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Русия срещу антихриста: страховете на православната общественост и позицията на Църквата

Author(s): Victor Shnirelman / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2016

History shows that in times of deep social crises there is a considerable growth of eschatological sentiments. At the end of the twentieth century Russia encounters revolutionary political, economic and cultural changes, some of them being related to a religious renaissance. The discrediting and collapse of the former communist ideology created a vacuum which was quickly filled with a variety of ideas, including the revival of some pre-revolutionary myths. The return of religion leads not only to increase of the number of believers but also to the emergence of Orthodox monarchist organizations in which faith is combined with the dream of restoration of the kingship. Prophecies based on images from “Apocalypse” are quite popular in these circles. The article analyzes the content of the prophecies, the characteristics of their publication and dissemination, the nature of the activists dealing with these matters as well as the religious political movements and their impact on the believers. The author discusses the question about the different meaning of these prophecies, about the radical right-wing movements, and the ezoterists and konspirologists who have their own interpretations and use them differently. In addition, the question about the relationship between religion and politics in the modern era is also raised.

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Doświadczenie muzyki, doświadczenie w muzyce. Refleksje na podstawie książki Przeciw muzykologii niewrażliwej Macieja Jabłońskiego

Author(s): Iwona Sowińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 5/2015

Review: Maciej Jabłoński, Przeciw muzykologii niewrażliwej [Against Insensitive Musicology], Wydawnictwo Nauka i Innowacje, Poznań 2014.

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Między nature a nurture. Transfer międzypokoleniowy, epigenetyka i „więzy krwi”

Author(s): Anna Artwińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2016

This article explores two family or generational narratives – Anna Janko’s A Minor Extermination and Sergey Lebedev’s Oblivion – to tackle the question of intergenerational transmission, including from a biological perspective. Artwińska is interested in the inscription of figures and metaphors belonging to the genealogical discourse, as well as in their function in and beyond the text. Janko’s work can be read as a literary manifestation of the concept of epigenetics, while Levedev’s presents the metaphorization of problems related to the image of ‘blood ties’. The two family narratives exemplify how topical the notion of generation is in its genealogical dimension.

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Je li hrvatska vlast 1990-ih bila antisemitska?

Author(s): Andrijana Perković Paloš / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 2/2016

The main goal of this paper is to discuss whether the first President of the Republic of Croatia Franjo Tuđman and the Croatian leadership in the 1990s were anti-Semitic. The minimization of the number of Holocaust victims and Holocaust denial, which includes statements that the Holocaust was a myth or a hoax produced by the Jews, are considered to be driven by anti-Semitism. These theories were present in historiography and later in politics. The outburst of political anti-Semitism, according to Western historians, can be found in Eastern Bloc countries after the collapse of their communist regimes. Croatia began its journey towards democracy and independence within this framework. Even before he became Croatian president, Tuđman was a controversial person due to his book Horrors of War: Historical Reality and Philosophy, which some circles described as anti-Semitic. Some of his statements were misinterpreted and his policy of national reconciliation, which meant ironing out the half-century-old political divisions between the Croats, was perceived as the rehabilitation of the Ustasha regime and its Independent State of Croatia (NDH), which carried out genocide against the Serbs, the Jews, and the Roma during World War II. Such widespread perception, supported by Serbian propaganda, prolonged the establishment of the diplomatic relations between the Republic of Croatia and the State of Israel until 1997. The relations between the Croatian leadership, Croatian people in general, and the Jewish community in Croatia in the 1990s were, however, very positive. Some established members of the Jewish community held high-ranking positions in the Croatian leadership. An appeal made by Nenad Porges, president of the Jewish community of Zagreb, to all the Jews in the world, in which he claimed that the Croatian Government was not anti-Semitic, proves the stability of those relations and the support of the Jewish community to Croatia during the Greater-Serbian aggression.

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Popkultura wobec izraelskich wzorców pamiętania o Zagładzie

Author(s): Jagoda Budzik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 03/2015

After the long period of intentional silence surrounding the subject of the Holocaust survivors in the official discourse of Israel, more and more often the Holocaust served as a justification for the Israeli military activity as well as it became a central element shaping the national identity of the Israeli Jews. This situation is directly reflected in the texts of Israeli mass culture but also has been widely criticized with the use of tools it offers. The main objective of the article is to give a brief overview of the history of this dual relationship between Israeli pop culture and the Holocaust memory, as well as to explain the special status it has in Israel from the first decades of the state’s existence until the period of an extensive presence of the topic of Holocaust memory in various kinds of popular media.

