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Reclaiming Romani-ness: Identity Politics, Universality and Otherness Or, Towards a (New) Romani Subjectivity

Author(s): Ioanida Costache / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

Drawing on theories of identity postulated by cultural theorists, scholars of gender identity, and critical race theorists, I explore issues of identity politics and “Otherness” as they pertain to Romani identity, history and activism. By critiquing the latent bifurcation of identity and subjectivity in Judith Butler’s theory of performativity as well as her explicit adherence to universalism, I begin to outline a (post-Hegelian) hermeneutic in which narratives of self enable political processes of self-determination against symbolic and epistemic systems of racialization and minoritization.[1] Roma identity both serves as an oppressive social category while at the same time empowering people for whom a shared ethnic group provides a sense of solidarity and community. In re-conceptualizing, reimagining and re-claiming Romani-ness, we can make movements towards outlining a new Romani subjectivity – a subjectivity that is firmly rooted in counterhistories of Roma, with porous boundaries that both celebrate our diversity and foster solidarity. I come to the subject of Romani identity from an understanding that our racialized and gendered identities are both performed and embodied – forming part of the horizon from which we make meaning of the world. I wish to recast the discourse surrounding Romani identity as hybridized and multicultural, as well as, following Glissant, embedded into a pluritopic notion of history.

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The use of Hungarian as a minority language in municipal offices in Southern Slovakia

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The use of Hungarian as a minority language in municipal offices in Southern Slovakia

Author(s): Katalin Misad / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

The present paper investigates the bilingualism of municipal offices of Hungarian dominant settlements in Southern Slovakia, focusing on communication in these offices in relation to the relevant legal regulations, specifically on the language of signage outside and inside the offices, the language choice of oral and written communication in administration, and the language of official means of communication. Throughout the paper, the author points out issues that make the practical application of legal regulations difficult, and comments on the basic conditions of the asserting minority language rights.

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Diversified socioeconomic structure of multi-ethnic society as a determinant of ethnopolitical management in Eastern European countries

Author(s): Magdalena Karolak-Michalska / Language(s): English Issue: 03/2020

The aim of this article is to analyze the diverse socio-economic structure in the Eastern European countries and its impact on ethnopolitical management. The thematic-ethical scope of the research concerns the territorial-temporal space comprising an independent Belarus, Republic of Moldova and Ukraine. The author investigates this issue by seeking to answer two main research questions: 1) What are the main conditions for the presence and participation of minorities in the socio-economic structure of Eastern European countries? 2) How does the diverse socio-economic structure in multi-ethnic societies translate into ethnopolitical governance? The realization of the above objective is based on the application of a catalogue of research methods, including mainly the following: system analysis, a comparative method, the historical method; the behavioural method, the ethnodemographic method. In the concluding remarks the author states that the possible "omission" by the governments in the subregion of the determinants of ethnopolitical management, i.e. the diverse socioeconomic structure of multi-ethnic societies, is conducive to the ineffectiveness of ethno-politics and facilitates the emergence of ethnic tensions and conflicts, thus threatening the security of individual states and, consequently, the subregion as a whole.

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EXPRESSIVE ENACTMENTS OF ETHNIC MEMBERSHIP IN THE ROMANIAN-AMERICAN ORGANIZATIONS FROM CALIFORNIA

Author(s): Raluca-Nicoleta Rogoveanu / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

Expressive Enactments of Ethnic Membership in the Romanian-American Organizations from California. Centered on the missions and repertoires of the Romanian ethnic organizations in California, this study analyzes how Romanian-Americans negotiate their Romanian ethnicity as individuals and as members of organized groups. While describing ethnic organizations as loci of ethnic awareness, founded on the expressive identification of Romanian-ness in the American space, my focus is on the heterogeneous discourses of the most visible Romanian ethnic associations in California. This study identifies ways of "encapsulating" Romanian ethnicity in ensembles of cultural practices which showcase ethnic culture through artifacts and cultural events as signifiers of ethnicity.

