In memoriam: Jan Jagielski (17 października 1937 – 17 lutego 2021)
In memoriam: Jan Jagielski (October 17, 1937 - February 17, 2021)
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In memoriam: Jan Jagielski (October 17, 1937 - February 17, 2021)
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Swojej matki, Anny Lorenc, z domu Fussteig, nie pamiętam wcale. Gdy została aresztowana – w Tarnopolu, w lipcu 1942 r. – miałam zaledwie trzy lata. Po mamie zostało jedynie kilka pamiątek, to jest parę zdjęć, kilka listów, portret piórkiem oraz naszyjnik z ciemnego bursztynu. Zostały też dwa gestapowskie dokumenty i gryps z więzienia w Tarnopolu. Wszystko to trafiło w moje ręce po śmierci ojca. Informacji jest bardzo niewiele. Była mocno zbudowaną ciemnowłosą kobietą o semickiej urodzie. O ile mi wiadomo, uczyła się w Prywatnym Seminarium Nauczycielskim Żeńskim w Jarosławiu. Wywodziła się z rodziny chasydzkiej z Sieniawy, gdzie przyszła na świat. Wychowała się jednakże w Jarosławiu, dokąd przenieśli się jej rodzice. Jej matka nazywała się Klara, a ojciec Natan. Był kupcem. Miała siedmioro rodzeństwa. Ona sama i prawdopodobnie niektórzy spośród jej braci i sióstr odeszli od surowych praktyk religijnych. Nie wiadomo mi nic o tym, aby któreś z nich przeżyło wojnę. Przeżyli tylko ich kuzyni, którzy odnaleźli mnie jakiś czas temu poprzez archiwa genealogiczne ŻIH. Potomkowie rodziny Fussteigów mieszkają dziś w Izraelu i w Australii.
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The article is an introduction to the history of Polish Jews who, as a result of the agreement of the Polish and British Governments in 1942, landed in Jamaica, where they were placed in the in the Gibraltar internment camp. On their way to Jamaica, they were were under the impression that was the place where they could live and work as normally as possible. But the reality turned out to be disappointing, something that was reflected in letters of the interned which were sent to Ignacy Schwarzbart attached to this text, member of the National Council of the Republic of Poland in exile.
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The paper discusses the archival photographs from the death camps of Belzec and Treblinka, taken during the postwar investigations. Using the new theories of visual turn and forensic turn, the author examines its usefulness in the historical research and goes out beyond the traditionally considered categories of the historical sources and testimony. The essential notions of forensic aesthetics, forensic sensitivity and counter aesthetics are considered here not only as the theoretical approaches, but also as the practices of the critical writing of the testimonies from the mass killing cites. It sets the new research perspectives in the fundamental discourses of historiography and Holocaust studies.
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Review of: Marcin Kula - Czarna księga, red. Ilja Erenburg, Wasilij Grossman, tłum. Małgorzata Buchalik, Halyna Dubyk, Halina Grubowska, Mirosława Jankowska, Maria Karachentseva, Kacper Miklaszewski, Tamara Monko-Ejgenberg, oprac. Joanna Nalewajko-Kulikov, Warszawa: ŻIH, 2020, 881 s.
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Review of: Paweł Smoleński - Michał Wójcik, Zemsta. Zapomniane powstania w obozach zagłady. Treblinka, Sobibór, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Poznań: Wydawnictwo Poznańskie, 432 s.
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Jacek Leociak and Adam Mazur talk to Artur Żmijewski
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Review of: Bartłomiej Krupa - Tomasz Żukowski, Pod presją. Co mówią o Zagładzie ci, którym odbieramy głos, Warszawa: Wielka Litera, 2021, 295 s.
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Cieszę się, że moje dwie ostatnie książki wzbudziły zainteresowanie, i jestem wdzięczny wszystkim, którzy zechcieli podzielić się z mną opiniami na ich temat – także, a może przede wszystkim tymi krytycznymi. Dziękuję również Redakcji „Zagłady Żydów” za możliwość zabrania głosu w debacie.