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John Zorn. Jak być żydowskim postmodernistą (albo postmodernistycznym Żydem)?

Author(s): Michal Wandzilak,Mariusz Czubaj / Language(s): Polish Issue: 03/2015

Being one of the most prominent figures of the New York avant-garde scene since the early 1980s of the 20th century – John Zorn is almost nonexistent in the Polish musical studies. Moreover, even though his art is densely packed with the dilemmas of the contemporary culture, Zorn’s music seems to be unnoticed neither by the anthropology nor by the cultural studies. Style-wise, due to the theory of the Jonathan Kramer and other notable music theorists, John Zorn’s music should be classified as connected to the postmodern movement. In his early works Zorn explores different musical contexts: the concept of “high” and “low” styles, structural unity, eclecticism, popular culture, etc. But dated from the release of the album, titled Kristallnacht, the next period of Zorn‘s musical activity is deeply involved in search for the Jewish identity in music and therefore rerouted to the new political religious social and traditional context. In short, John Zorn through his music is questioning the fundamental issues of contemporary culture: its identity, existence and tradition.

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Żydowska Warszawa w obrazkach. Komiksowa antologia Złote pszczoły jako przykład kultury historycznej

Author(s): Gaweł Janik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 03/2015

The following article aims to show places where pop culture merges with Jewish tradition on the example of comic books. The author tries not only to reconstruct the evolution of the genre and its changing reception but also to show the history of comic books which introduce Jews as their main characters. The emphasis is put on comics about the Holocaust and superheroes which have actually become a separate category of graphic stories. The author uses as an example the Polish comic anthology - Złote pszczoły, which is one of the rare examples concerning the comic art about Jews and which has been incorporated into the cultural heritage and rescue history. The article draws attention to the fact that this is and institutional comic in which animal symbols have an important meaning and the Holocaust is not mentioned by its name at all, which seems to be done on purpose.

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Śledztwo w osnowie stereotypu, legendy i przemilczenia, Wątki żydowskie w polskich współczesnych powieściach sensacyjnych

Author(s): Robert Więckowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 03/2015

The authors of contemporary Polish crime stories frequently use the threads connected with the history of Polish-Jewish relationships, which are full of stereotypes, legends and concealments. This arouses the authors’ interest and makes them write the most intriguing novels. In my article I analyze such solutions used by three Polish crime story authors in some of their novels. The critical assessment concerns both the ways of coping with the stereotypes and the significance, which, in social perception, may be attributed to the fact of working out in crime stories the legends and concealments from Polish-Jewish history.

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Żydowskie dziedzictwo. Uwagi o sagach współczesnych

Author(s): Marta Tomczok / Language(s): Polish Issue: 03/2015

In the article I pay attention to the contemporarily increasing importance of the family saga in the Polish Jewish studies. I propose the reading of the prose of Bronisław Wildstein (Czas niedokonany), Ałbena Grabowska (Stulecie Winnych), Ben Elton (Two Brothers) and Karina Schaapman (The Mouse Mansion. Sam and Julia). The 20th c. history of the European Jews present in these books usually focuses on several key pictures/moments/situations, that is: pre-war pogroms, the Shoah, and – only in the Polish version – żydokomuna [“Judeo-Communism”] and March 1968. I demonstrate their influence on pop-cultural narration through the analysis of Czas niedokonany in particular. In this story the inheritance of trauma, significant for the narration of the Second Generation, gains a supplement in the form of the inheritance of the Jewish capital, post-war Jewish careers and professional advancement. The article is an introduction to the profound study on the newest pop-cultural story tackling the subject of Jewishness; it also indicates the necessity of extracting from a large group of Polish, noble and post-noble family sagas the storylines centered on Jewish culture, based on a different ideology and distinct myths.

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Co kultura popularna zrobiła z Żydem Wiecznym Tułaczem? Współczesne renarracje legendy o Ahaswerze.

Author(s): Szymon Makuch / Language(s): Polish Issue: 03/2015

The main purpose of the article is an analysis of the ways of existence of the Wandering Jew character in contemporary culture. Considerations include literary texts, movies, comic books and computer games. In the 20th and 21th century this motif is still present in pop culture, and the apocrypha is very interesting material for many reinterpretations and renarrations. The analysis is based on two types of narration – “biblical” and “non biblical.” The first group includes works where the Wandering Jew participates in the suffering of Jesus and has a possible impact on the course of events. The second group includes works where the Wandering Jew does not participate in life and death of Jesus; however, characters have his name or there are references to the legend.