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L’éducation des jeunes en milieu traditionnel Ngbandi

Author(s): Rock Emmanuel Yaouili-Mognaman / Language(s): French Issue: 1/2018

Education is the way of teaching or conveying some knowledge to an individual or a group of individuals: adolescent or adult. According to some methods, education varies from one society to another, from a cultural area to another. These methods can change from one generation to another or almost parallel to development, to the structure and to some ideals of modern societies. However, in traditional societies, some methods are the same everywhere in Africa. Meanwhile many things and not the least are taught to children by their parents and the aim is to lead the children to acquire capacities, abilities and attitudes in order to make them trained men useful for the society. This present work attemps to point up this traditional education in ngbandi’s environment where the emphasis is put on the why and wherefores of education.

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Spatial consequences of urban policies Forming a Roma ghetto

Author(s): Tünde Virág / Language(s): English Issue: Spec 4/2016

The article is based on ethnographic fieldwork in a neighborhood situated at the edge of a small town inhabited by the local poor for decades. The neighbourhood that was once connected to the town through a set of institutions has become isolated over the years as personal relationships and institutions have ceased. I intend to present the institutional changes and social processes that transformed a socially and ethnically heterogeneous neighbourhood into a stigmatized ghetto. In this process, the role of different organizations that structure the life of the urban poor, and the governance structures in which those organizations are embedded are fundamental. Overall, the penalization of poverty and criminalization of ethnicity characterize the mechanisms that maintain invisibility. These are as follows: (1) limiting their right to access certain institutions through the creation of a second set of institutions, particularly in education; (2) operating a public work scheme along ethnic divisions; and (3) surveillance of space used by the local Roma minority government to organize, monitor and regulate this neighbourhood.

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On the transformation of a former worker’s colony Symbolic and social boundaries in the making

Author(s): Katalin Fehér / Language(s): English Issue: Spec 4/2016

The study analyses a segregated neighbourhood’s microcommunity embedded in a former industrial middle-sized town. Symbolic boundaries are constructed to differentiate people, spaces and social practices and to create categories and classifications for them, while social boundaries are the objectified and realized differentiations. Studying symbolic and social boundaries made by the residents of a former workers’ colony allows us to describe the dynamically changing relations within a socially and ethnically mixed poor neighbourhood, paying attention to those conditional factors of local structural, political and cultural context that determine the uniqueness of this location. Established and outsider groups are maintaining symbolic boundaries rooted in social boundaries, while ethnic boundaries are symbolically drawn between Roma and non-Roma residents of the colony.

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The creation of resilient Roma cultural heritage

Author(s): Eszter György,Gábor Oláh / Language(s): English Issue: Spec 6/2018

The notion of cultural heritage has become an essential part of social science discourse in recent decades, and its position and institutionalization vis-à-vis history-writing has been consolidated. Regarding minority culture and heritage, a central issue to consider is to what extent the previously marginalized minority heritage can stand on its own or emerges as part of the mainstream canon – due to increasing attention and acceptance. In the case of Roma heritage, one cannot ignore that the marginalization of Roma in Hungary is still palpable in numerous aspects and that their often very deprived social status also has an impact on the access to cultural heritage. Furthermore, this ongoing marginalization has a great impact on the access to power and control: as in academia and in political activism, the genuine presence of a “Romani voice” is still a goal to be achieved in heritage production as well. Therefore, in order to sensitively problematize and understand the present times’ cultural challenges (which may take the form of political activism as well), we are aiming to introduce the concept of resilient Roma cultural heritage in Hungary. In order to do so, the paper will test the applicability of this concept (of resilient cultural heritage) to a specific case study of the First Roma country House. Since the early 2000s, when resilience has become a central concept of cultural heritage discourses, cultural heritage is often manifested as a tool that gives a community the opportunity to create a reserve that increases its resilience and renewal capabilities. This model aims to link the theory of resilience with the preservation, use/re-use and management of cultural heritage. To create a bridge between the two concepts, participatory approaches seem to be the most suitable. By looking at the case study of the First Roma country House in Hodász,2 we would like to analyze the specific and unique position of a bottom-up cultural initiative that tackles the institutionalization of Roma traditions and heritage and creates real social cohesion on a local level, in a highly rural deprived area (Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg country). Our study (based both on field and desk research) on the Roma country House in Hodász, as an eminent example of resilient cultural heritage, represents the first stage of a large project, focused on the access to cultural heritage for wider participation in the preservation, (re)-use and management of European culture.

