, without neglecting other segments of the last divine revelation. Although the Qur'an is not a legal document, but rather a Book of religious and moral principles and incentives, it nevertheless contains a number of legal statements. Qur'anic principles pertaining to civil, criminal, domestic, international and other areas of law are presented in five hundred verses which have legal form. This work has through examples exhibited the most significant methodological procedures used by the Qur'an in standardizing its legislation: the methods of principle, the summary and detailed norms. Also, this work mentions the most important Qur'anic styles which the Qur'an uses in explaining its legal regulations.

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The changing attitude of Islam toward cosmetic procedures and plastic surgery

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The changing attitude of Islam toward cosmetic procedures and plastic surgery

Author(s): Ben-Ari Shosh / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2013

Since the days of the Djāhiliyya, when the most beautiful of girls was referred to as a ghāniya – she who needs nothing to add to her natural beauty – procedures to change the appearance such as hair dying, depilation and so forth have been discussed in Muslim law books. We find in the ḥadīth corpus traditions for and against colouring the hair; accounts of Abraham and Muhammad doing (or opposing) it; removal of hair from the armpits by Abraham; and so on. Alongside modernisation and the expanding cosmetics industry, the Islamic world has recently been facing the dilemma of changing what is defined in the Ḳurān as ‘Allah’s creation’ (“And surely I will command them and they will change Allah’s creation. Who so chooseth Satan for a patron instead of Allah is verily a loser and his loss is manifest”: Ṣūrat al-Nisā‘, (4), 119). Globalisation has contributed to a heightened awareness of appearance and exposure to cosmetic surgery, through TV, the Internet, beauty celebrities, and Hollywood movies. When asked about this, the eminent Muslim scholar Shaikh Yūsuf al-Ḳara- ḍāwī stated against what he defined as “Surgeries for beautification”, but we find also other opinions which approve plastic surgery if it is used to treat a deformed organ where the operation will offer a better quality of life. Plastic surgery has advanced at a rapid rate in an attempt to reduce people’s suffering. Islam welcomes plastic surgeries as long as it is practised for people’s benefit, for a sound reason and not for luxury purposes. In this paper I would like to survey the changing attitudes to these issues from the beginning of Islam to the present day.

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HALAL KVALITET – PARADIGMA ''HALAL VE TAJJIB'' KONCEPTA

Author(s): Muharem Štulanović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 5/2012

The institutionalization of Islam as an aspect of understanding and practical contemporary interpretation of Islam offers to the society indisputable and universal values of the Islamic concept of life as a general universal value. Islamic economics, Islamic banking, Halal quality are only forms of that institutionalization and the evidence that Islam can be practiced and be a part of the system and order in any society and in any country because of its universality. Halal quality is built upon a doctrinal paradigm of Halal as universal goods the „Tayyibat“ which are opposite of everything that opposes universal good or the ,,Khabais". This concept has an ambivalent, doctrinal paradigm; 1. (First) many traditional texts display Halal as Tayyibat; 2. Allah speaks to various addressees through the logic of common sense and intelligence and not just by doctrinal approach and standard norm of obligations or prohibitions. We explained the „Halal we Tayyib“ concept through many traditional Islamic texts.

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ISLAMSKA PERCEPCIJA FENOMENA SMAKA SVIJETA

Author(s): Šefik Kurdić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 5/2012

End of the world or the Last Day was and still is a phenomenon that has inspired the imagination of many people in all generations, especially in recent times, when this issue was actualised by the media . Many have been referring to the ancient Mayan calendar, which claims that the world ends on 21st December of 2012. People understood that on that same day the End of the World will occur, so this article is a contribution to a better understanding of this phenomenon. This text treats the mentioned phenomenon and its Islamic perception, with a few important details that try to explain it better to a human perception. Article also mentions a fundamental division of this phenomenon symptoms and cites one example of a small and large sign of the Judgement Day.

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POTVORA, OBJEDA ZA NEMORAL: BEZAZLENA BIZARNOST, TRIVIJALNOST ILI TEŠKI GRIJEH U ISLAMU

Author(s): Muharem Štulanović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 6/2013

The Almighty Allah has raised His messengers as well as their followers through memorable events and temptations which provided corrective measures and the benefits that will never be forgotten. He did not send any of the messengers except that he was accused of being a lunatic or a mad poet, magician, prophet, etc. In this way the disbelievers, polytheists, idolaters of Quraysh , on the peak of all messengers' mission, have spoken about Muhammad, peace be upon him, waiting for an opportunity to harm him in any way, spike him physically or morally, both his reputation and morale or his family . Just one in a series of such attacks is the event "ifka-a " (hadis al-ifk) in which they wanted to degrade Allah's Messenger morally and psychologically by slandering his wife, mother of believers, Aisha, the daughter of Abu Bakr As-Siddiq. After a month of terrible anguish and discomfort, which had an impact not only on both Allah's Messenger and Aisha, but also on her family and the whole newly formed Muslim society, Allah sent revelation proving the innocence of Aisha. The revealed verses provided educational measures and guidelines which continue to tread the Muslim society after these terrible events, but also pointed out the benefits of all these events through the disclosure and discovery of what Muslims did not know and that is that among them lived hidden hypocrites, indicating that there are those who are not sincere believers. This event disintegrated Muslim society into two categories: sincere believers, the faithful, who kept the truth and those who are not, but they pretended that they are believers and used their hidden nifaq and hypocrisy for attacks on islam and the believers.

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ISLAMSKI POGLED NA NEKOREKTNOST U TRGOVINI

Author(s): Izet Terzić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 6/2013

This paper has offered one opinion regarding the form of mistreatment which imposed on the customers by certain merchants. We have presented some concrete and clear Islamic position on this issue. Beside mentioning these problems and the methods of various trade speculations, we also offered some ways for avoiding and eliminating of such a scourge. We have mentioned are examples from around the world where cheating are very diverse, and we are aware of the fact that there are far more than what might be found in this paper. It is certain that this issue deserves even more attention, and perhaps a scientific conference and writing a much larger and important study, because this is the state of society in which we live and where we all are affected by some type of commercial fraud, with or without our will.

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