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Wątki żydowskie w polskim kabarecie na początku XXI wieku

Author(s): Diana Karwowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 03/2015

The paper deals with the image of Jews in contemporary Polish cabaret. Increasingly, homegrown artists take up the subject of anti-Semitism and intolerance although sometimes they include stereotypical figures, clever Jews. Sometimes you can still find very nostalgic references to the lost past. Generally, this subject does not enjoy the popularity of cabaret performers; their focus on describing the present Polish society rarely takes into account any representatives of other nationalities. The analysis of these representations is supplemented by the reflection on the vitality of prejudices against the Jewish community and the place of their Polish heritage in popular culture.

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Siedmioro karłów z Auschwitz, które „Doktorowi Śmierć zawdzięczały życie”. O bohaterach reportażu Kukiełki doktora Mengele Yehudy Koren i Eliat Negev

Author(s): Agnieszka Kamińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 03/2015

A man mistreated day after day – experiencing his own death every day for years, denigrated, beaten, threatened, with no perspectives for the future – should hate his oppressor. The story of a Jewish Hungarian family of dwarfs shows that this is not always the case. In this sketch, the author analyzes the biographical narrations of the chacters of the book, who are clearly ambivalent towards doctor Mengele. It appears that the key to the interpretation of their behavior lies in deep psychological mechanisms. The analysis of the subjects’ narrations shows that Holocaust survivors suffered until the end of their days from, what psychologists and psychiatrists have named, the posttraumatic stress disorder. As the author is not a psychiatrist, she does not discuss PTSD symptoms from a medical perspective. The aim of the study is to look at the memories presented in the book with an approach informed by the humanities and embedded in the context of psychiatric terminology. The main analytical method is hermeneutics (Prot 2009).

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The Negotiated Past: the Memory of the Second World War in Post-Communist Romania

Author(s): Aneta Mihaylova / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2015

Soon after the collapse of communism in Romania the period of the Second World War became the focus of heated debates with two intertwined issues related to it, namely – the personality of the wartime leader Marshal Ion Antonescu and the topic of the Holocaust. The article traces the emergence and evolution of these debates, while also paying attention to the way in which the European and Euro-Atlantic perspective of the country affected the memory of these particular issues. It comes to the conclusion that the memory of the Second World War was somehow “negotiated” and suited to fit the present-day necessities of post-communist Romania and raises doubts whether the outside pressure on Romania’s revisiting this dark chapter of its history wasn’t in a way counterproductive, leaving the possibility of the existence of two parallel versions of the past – one for internal and one for external use.

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Culture de la mémoire en Bulgarie d’aujourd’hui à propos de la déportation des Juifs des territoires sous administration bulgare en 1943

Author(s): Nadya Danova / Language(s): French Issue: 1-2/2015

The aim of the communication is to present the different manners utilized in contemporary Bulgaria for facing the painful problem of the participation of Bulgarian authorities in the deportation of the Jews from Thrace and Macedonia during World War II. On the basis of examples from the historiography, textbooks, literature, cinema, museums, memorials and public debate are discussed the difficulties in the construction of one common and indivisible memory on events connected to the theme of responsibility and guilt, throwing the long shadow of the past on the actuality.

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Kształtowanie popularnej wiedzy o Holocauście na przykładzie trzech artykułów z polskiej, hebrajskiej i angielskiej Wikipedii

Author(s): Daniel Wolniewicz-Slomka / Language(s): English Issue: 08/2016

The goal of this article is to examine how different events and phenomena related to the Second World War and the Holocaust are framed via Wikipedia articles written in Polish, Hebrew and English. Departing from the pillars of the theory of framing in mass media, the article conducts a content analysis of three articles, in three different languages. The articles under analysis are the following: “Auschwitz-Birkenau Camp”, “The Pogrom in Jedwabne”, and “Righteous Among the Nations”. The analysis will use the four roles of frames as categories, determined by Entman: definition of the problem/phenomenon, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and treatment recommendation. Analyzing how the articles fulfill each of the roles in the different languages, the research hypothesis is that the framing of the phenomena will differ between the versions, and each version will follow pillars of the collective memory of the Holocaust in its respective country. Findings, however, are not in complete compliance with this hypothesis.

