Az Arad-Temesvár vasútvonal története

Author(s): Árpád Jancsó / Language(s): Hungarian

The two citys of Arad and Temesvár/Timişoara, being both rivals and sister-castles at times, were connected to the European railway network at one year’s difference. The Szeged–Temesvár/Timişoara section of the Imperial and Royal Privileged Society of Austrian National Railways (StEG) was inaugurated on 15 November 1857, and the Arad– Szajol section of the Pest–Arad railway of the Tisa Region Railway Society (TVV) was opened on 25 October 1858.The two large neighbouring cities, Arad and Temesvár/Timişoara, situated at only 55 km distance from each other, had no direct railway connection.Several attempts were made to build a railway between the two cities, but remained uncompleted due to the lack of funding.After the 1867 reconciliation and the foundation of the dualist state of Austro-Hungary, the laws which prevented economic development and the industrialization of the area were abrogated; the Vienna court had previously used this area as a supplier of cheap resources and an agrarian territory. As a result, industry began to thrive, and railways enmeshed the country, offering transportation means for various goods. The new circumstances raised once again the issue of constructing a railroad between Arad and Timişoara. The city council of Timişoara used heavy lobby for this purpose.One of the promoters of the project was the legendary 1848 General György Klapka, originating from Timişoara, who returned to the country after a long period of emigration, during which he had the possibility to get acquainted with the role of the railroad in the development of Western countries.Klapka requested and received the approval for the initiation of the preliminary procedures. The hardest job he had to face was again the raising of the necessary funds. Klapka turned to several financial institutions in the country and abroad. With great difficulties, he managed to convince the General Hungarian Credit Bank, the Imperial and Royal Privileged Institute of Industrial and Commercial Credit, the Darmstadt Bank for Commerce and Industry, the Sultzbach brothers from Frankfurt am Main, and Cramer Klett from Nuremberg. Klapka and his partners presented their request for the authorization of the construction works.The first two banks changed their mind, therefore the authorization was issued for the following names: the Darmstadt Bank for Commerce and Industry, the Sultzbach brothers from Frankfurt am Main, György Klapka, and Cramer Klett from Nuremberg. The authorization was granted by law no. XXXVII signed at Buda on 3 December 1868 by His Majesty Franz Joseph Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, etc. and Apostolic King of Hungary, and by Count Gyula Andrássy, Prime Minister (We, considering it correct, pleasant and accepted both this law and everything contained in it, both as a whole and in its details, we approve of it by our royal power, we enforce it and sanction it, respect it, and oblige all our subjects to respect it”). The law was voted in the Parliament at Pest, on 5 December in the Lower House, and on 5 December 1868 in the Upper House.The law stipulated that the Hungarian state granted interest guarantee for the construction of the Arad–Temesvár/Timişoara railway, which started from the Arad railway station of the Tisa Region Railway Society and ended in the Timişoara railway station of the StEG society. The following stations would be built on the route: Újarad/Aradul Nou, Németság/Şagul, Vinga, Orczyfalva/Orţişoara, Merczyfalva/Merţişoara, and Szentandrás/Sânandrei. A condition imposed by the law was that the beneficiaries of the authorization should start the construction works within three months at latest after the enforcement of the law, and finish them within a year and a half, after which the railroad must become operational.The law stipulated the way of expropriations that had to be done on the expense of the beneficiaries of the authorization, and provisioned the methodology of the expropriation of lots of land needed in the case of double lines. The beneficiaries had the obligation to guarantee the observation of technical conditions and the deadlines for the completion of the works. The projects had to be approved by governmental institutions as well. The state also offered a guarantee: in case the net profit would not have reached 39,500 silver florins per mile over a year, the state obliged itself to pay the difference over the whole period of the authorization (this way, until its nationalization, the state paid around 4 million florins for the railway society). The authorization period was established for 90 years, with the possibility for the state to buy it back after 30 years.The beneficiaries had to prove they possessed 30% of the investment capital. The Ministry of Public Works and Commerce and the Ministry of Finance were empowered to supervise the fulfilment of the legal conditions.On the basis of the article