RAPORTURI ROMÂNO-SLAVE PÂNĂ ÎN SECOLUL AL XVIII-LEA
This paper presents a brief history of contact between Romanian people and Russia, before the 20th century. This contact individualized Romanian people between other Latin people
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This paper presents a brief history of contact between Romanian people and Russia, before the 20th century. This contact individualized Romanian people between other Latin people
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The aim of the paper is to explore the concept of cultural crisis rooted in Nietzsche’s immoralist conception and invoked as an obsession of the European space by the thinkers and artists of the inter-war period. The first part of the paper shall discuss the three theories that have tried not only to explain this phenomenon but also to find its solutions: G. Simmel’s immoralist theory, the absolutist theory supported by A. Liebert and H. Massis and the organic and skeptical theory promoted by O. Spengler. Moreover, we shall try to demonstrate the way in which modern art has assumed the generalized spiritual deadlock and the ways to re-launch the direction of progress that several artistic groups of the age have suggested, i.e. the protest against the official art, the detachment from the values of former generations, the support of a new vision uncorrupted by civilization, adopted from peasant art, African art or the art of the peoples of Oceania. The second part of the paper aims to follow two local perspectives on the same matter, pertaining to L. Blaga and M. Eliade. The two Romanian thinkers pleaded everything for the rediscovery of the ethnicity and archaism as sources for the revitalization of the aged Western culture. In the case of a culture that had not had the possibility of considerable expressions that far, as was the case of Romanian culture, the rediscovery mainly of the ethnic fund could have become the spring of access into the universal circuit, which mostly interested the Romanian intellectuals of those times.
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The present paper reflects on the image Romania and Romanian immigrants have in the Spanish society, which has become a multicultural society over the past decades because of various waves of immigration. The importance and the influence of the media are topics that have been researched by many professionals in the field and it is well known that ¨the media are the main tools for building images of identity and otherness¨ (Rodrigo, 2000: 37). In other words the media are usually responsible for spreading stereotypes, usually negative ones when they deal with aspects related to Diaspora groups. Many times these stereotypes do not reflect the reality. As journalists are interpreters of the social reality, it is essential to realize that their work has considerable significance and that it influences the image people have of, for example, a certain group of immigrants. This image can help or impede the integration into the receiving country. In order to prepare this paper and draw the respective conclusions we did a micro scale analysis of the image of Romanian immigrants in the Spanish press available online. We also conducted some surveys given to both Romanian immigrants from the Region of Madrid and to Spanish people.
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In this paper we argue that blogs are virtual spaces where users’ identities are revealed, interpreted and re-interpreted by means of language. Users belong to different backgrounds and on many blogs there is a mixture of cultural identities. Hence, users succeed in interacting with people all over the world in just one space. At the same time, they create an online persona, permanently taking into account alterity, sharing information and expecting other users’ contribution. Therefore, blogs involve not only the process of self-creation, but also re-shaping other users’ identity. The blogger is implicitly in constant public exposure, a natural aspect for nowadays society and for the digital medium. Moreover, even if this is an impressive narration at a global scale, all pieces of information posted by users represent small parts of a Rubik cube. They can change position, form different structures and be part of a coherent whole, but still preserve their specificity. For instance, all bloggers are connected to other bloggers, all links/videos/commercials/ideas etc. they make public, can be used by others. In order to highlight the cultural diversity encountered on blogs, we compare Romanian, English and French users, presenting similarities and differences in their ways of creating cultural identities.
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This paper tries to mediate a general image of the organization, evolution and role played by the handicraft guilds within the context of the extremely intricate historical evolution of Transylvania, starting with the settlement of the German colonists and grounding of the firsts Saxon settlements, up to the 17th century. There are presented, based on the handicraft specific, all guilds present in the Transylvanian economical landscape, up to the Union from 1600. The purpose of this survey is to outline the picture and the traditional Transylvanian atmosphere at the time of the guilds, in order to extract the characteristic traits, the teachings and the spirit of the settlements of that time, by highlighting the organizational aspects, the moral and ethical values of the entrepreneurship of that times, by underlying the “code” of rules that insured the “sustainability” of the society within the rigors of the age, in order to extract conclusions with ageless validity, transferable to the actual business environment, and sustainability perspectives in the age of globalization.