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Јевреји су у Босну и Хериеговнну стигли прије отприлике четири стољећа и од тада они овдје дијеле судбину с домородачким становништвом уклапајући се, временом, у тај етнички и вјерски мозаик. Њихово присуство оставило je и још оставља дубоки траг у разним сферама друштвеног живота, што представља разлог више за проучавање прошлости Јевреја на овом тлу.
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Review of: Carlos Alberto Haas: Das Private im Ghetto. Jüdisches Leben im deutsch besetzten Polen 1939 bis 1944. (Das Private im Nationalsozialismus, Bd. 3.) Wallstein Verlag. Göttingen 2020. 370 S. ISBN 978-3-8353-3843-2.
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The question of the Jews has been a concern, of not only the historian, since ancient times to the contemporaneity. A black page in the human history, the Holocaust is now meant to highlight an objective presentation of the facts and the political actors who endorsed or maintained such a tragedy. The interwar legislation, the political activity of some personalities at that time, including people of culture, the programs and the historical stages that formed the basis of the anti–Semitic practices are some of the topics approached in the article, meant to reflect, more than half a century later, the particularly serious events that the Jewish population in Romania experienced. The presentation of the historical events related to this sensitive subject, without pretending completeness, aims to assimilate some knowledge related to a global event, which represented a challenge to the most elementary human values.
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During World War Two, many Jewish survivors witnessed how their parents, spouses and children were being taken away to Nazi camps, and some even saw them suffering until the end. Those who came back were hoping to find a tranquil haven and to finally live peacefully with at least some of their family members. Their ties, however, were irrevocably disturbed. This article focuses on one Jewish family from Thessaloniki, within which many members from three generations survived by hiding in Greece, while others were deported to Auschwitz. This created traumatic layers in the family memory, each of them for different reasons, and which were often suppressed for decades to come. Dwelling on a rich archive of personal testimonies, I will shed light on these silenced memories within the traumatised family network, memories that stem not only from the tragedy of the Holocaust, but also interplay with family dynamics.
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Holocaust in Romania and the territories controlled by the Romanian authorities during the Second World War is featured in a great number of photos. There are several hundred images showing the atrocities in the territory of the Old Kingdom and several dozen photos known, at this point, identified in Bessarabia, Bukovina, Transnistria and farther to the East. The fact that so much visual evidence was preserved regarding Romania’s involvement in the Holocaust is remarkable, considering that photography was strictly controlled during the war and the authorities of the Ion Antonescu regime made systematic efforts to prevent the photographic recording of Antisemitic violence and dissemination of such photographs. Jews were not entitled to possess or use cameras for photos and filming (interdictions varied by the area and period), while the other photographs were not allowed to make spontaneous captures within the localities, except for the instances where they were granted special permits. However, there are surviving photos made by Jews – some with the knowledge of authorities (e.g., during the Bucharest pogrom), other clandestine (e.g., during the Iași pogrom). Most photographs preserved were taken by military soldiers stationed in Romania or who fought alongside the Romanian army on the East Front. They were not under the control of the Romanian authorities and they did not observe the restrictions regarding photography issued by the Wehrmacht. Due to the technical progress and accessible prices, cameras (35 mm Agfa, Leica, Kodak, Exakta, Zeiss-Ikon, etc.) became a common good among German soldiers, while the strict supervision of their use was impossible. Furthermore, special teams were set up to photograph and film military operations and events on the front. Hence, there are at least two million photos taken by the Germans during the Second World War.
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Review of: Alberto Castaldini, Contra Genesim. Sugli ebrei e la rifondazione antropologica del nazionalsocialismo, Franco Angeli Edizioni, Milano, 2019.