in the establishment act the beneficiaries of the concession for the construction and operation of the Arad–Temesvár/Timişoara railroad founded the corporation “Arad–Temesvár Railway”.The statute of the society was approved “at the highest instance” on 3 March 1871, and confirmed by order no. 4061 of 23 March 1871 of the Hungarian Regional Ministry of Public Works and Transport.Before starting the construction works, according to the legislation an administrative reambulation was needed. The representatives of all parties concerned took place in it, and an official report was drawn up which contained all problems of common interest. The reambulation took place on 20 March 1869. Afterwards, the Minister of Public Works and Transport issued the authorization for building. Since the military authorities asked for the replanning of a section next to the castle of Arad and its being moved at a distance longer than the range of a cannon shot, the authorization was given except for this section. Consequently, the route of the railway between Arad and Aradul Nou had to be replanned for a new location. This was indeed done, and in October a new administrative reambulation of this section took place, after which the authorization for this section was also issued. The works started very enthusiastically, but soon the military authorities came up with new pretences. As a result of misunderstandings and disagreements with the military authorities, the works were paused. The government ordered the establishment of a mixed committee formed by the representatives of civil and military authorities, which would clarify all problems and disagreements raised at the site. The delay lasted quite long. So, although the works started in April 1869, because of the obstacles of the military authorities, they were only completed 11 months later than it was imposed in the authorization of concession. Finally, after the works were finished, the Arad–Temesvár/Timişoara railroad became operational and was solemnly inaugurated on 6 April 1871. The government took into account that the delays were caused by the unfriendly attitude of the military authorities and returned the guarantee of 300,000 florins. The construction company chosen by the society was Schwarz and Fleischmann from Pest.6 steam engines, 19 passenger coaches and 79 freight cars were used for the operation of the railway.For a short period of time the railway services were offered by the company “Alföld–Fiumei Vasút Rt” (Alföld–Fiume Railway Corporation), then by TVV. After the nationalization of TVV in 1880 and its incorporation into the Hungarian State Railway Company (Magyar Államvasúttársaság, MÁV), this company took over also the operation of this railroad.The Arad–Timişoara line connected the lines of two rivalling private railways. Both of these societies wanted to control this line. The battle was won by StEG, which managed to buy the majority of the shares, gaining thus control in the general assembly of the shareholders. Once all the lines of the Imperial and Royal Privileged Society of National Austro- Hungarian Railways, which lay on the territory of Hungary, were bought back by the state, the Arad–Temesvár/Timişoara line became the property of the Hungarian Railways. MÁV made a series of modernization works: the rails were replaced with heavier ones, several bridges were rebuilt, and the over-structures were made of cast steel, the old metal bridge of Arad was replaced by a new metal bridge.Three other railroad lines were later connected to the Arad–Temesvár/Timişoara line: the Timişoara–Lovrin line (in 1895), the Szentandrás/Sânandrei–Varjas/Variaş line (in 1908) and the Varjas/Variaş–Arad line (in 1910).After WWI the Arad–Temesvár/Timişoara line was moved to the patrimony of the Romanian state. The administration, operation, and maintenance of the line was taken over by the Romanian Railways (CFR). In the period 1945–1948 another reconstruction took place, followed by others between 1967 and 1968.At the restoration of the Timişoara–Şagu line (1979–1980), rails of 60 and 65 kg were used. Such works were also conducted on the section between Arad and Aradul Nou in the period 1986–1987.After 1990 the old over-structure of the bridge over Maros/Mureş river was also replaced.The book is an exhaustive presentation of the history of the construction of the Arad–Timişoara railway, and it is based on the research of original documents and plans. Naturally, materials published in various monographs, books, or periodicals have also been used. The book contains very many copies of documents previously unpublished, maps, and photographs.Written by an expert in the field, but in a widely accessible language, the book is addressed both to the wide audience interested in the history of technology and transportation, or in local and regional history, and to experts who may find a plethora of very accurate technical data, gathered from documents of the age, and preserved in various archives.