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Transylvania developed an extended handicraft activity, manifested through the guilds of the Saxons. The guild production was oriented mainly to the local consumption needs. The development of the handicrafts was made by the Saxons to whom we owe the beginnings of the industrialization on the one hand, and on the other hand we „owe” the industrial turning back of Transylvania during the 18th and 19t century. Up to the 19th century Transylvania had an outlet limited to the Transylvanian cities and royal courts of the Romanian Principats, these being generally the supplying markets with raw materials. Some luxury products were imported from the Orient or the Western Europe. The qualified workers were to be found only within the guilds that set up by means of the unified statutes sometimes absurd regulations concerning the admission within the guild and awarding the title of “guild master” who was the only one allowed to produce a certain product. Outside the guilds there were no qualified workers al all. The 18th century brings along the beginnings of the industrialization that hardly finds its way within Transylvania because of its statutes within the Austrian – Hungarian Monarchy, where the competition was not wished and where the guilds were still maintaining their medieval privileges. Later, within Transylvania there is awarded the freedom of industrial work in 1859, and in 1878, by law, the guilds are abolished.
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In the present-day context of economy globalisation, which brings about more contacts among cultures, the linguistic competences as well as the intercultural competences play a very important role in employment and labour market. The employment opportunities, citizen mobility and last but not least a successful career depend largely on possessing such competences. Recent research demonstrates the business success of companies working at international level relies on efficient professional and intercultural communication. The importance given to communication in the global context mainly originates in the mere truth stating that the value of communication can differ from the value of information, so that communication capabilities are invested as a power source, while communication remains a resource to exercise power. Concepts such as interculturality, intercultural communication, intercultural competence belong to the fields of sociology, anthropology, psychology, linguistics and management alike. The management-related references of the last decades have incorporated and assimilated these concepts and they pay attention to intercultural aspects in studying both Intercultural, Comparative and International Management issues.
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International communication defined as a flow of information/messages towards/from various geographical and cultural areas has developed in the context of the culture-based trade expansion and cultural industry. The cultural relations of cooperation among individuals and/or institutions which outline – in the form of instruments – cultural diplomacy and public diplomacy, make use of values, such as multiculturalism, multiracism, multinationalism. The present paper starts from the identification and definition of the notion of ”communication” from various viewpoints, then defines international communication and presents its history and emphasises the ratio information/power. But as in a communication-based situation, culture is activated at more levels and one admits the statement that culture affects communication, in the second part of the paper, the author deals with international/global/intercultural aspects of communication, treating them as incorporated, equivalent or mutually determined. This manner of treatment is due to the fact that the development of the field of study cannot omit ”multiculturalism”, ”interculturality”, ” cultural relativity”, ” intercultural approach found in the organisational culture of a company”.
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The DELF (‘diploma in French studies’) examinations are more and more sought-after to certify one’s skills in French. The present paper deals with speaking skills and the various activities that one can perform in order to pass the aforementioned examination, and especially to achieve level B2 of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages. On this level, defending a point of view and adducing arguments are the main objectives. A person’s comprehension and good command of vocabulary, morphosyntax and also one’s mastery of the phonological system underlie the argumentation construction that mirrors a candidate’s level.
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This evaluation was one of the indicators considered when I realised the usefulness of the sessions and the degree of reaching the intial objectives. I asked the participants, on the one hand, in this evaluation, to highlight their strengths and weaknesses. The novelty of the applied methods, the relaxing background, the knowledge they acquired about themselves were among the strengths above mentioned and, in addition, they were pleased about the fact that, if some of the goals couldn’t be achieved, they have been informed how to study it. Among the weaknesses, we mention the mismanagemnt of time, when the limits of these sessions were first disscused and agreed, there was an agreement for one and a half hour per session but all sessions lasted longer, for more than two hours. Also as a weak point, above mentioned, was the high frequency of the sessions, which were held during a week and a half. One more complaint was about the fact that no psychological tests were used, but the participants were explained that such tests cannot be applied anywhere and by anyone, kwnoledge about how to use tests is needed and the methodological limitations are reason for the seriousness the sessions were approached.
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Neoliberalism has been most often associated with the field of economy and politics. Their connection with the world of education poses the question regarding the extension of its definition, taking into account the dynamics of other fields but, also, the legitimacy of its application to realities for which there had not been developed characterizing principles.