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Felerősödő határok

Author(s): András Vigvári / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2019

Kovai Cecília: A cigány–magyar különbségtétel és a rokonság L'Harmattan Kiadó, 2018

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A Magdolna negyedben élő roma szegény családok társas kapcsolatai és baráti viszonyai

Author(s): András Balázs / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/2020

In this study I aim to summarize the main characteristics of the friend- and relationship structure, and the life-organising functions of poor Roma families in the Magdolna district of Budapest. I try to answer the questions whether the segregated areas in my research – segregated streets and apartment blocks – have definable limits in terms of social connections, if they can be defined in a geographical or social sense, or if these relationships have ethnic boundaries. I also intend to figure out the differences in the relationship structure of women and men, and whether rehabilitation attempts offered real opportunity for social dialogue. In terms of methodology, I supplemented my semi-structured interviews with tools for participatory observation and contact and consumption diaries. Based on my findings, the exclusion creates specific economic co-operations and exchange networks, in which, besides kinship, members of a given neighbourhood and permanent participants of income-generating activities are becoming more valuable. In these communities, strong relationships are complemented by functions related to livelihoods and running households.

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Hol vannak a testvérek? A roma barátságok alakulása 2004-ben és 2019-ben

Author(s): Beáta Dávid,Cinderella Komolafe,Ágnes Lukács J.,Réka Schutzmann,Gergely Tóth / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/2020

In our study, the personal network characteristics of the Roma was described on the basis of two surveys taken in 2004 (N = 779) and in 2019 (N = 600). In the analysis, we examined the core network of confidants and friendship ties, focusing on stability as well as on potential changes. We encountered two aspects that did not change during these 15 years: the social exposure of Roma women and of those who are not in touch with a (minority) municipal representative. Otherwise, the characteristics of the personal network structure of the Roma sample in 2019 showed more similarities to that of the majority of society, i.e. the Roma who participated in the survey no longer attained the networking “advantage” that previous research has consistently reported. There is a decline in the number of friends, they are even more ethnically homogeneous, the proportion of relatives among their close relationships is lower and social isolation is increasing among them. For the time being, improving educational and economic indicators seem to favor only a narrow stratum of the population with additional network resources. At the same time, the disadvantaged Roma people are even more marginalized and isolated, as they can rely less and less on their Roma relations.

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Az oszmán-örmények kálváriája és túlélési stratégiái

Author(s): Eva Blenesi / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2020

Tachjian, Vahe: Oszmán-örmények. Élet az anyaországban, a száműzetésben, a társadalom újjáépítése a diaszpórában. Bp., L’Harmattan – Pázmány Péter Katolikus Egyetem, 2019. 215 p. (Studia Armenologica Hungarica, 2.) Fordította Mikó Katalin és Szűts Dávid. A magyar szöveget az eredetivel egybevetette Szabó Krisztián. A magyar nyelvű kiadásban közreműködött Poósz Lóránd és Sándor Márta

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Muzsikus cigány identitás és asszimilációs törekvések a 21. század elején

Author(s): Tibor Lakatos / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 09/2021

In this paper, my objective was to show the actual assimilation strategies of the Hungarian Gypsy musician families in the 21st century, using interviews and my own experience. I also present a possible course of total social integration that can become a reality in a relatively short period of time. I try to reveal some aspects of the story of certain Gypsy families and their assimilation strategy. I give a detailed picture of the different tools used by different generations to accomplish social integration. The interviews are made with selected family members of different families. Through analyzing the interviews, I present the importance of the connection and relationship between the family members that helps them on the way of social integration and emancipation, but may be a way to conserve some aspects of their Gypsy identity as well. I have chosen 11 families, including my own. The selection has been made to be representative for the Hungarian Gypsy population.