Az Oravica-Anina hegyi vasút története

Author(s): Árpád Jancsó / Language(s): Hungarian

The book presents the history of the mountain railway between Oraviţa (hung.: Oravicabánya) and Anina (hung.: Anina).At the beginning of the XIXth century, the interest towards the exploitation of coal deposits in the Anina coal field grew. But the main impediment was the lack of a transportation route. The only available solution was the construction of a railroad that linked Anina to Oraviţa. From Oraviţa to Baziaş (hung.: Báziás), the port on the Danube a railroad was just opened in 1856, the first railroad on the territory of today’s Romania.The difficult terrain forced the designers of the railroad to implement a large array of engineering works: embankments, excavations, 14 tunnels, 10 viaducts, bridges, culverts, and a minimum radius of the curves measuring 114 m. The railroad’s characteristics required the designing of special locomotives, whose planning and execution sparked the interest of the field’s specialists. For the circulation on this railway, a special propelling system was drawn up.The railroad between Oraviţa and Anina was among the first mountain railroads in Europe, the first of its kind in what was then Hungary and the first mountain railroad on today’s territory of Romania. Due to its technical specifications it is often compared with the mountain railroad in Semmering, Austria.The volume discusses in detail the conditions of its design, the planning, the construction, its administration and service from its commissioning to our days. Because of its curves’ small radiuses and large terrain declivities, up to 20‰, special locomotives were designed and manufactured. A whole chapter is dedicated to their analysis. The author also conducted an extensive research in archives and re-traced many times the route of this railway.The book is richly illustrated with unpublished reproductions of documents and drawings of the initial plans, with images and old pictures, to which the author added its own photographs.This document-book is the most extensive monograph on the mountain railroad Oraviţa-Anina.

Studies in Greek Security, 2006-2011

Author(s): Ioannis Michaletos,Chris Deliso / Language(s): English

This collection of analyses and interviews presents important trends and events in the realm of security affairs in Greece during the target period. It encompasses insider testimony on key events, as well as detailed comparative overviews of forces and other targeted material. It is a useful asset for readers with specific interest in the security, defense and intelligence sector in this key country.

Studies in the Greek Security Sector, Volume II: 2012-2015

Author(s): / Language(s): English

This, the successor volume of earlier e-book on Greek security between 2006-2011, encompasses 23 chapters devoted to subjects as diverse as the Greek-Turkish balance of power and militant Islam to left-wing anarchist violence and protests over geo-political security issues.

Roweratura. O rowerze w literaturze i kulturze

Author(s): / Language(s): Polish

Publikacja ma charakter pionierski, dotychczas bowiem w humanistyce polskojęzycznej powstało niewiele rozważań teoretycznych nad rowerem. Wydanie antologii wzbogaca o kulturowy kontekst dyskusję nad rolą roweru w przestrzeni miejskiej oraz włącza się w prorowerowy ruch coraz silniej wyrażany zarówno przez samych cyklistów, jak i przez władze Miasta Poznania.Na antologię składa się jedenaście tekstów młodych badaczy i badaczek z różnych ośrodków akademickich w Polsce, pierwotnie wygłoszonych podczas ogólnopolskiej konferencji naukowej „Roweratura. Rzecz o rowerze w literaturze i kulturze”, która odbyła się 19–20 kwietnia 2013 roku na Wydziale Filologii Polskiej i Klasycznej UAM w Poznaniu.

TEORIA ȘI PRACTICA RĂZBOIULUI DE GHERILĂ MODERN

Author(s): Valerică Cruceru / Language(s): English

Nowadays, the persistence of inequalities, the adverse effect of the ongoing globalization process, the unbalanced economic development/share of resources, the revival of traditionalism and religious extremism fuel many asymmetric conflicts, waged mainly through guerrilla warfare. This endeavor reviews facts and explains concepts related to the dialectics of the irregular confrontation, placing a balanced importance on both political and military aspects specific to guerrilla movements such as: partisan movements; people's revolutionary wars; armed focused insurgencies; modern insurgencies; criminal insurgencies.

INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE STRATEGIES XXI. The Complex and Dynamic Nature of the Security Environment

Author(s): / Language(s): English

New Approaches in Social and Humanistic Sciences - NASHS 2017

Author(s): / Language(s): English

Proceedings Volume 3rd Central & Eastern European LUMEN International Conference New Approaches in Social and Humanistic Sciences NASHS 2017, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova, June 8-10, 2017

Symetria w fizyce materii

Author(s): Jerzy Ginter / Language(s): Polish

Introduction of the language used by the particle physics and solid state physics researchers into the basic concepts of group theory.The author discussed the general properties of isometry and isometry matrices in two and three dimensions, and presented the simple examples of their applications to physics problems. He also introduced the concept of matrix group representation into description of the classical mechanics and quantum mechanics issues.

O matematyce, złożoności i życiu. Z Henrykiem Woźniakowskim rozmawiają Bolesław Kacewicz i Leszek Plaskota

Author(s): Henryk Woźniakowski,Bolesław Kacewicz,Leszek Plaskota / Language(s): Polish

An extended interview with Professor Henryk Woźniakowski, a specialist in computational mathematics, co-author and author of many fundamental information-based complexity (IBC) theorems and researcher in tractability of multivariate problems. Professor Woźniakowski answers the questions concerning mathematics and life with particular emphasis on the period of “Solidarity” and the political changes of the 80s and early 90s of the last century, in which he took an active part.