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At European level, initial teacher training is developing on two major complementary coordinates: practical and theoretical preparation. Most of the UE member states admit as a weakness of initial teacher training, the practical training. The widely accepted belief is that pedagogical practice is very important in training future teachers, that is why the most perfomant educational programmes include much time to this purpose. The class practice demands in Europe are between 100 and 200 hours: 47 in Belgium, 61 in Denmark, 73 in Germany, 88 in Greece, 104 in Spain, 116 in France, 128 in Ireland, 145 in Italy, 158 in Luxemburg, 171 in Australia, 56 in Romania. (E. Noveanu, 1997, p.47). The general tendency is of prelonging the supervised practice (mentorship, internship) after graduating the University. In England, for example, a big part of the initial teacher training is being transfered in schools and classrooms. (School / Classroom Based Teacher Training). The paper presents a constatative study on competences involved in pedagogycal practice at initial teacher training level in Romania, North University Centre, Baia Mare, UTCN.
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Marcus Tullius Cicero is famous as orator, politician and author of rhetoric treaties but in this paper we also emphasize that he is at least equally philosopher and moralist. It is true, he is not a philosopher as Platon or Aristotel, but he bequathed us moral principles which are aplicable in our daily life, being a critic of the Stoics in issues such as ‘wisdom’, ‘virtue’ and ‘friendship’. Cicero is considered a representative of The New Probabilistic Academy, but in the issue of friendship he agrees more with Aristotel, for whom friendship is a virtue, or at least they are inseparable as he mentions since the beginning of The Book VIII of the Nicomachean Ethics. Cicero adopts Greek philosophical principles, but he adjusts them to the Roman reality, he is not only the creator of a Latin philosophical language that has been being bequathed till nowadays, but especially, the founder of the Roman philosophy. Laelius sive De amicitia (Laelius or About friendship) is a small treaty of moral practice conceived as a discussion among Laelius and his two sons-in-law, Q. Mucius Scaevola and Fannius, through which Cicero proposes to demonstrate that friendship after wisdom is the most valuable thing of humans.
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The recent surveys on the European cultural values show that the vast majority of Europeans see culture as playing an important role in their lives and believe that, compared to other continents, European countries share a great deal in common culturally. Moreover, they agree that the European Union and its institutions have an important role in promoting cultural exchanges, which could help citizens from different Member States to better understand each other. In the light of these findings, this paper describes two of the European Union’s initiatives: the European Capital of Culture and the European Youth Capital, where culture, creativity, innovation and citizenship are core values. Finally, it looks at the challenges and benefits of implementing them in a city like Cluj-Napoca.
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L’importanza attribuita alla comunicazione nel contesto della globalizzazione attuale deriva soprattutto dal fatto che è stata scoperta una verità semplice: il valore della comunicazione può essere diverso dal valore dell’informazione. Perciò le capacità della comunicazione vengono trasformate in una fonte per il potere, in un valore e la comunicazione diventa una risorsa nell’esercitazione del potere. Concetti come interculturalità, comunicazione interculturale, competenza interculturale, rientrano nell’area della sociologia, dell’antropologia, della psicologia, della linguistica e non meno importante, del management. Si va osservando che la letteratura di management degli ultimi decenni incorpora e assimila questi concetti. Indipendentemente dal fatto che si tratti di studi di Management interculturale, di confronto oppure internazionale, osserviamo l’attenzione attribuita alle questioni di tipo interculturale. Nel contesto attuale della globalizzazione dell’economia, che presuppone implicitamente un aumento dei contatti tra le culture, le competenze linguistiche, insieme a quelle interculturali godono un riconoscimento ampio sul mercato del lavoro. Le prospettive di essere impiegati, la mobilità dei cittadini e, non meno importante, una carriera di successo possono dipendere in gran parte da queste competenze. Studi recenti dimostrano che il successo aziendale delle compagnie che svolgono la loro attività a livello internazionale dipende anche da una comunicazione professionale ed interculturale efficiente.
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The present paper starts from the present trends in the European labour market, in order to establish certain compulsory strategies for the specialized communication, both written and oral, especially when applying for a competitive job. In this respect, we analyse the most relevant competences and skills for the multilingual professional communication, and also the attitudes and manners to be followed by the applicant in the selection process. The case study will point out the difficulties to be taken into consideration within the professional interview and also it will debate on several situations proposed for this matter.