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The twentieth century began and ended with the execution of genocide. At the same time, it is the century in which large-scale armed conflicts were fought, including the First and Second World Wars. The Second World War was marked, among other things, by genocides committed against peoples that were planned for extermination by Nazi projects. In the first place, it is inevitable to mention the genocide (Holocaust) against the most numerous victims - the Jews. The Holocaust resulted in millions of victims. Mass murders of Jews were carried out, but in the Second World War, about a million people who were members of other nations were also killed. The Nazis carried out the systematic extermination of Jews and other target groups in concentration camps established in Germany, but also in occupied countries. Hundreds of camps were opened throughout the occupied territories of Europe. The target groups scheduled for extermination were collected and transported by trains, most often in transport and livestock wagons, and taken to camps where a certain number were immediately killed, while another number were temporarily left for forced labor. People who were used for forced labor often died of exhaustion, and those who managed to survive the torture were eventually killed. In addition to the closure and liquidation in the camps, individual and mass executions were also carried out in other places. The large number of those killed indicated the need for quick rehabilitation, which resulted in burning the bodies on pyres or burying them in mass graves. The committed genocides encouraged the formation of the United Nations, but also resulted in the adoption of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, or for short - the Genocide Convention, which was supposed to be a guarantee for „never again“. Sanctions issued in the form of death sentences to the most notorious war criminals for the terrible crimes for which they were found responsible should have been another obstacle to „never again“. However, the participants of our time testify that it was not so. Genocidal projects have revived and genocides have been realized, as is the case with the genocide committed in the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina at the end of the 20th century. In the trial of the most notorious Nazis, known as the Nuremberg Trials, the harshest death sentences were handed down, as well as life and long-term imprisonment. The specificity of the Nuremberg process is that, in addition to proclaiming the principle of personal responsibility, it also represents a condemnation of the committed aggression, but also a political project as manifested by the condemnation of various organizations that were declared responsible for the crimes committed. At the main international military trial that began on October 18, 1945, 24 defendants were prosecuted for individual responsibility, but six criminal war organizations were also prosecuted - the leadership of the NSDAP (National Socialist German Workers' Party - NSDAP (National Sozialistische Deutsche Arbeiter Partei) headed by was Adolf Hitler - the most responsible criminal for World War II and the execution of the Holocaust), SS (Schutzstaffel - military branch of the NSDAP), SA (Sturmabteilung - Assault Squad of the NSDAP), SD (Sicherheitsdienst - Intelligence Service of the NSDAP), Gestapo (Geheime Staats Polizei - secret state police) and OKW (Oberkommando der Wehrmacht - Supreme Command of the German Army). Certain prosecutions were also carried out in the national courts of the countries that emerged victorious in the Second World War.
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In this paper, the author presents the results of a survey conducted electronically from the beginning of March to the end of May 2021 among students of nine high schools in Varaždin on their knowledge and attitudes about fascism and anti-fascism. The survey consisted of 20 questions, and the answers were given by 356 students. This paper does not bring critiques or suggestions of the history curriculum for high schools, but presents some of its results. Special attention was paid to the events marking the 80th anniversary of the persecution of Jews in Varaždin (1941-2021), which were held during July 2021.
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Review of: Ivo Goldstein, Antisemitizam u Hrvatskoj od srednjega vijeka do danas [Anti-Semitism in Croatia from the Middle Ages to the Present] (Zagreb: Fraktura and the “Bet Israel” Jewish Religious Community in Croatia, Zaprešić and Zagreb, 2022), 632 pages
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The purpose of this article was to provide an outline of the history of the Jewish community in Osnabrück in the context of the events that took place in the first half of the 20th century. The city located in Lower Saxony is an interesting example of how the progressive acts of aggression and anti-Semitism towards the Jewish inhabitants led ordinary Germans to become indifferent to the harm done to their friends, colleagues and neighbors. This is particularly evident in the memories of Holocaust survivors who had to deal with the memory of their German homeland, with which most of them strongly identified before the war.
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The Holocaust constitutes one of the most powerful symbols in the history of humankind. Its memory, and in particular its irrefutable relationship with anti-Semitism, should trigger strict scrutiny every time anti-Semitic attitudes re-emerge, even if disguised as seemingly harmless words or actions. This applies also to legal measures,neutral on their face but which, in their consequences, may have an adverse effect on Jews, and thus raise the suspicion of anti-Semitic implications. Such implications are visible in the recent phenomena that serve as the two case studies for the present article:boycotts of Israel and bans on ritual slaughter (Shechita). While in the case of anti-Israeli boycotts, the core arguments relate to international anti-discrimination law and policies, in relations to the Shechita bans claims about violation of the religiousfreedom of observant Jews prevail. At the same time, in both cases strong references to the Holocaust and the memory of its victims are being invoked, allowing one to raise objections as to the status of the relevant legal developments. Here again history and memory enter into the public and legal discussions, legislative processes, and courtrooms.
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