O życiu na żywo. Biologia według Delty

Author(s): Magdalena Fikus / Language(s): Polish

A collection of essays published in the monthly journal Delta in the years 2010–2018. The author writes, among others, about three-parent children, genetic engineering, the microbiome, marvellous medicine, the mysteries of evolution, Noble Prize winners, and the sources of scientific imagination. The book contains relevant commentary on important discoveries, inventions, and scientific developments in various areas of biology.

Marceli Nencki

Author(s): Alina Szwejcerowa / Language(s): Polish

Resumption of the biography of Marceli Nencki, patron of the Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, which celebrates its 100th anniversary in 2018 and celebrated the 170th anniversary of the scientist's birth in 2017. Marceli Nencki, one of the greatest Polish naturalists of the nineteenth century, dealt with issues on the border between chemistry and medicine, he was the author of many papers, among others in physiological chemistry and bacteriology, he worked as a professor at the University of Bern, then he was the head of the Department of Chemistry at the Institute of Experimental Medicine in St. Petersburg. He entered the history of science as a researcher of uric acid biosynthesis, a co-discoverer of the heme structure and similarities in the structure of chlorophyll and hemoglobin. The author of this biography, Aniela Szwejcerowa was for many years an employee and then head of the Library of the Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences. M. Nencki. Publication based on Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 PL (CC BY 3.0 PL) (full template available at: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/pl/legalcode).

Ralph Linton. Seria wydawnicza „Laboratorium Kultury” T. VII

Author(s): / Language(s): Polish

Another volume of the series Laboratory of Culture is devoted to the research output of Ralph Linton. It would be hard to overstate the achievements of the scholar in question, whose major contribution into the process of transferring anthropology from museal exhibition halls to national universities, was instrumental in making it an academic discipline. The Linton’s output, who is renowned in Poland mainly for The Cultural Background of Personality – which is worthwhile of separate discussion and in fact demands it. Therefore, we decided to create a monograph devoted to the American anthropologist in question. The volume includes both chapters which are premiere discussions of Lipton’s research biography in Poland and some analytical studies aimed at updating and utilizing his proposals as scietific tools by applying them to the new cultural material. An important theme of our publication is also the American and Polish reception of Lipton’s works.

Something is Missing

Author(s): Bülent Somay / Language(s): English

These essays (aphorisms, theses, whatever you like) were written fifteen years ago in Turkish, and were published in Turkey in 2007. It was almost an idyllic, Arcadian time if considered from the point of view of today, that is, the nightmarish year 2020 when I am writing this. Trump was still your run-of-the-mill Reality TV star (who was also a millionaire), and could harm only his immediate environment. We only had to deal with the common cold and the flu, which, although deadly enough, could not even begin to compete with the Covid-19 pandemic. Turkey, Russia and India were ruled by populists with authoritarian tendencies even then; but their rule did not seem as eternal and as aggressively autocratic, bordering on fascism, as it is today.

Dziennik profesora nadzwyczajnego

Author(s): Paweł Kozłowski / Language(s): Polish

A collection of the texts on the verge of grotesque describing the difficulties in communicating with the present reality. Amusing and thought-provoking.

Probleme de politică agrară. Puncte de vedere

Author(s): / Language(s): Romanian

The volume "Agricultural Policy Issues. Points of view" brings together the opinions of specialists in the field, that reflects the current situation and the stage of evolution of the romanian agricultural sector, as well as the problems encountered in achieving and implementing the economic and productive legal framework of great interest for agriculture and its modernization. This book is a broad scientific event, which treats responsibly the defining segments of the economy and agricultural policy, with emphasis on issues related to the architecture of ownership and exploitation structures, property relations, involvement of the agricultural sector in association actions and cooperation under the influence of new modernization and development strategies subject to the area of scientific debate of the academic and university personalities present at the event. The present research focuses on the perimeter of economics and agricultural policy, addressing important strategy points, which capitalize on the scientific knowledge of specialists and decision-making bodies that forms the pyramid of romanian society, whose opinion completes a set of synergistic actions for efficiency and development of agriculture in Romania. The indisputable value of the scientific materials included in the volume can be recognized by the very essence of the debate – the involvement of the act of knowledge in finding solutions and opportunities for solving problems that affect the natural economic course of agriculture.