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This article takes as a starting point the massive migratory movements that have been taking place within the borders of the European Union lately, in order to address the specific issue of the migrant children and their integration in the European schools. It brings together educational views and policies that have been considered in Latin America and Europe, out of the belief that a region as diverse in terms of population as Latin America can offer both a relevant picture of the integration-related dilemmas and some valuable perspectives that should be taken into account when addressing the question of the migrant children at the European level. It takes a comparative look at some of the Mexican educational policies and suggests some possible educational initiatives to be taken in the Romanian case.
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The paper finds its motivation in the European Unions process of discovering its common roots as well as its diversity which can both contribute to a common future and to finding the right instruments to build it. Starting from the assumption that European integration can no longer be motivated by the same factors used more than 50 years ago, such as peace or economic prosperity, the paper discusses the importance of cultural factors in shaping the idea of belonging, of a European identity, which brings together countries, regions and especially people.
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Vahekord keeleuuendusega kuulub kõige ärgitavamate küsitavuste hulka, mida Hando Runneli esseistika võib kergitada. Mispärast autor, kes kaldub oma luulet tõlgitamatuks ja ainult eestlastele määratuks pidama, kohtleb nii vaoshoitult inimesi, kes kogu oma elu pühendasid valdavalt eesti keele võimaluste avardamisele? Me ju teame, et kõigist asjust vähem tahaks luuletaja sarnaneda kultuuritoojatega, kelle tegevust on Valmar Adams mälestanud värsiridadega: „Jällenägemist Aaviku sõnadega / tervitan siiralt” (Adams 1971: 105). Küll pole Runnelil mõttes olnud seda või toda keelendit põlu alla panna, kuid juba see, kuidas luuletaja on Aavikust rääkinud, näitlikustab tema suhtumist piisavalt. „Insenerliku uusaja monumentaalsuse üks silmapaistvamaid pioneere eestlaste hulgas oli „keeleuuendaja” Johannes Aavik. Masinaleiutajaliku otsustavusega hakkas ta eesti keele tõulisest ollusest, n-ö puudulikust ja suisa vigasest rahvakeelest looma insenerlikku suurhoonet – eesti õigeimat kirjakeelt” (Runnel 1998: 329).
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Romaanivõistlus on Eestis olnud juba peaaegu kaheksakümmend aastat kirjanduse elavdamise ja populariseerimise vorm, omades kindlat kirjandusloolist tähendust. Siinne kirjatükk võtab eesmärgiks vaadelda võistluse ajaliselt hilisemat otsa – ennekõike uue aastatuhande romaanivõistlusi. Keskendun Eesti Romaaniühingu korraldatud võistlustele, mis on nimetatud ajaperioodil toimunud viiel korral, ning lisaks mullusele Eesti Kirjanike Liidu korraldatud võistlusele, kuna seda võib pidada romaaniühingu tegevuse mantlipärijaks. Algselt Eesti Romaanifondi nime kandnud ühing jõudis alates 1996. aastast läbi viia seitse võistlust. Nullindate lõpus pöördus romaaniühingu juhatus palvega minu ja Peeter Helme poole, et meie kui noorema põlvkonna inimesed võistluste organiseerimise üle võtaksime. Pärast inetult pikaks veninud pausi liitus meiega Tiit Aleksejev ning me viisime kunagi antud lubaduse lõpuks ellu. Riivamisi vaatlen ka alates 2008. aastast korraldatud kirjastuse Tänapäev võistlusi, mis on siiani toimunud viiel korral, kuid jätan põhjalikuma käsitluse kellelegi teisele, kuna kahe romaanivõistluse vahelised ühendusteed paistavad mu meelest moodustavat eraldi teema. Oleks näiteks huvitav uurida, mil määral käsikirjad nende vahel ringlevad. Selge, et päris mitmed märkimist leidnud autorid liiguvad ühelt võistluselt teisele ja on saanud tunnustatud mõlemal konkursil (näiteks Eia Uus, Märt Laur, Helen Eelrand või Helju Pets). Samas paistavad Tänapäeva võistlusel olevat „oma” autorid (tuntumatest näiteks kaks korda esiotsa kerkinud Ketlin Priilinn).
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