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Osobliwe zrządzenie Opatrzności Bożej… Polska pamięć Zagłady w perspektywie katolicko-narodowej

Author(s): Jacek Leociak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 6/2016

The Jewish Holocaust has a special place in Polish discourses on memory. It would be hard to overestimate its importance in constructing a model of Polish identity. But Leociak points out a weakness in Polish Holocaust memory – one that appears especially in narratives about saving Jews. The rhetoric, poetics and metaphors of these discourses – both private and public – are astonishingly durable, given the changing political context. This article is a preliminary exploration of a certain type of Polish discourse on Holocaust memory, one that has a long tradition but is now gaining prominence. It could be described as a Catholic-national discourse, where both elements have equal weight, affirming its rootedness in the ideology of the prewar Catholic National Democracy formation (also known as ND or ‘Endecja’).

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Żydzi i zagłada w polskich kulturach pamięci: między antagonizmem i agonem

Author(s): Sławomir Kapralski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 6/2016

25 years ago, Polish gentiles were interviewed on the disappearance of their Jewish neighbours. Kapralski re-examines those interviews in order to revise current attitudes to this kind of memory. He presents memory as a product of current constellations of the remembering subject’s interests, whereby the subject is embroiled in existential efforts to construct mnemonic safety, which in turn is the basis for processes of reconstructing collective memory. These processes were particularly vital in the context of the uncertainty that marked the transformation in the 1990s – a transformation that Kapralski frames in terms of a structural trauma that shapes memories about historical trauma. Such a framing of memories of the Jews means that they have been publicly commemorated in Poland, but they are not remembered within the structures of communicative memory.

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Antisemitism as a Universal Variation of Xenophobia

Author(s): Valery V. Engel / Language(s): English Issue: 14/2024

The author examines in the article various aspects of antisemitism as a species of Xenophobia in the modern world. He tries to answer the question of what is the uniqueness of this phenomenon? Indeed, as a rule, it is mentioned even in international documents along with general manifestations of Xenophobia and Racism. The author shows that antisemitism is unique in the sense that it differs from other varieties of Xenophobia in its universal character. Indeed, antisemitism is characteristic of all types and forms of Xenophobia, it is an instrument of Islamism, as well as left and right Radicalism. The fight against antisemitism largely depends on the degree of integration of a number of non-Jewish population groups, such as migrants and Muslims, and its level largely depends on external factors to which the Jews of the diaspora are not directly related, such as the political and military situation. In the Middle East (the socalled “new antisemitism”). At the end of the article, the author answers the question why the fight against modern antisemitism is important for the general confrontation of Hatred, and also gives recommendations for the successful confrontation of this kind of Xenophobia in modern conditions.

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Panovnický antijudaismus na Moravě v první čtvrtině 18. století. Hledání klíče k regulaci židovské menšiny

Author(s): Martin Štindl / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2023

The paper focuses on the territory of Moravia between 1708–1728, when the Habsburg state produced a series of legislative measures that had a lasting impact on the status of the Jewish population. The author sees this process as the formation of a monarchical anti-Judaism that gradually abandoned the older models of the Estates State and adopted the principles of absolute monarchies. In addition to formal shifts, the paper focuses primarily on the themes of these measures, the targets of which – the Jewish home, the synagogue, the ghetto, the family – tended to change frequently as the state sought the most an effective method for regulating the Jewish minority. Last but not least, the paper focuses on the actors who initiated the individual measures or were involved in their practical application.

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„Завесата все още е желязна“. Трагичната история на полет 4Х-АКС в международен и български контекст

Author(s): Vanya Mihaylova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2017

The study is devoted to the Israeli plane that was fired by two Bulgarian jet fighters over the Bulgarian airspace on the 27th of July 1955. The main purpose of the author is to present the facts and circumstances associated with the tragic 4X-AKC flight and to examine the causes of the tragic event, the international response and the way it was used for propaganda purposes against both Bulgaria and the Eastern bloc and the USSR. The myths and assumptions concerning the plane crash that are a result of the obscure aspects about the reasons why the Israeli plane entered into the Bulgarian territory and the circumstances demanded for it to be brought down are analyzed. A special attention is paid to the impact of the incident on the relations between Bulgaria and Israel as the main parties in that special case and their diplomatic negotiations in order for the issue about the payment of certain compensation to the families of the victims to be resolved. The involvements of international institutions like the United Nations and the International Court of Justice in an attempt for the problem of the guilt and the compensation due thereunder to be solved are scrutinized. Describing the international situation regarding the opposition and the military rivalry and competition between the representatives of the Eastern and Western blocs just at the time when the accident with the 4X-AKC flight used to happen Vanya Mihaylova reached to the conclusion that the main reason is the specific atmosphere of distrust and mutual suspicion. The death of 58 civilian passengers proved that the negotiations during the Geneva conference in 1955 were an example of a “cold detente” in the context of the hot confrontation and “the curtain was still made o f iron”.

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