Freelonia’nın O’Halleri – BirGün Londra Yazıları

Author(s): Ibrahim Sirkeci / Language(s): Turkish

Freelonia’nın O’Halleri, BirGün Londra Yazıları 2008’den bu yana yayınlanmış haftalık yazılardan bir seçki. Bu seçkide Türkiye’de demokrasi, siyaset, seçimler ve özellikle sol siyasi partiler üzerine kaleme alınmış yazıları bir araya getirmeyi amaçladım. Yazılarımı takip edenlerin çok yabancılık çekmeyeceği “çakma” İngiliz hicvi dilime çok yerleştiği için bu derlemede de bolca karşınıza çıkacak.Bu kitabı okuduktan sonra hayatınız değişmeyecek. Öyle mutluluğun sırrı, demokrasinin yolu, on günde kilo verme, beş taşla zengin olma ve benzeri kısa yollar da sunmuyorum. Okurken yer yer yüzünüzde bir iki gülümsemeye ve içinizde hafif bir öfkeye yol açabilirsem benim için amaç hasıl olmuş demektir.Neden hemen her yazının sonunu “iyi pazarlar ve bol şanslar” veya “iyi haftalar ve bol şanslar” diyerek bağladığımı da açıklayayım. 2005 tarihli biyografik filmde ABD’li sunucu Edward Murrow haber programını her akşam “iyi geceler ve iyi şanslar” diyerek kapatıyordu. Filmi izlerken buna bayılmıştım. Bu temenninin 1950’lerin başındaki MacCarthy’ci baskı döneminde çok önemli olduğunu düşünüyorum. Bugün de farklı baskılar karşısında derdim hayatta istemediğimiz biçimde giden bunca çok şey varken şansın rolünü de hatırlamak. O yüzden şimdiden iyi okumalar ve bol şanslar.

100 lat optyki na Uniwersytecie Warszawskim (1921–2021)

Author(s): Józef Szudy / Language(s): Polish

This publication is related to the centenary of physics at the University of Warsaw. It describes the history of optics at the university since 1921, when Stefan Pieńkowski founded the Division of Physics at 69 Hoża Street in Warsaw. The author reports on the rapid development of research and significant discoveries in this field in the interwar period, when the Division of Physics earned a reputation as a world centre for molecular luminescence and atomic spectroscopy, attracting scientists from all over the world to Warsaw. Rebuilt after World War II, it got a new image when lasers were used for studies on the structure of atoms and molecules as well as atomic collisions. Today, it has become an internationally recognised modern centre for optical physics, including nonlinear optics, Fourier optics, plasmonics and quantum technologies.

Polskie dziennikarstwo wojenne. Twórcy, gatunki, konflikty zbrojne i polityka międzynarodowa

Author(s): Zbigniew Bednarek / Language(s): Polish

The publication is part of the study of international relations in the context of their relations with the media and journalists, especially war journalism. The historical and political background of wars outlined in the publication, combined with the analysis of journalistic presentations of wars, reveals a point of contact between international politics and societies and the media. In the monograph, each time outlining the political and historical background of wars, over 40 journalistic war reports published in book form were analyzed, from 9 wars, conducted since 1918 until the beginning of the 21st century, in various parts of the world (Europe, Africa, Indochina, the Caucasus, the Balkans, Iraq, Afghanistan). In addition, the study presents the work of journalists during the war over the years, the tradition of war relations since antiquity and its status in global journalism, the definition and typology of war correspondents, and issues of sources, professional ethics, documentary value of reports, as well as war propaganda and ways of influencing the recipients. A significant amount of space in the work is devoted to military announcements and reports from the Polish-Bolshevik war to the peace mission and stabilization mission at the turn of the 20th and 21st century, as well as the work of press officers of the Polish Army.

Le Seuil. Actes du colloque JOURNEES de la FRANCOPHONIE

Author(s): Dumas Felicia / Language(s): French

On the threshold, time and space are suspended, opening onto the realm of possible worlds. Going beyond this frontier represents a choice whose impact is a series of irreversible acts, taking one from a universe to another, from a promise to its materialization, from dream to reality, from life to death. In no man’s land, in its ambiguous in-betweenness, nothing is decided, broken, revealed or transgressed as yet. The phantasmatic appeal of the threshold challenges our ontological landmarks. It is this abundance of structuring functions that creates a liminary zone where danger is stimulating and exchange still possible, as ascent and descent both can induce a shift in terms of the level of reality and degree of knowledge involved.