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Sértődés mint kulturálisan determinált magatartásgyakorlat: magyar–cigány együttélési helyzetek

Author(s): Gábor Biczó / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 01/2022

Resentment is a widely analysed, complex socio-cultural phenomenon in the social sciences as well as in philosophy. In this paper – using some historical aspects of the topic – I try to demonstrate the analytic value of the term concerning the comprehension of contemporary ethnic relations of Hungarian-Romani coexistence. According to my anthropological researches that have been conducted in local peripheral communities in Hungary, resentment is a mutual social psychological attitude that determines the quality of interactions between the Hungarians and Romanis. The first part of the paper has briefly revealed the conceptual background of aspects of resentment, quoting Kierkegaard’s, Nietzsche’s and Jameson’s thoughts. In the second part I analysed two field narratives with special regard to the structural-functional role of resentment in interethnic relations between Hungarians and Romanis.

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Lithuania’s Minority Representation in the European Parliament: Just Poles?

Author(s): Kiryl Kascian / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

The article analyzes the capacities and channels of Lithuania's minority representation in the European Parliament. Possible minority representation can potentially be achieved through representation of minorities in the electoral lists of Lithuania's mainstream parties or by self-organization around minority coalition led by the Electoral Action of Poles in Lithuania – Christian Families Alliance (EAPL-CFA). However, these two channels demonstrate two different outcomes. First, the article discusses the role of minority representatives in the mainstream parties focusing on the cases of Viktor Uspaskich and Leonidas Donskis. It is followed by the analysis of the electoral performances of the EAPL-CFA with the emphasis on the party’s general political capacities, abilities to keep its current and attract the new electorate, and the leadership issues taking into account personalistic factors and a series of scandals that happened in 2018 and involved the leadership of the Union of Poles in Lithuania.

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Kettős mérce? Az Európai Bizottság és a kisebbségek

Author(s): Biborka Ádám / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 06/2022

The aim of the paper is to examine the relationship between the European Commission and the minorities. The European Commission is the EU’s executive body, the guardian of the Treaties, responsible for proposing legislation and managing the Union’s policies and budget on a day-to-day basis. The study starts from the assumption that today’s European Commission is embroiled in self-controversy over minority policy and applies a double standard. Although the Union’s primary law prohibits discrimination against all minorities, the European Commission highlights some of the minorities listed in the EU’s primary sources of law, while neglecting others and deliberately sweeping their citizens’ initiatives off the table. In this study, I examine why, and by which legal means, political methods, and ideological convictions the European Commission reaches its goals. In accordance with the principle of subsidiarity, minority policy falls within the competence of the Member States, and the European Union does not have a system of norms for minorities, yet the Commission is ready to propose a series of laws, regulations and budgetary frameworks in favour of immigrant and sexual minority groups. What will be the long-term social and demographic consequences of these decisions? What kind of Europe do our children inherit from the Juncker and Von der Leyen Commissions?

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A romák kulturális és emberi jogainak védelme és elismerése az Európai Unióban. A recens fejlemények áttekintése

Author(s): László Fosztó / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 06/2022

This article focuses on the recent developments of minority protection within the European Union though the case of Roma. The author first draws a sketch of the different models of Roma integration within the majority societies, then focuses on the post-World War Two architecture of the international treaties and monitoring mechanisms. Coming closer to the present, the text presents the political process which led to the establishment of the EU Framework Strategy for Roma inclusion. As a consequence of the second wave of Eastern enlargement of the EU (2007), the mobility of the Romani citizens increased within the European countries. Reactions such as the “the Nomad emergency” in Italy or the deportations of Romanian and Bulgarian Roma by the Sárközy administration created a human rights crisis which exposed that the rights of the Roma citizens are violated not only in their home countries but also at the destination. The EU bodies created the Framework Strategy for Roma inclusion in 2010 with the support of the Council of Europe. The article concludes with a critical assessment of the present situation (post 2020) after the second cycle of the Framework Strategy was launched.

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Örmények a 21. századi Romániában

Author(s): Ilka Veress / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 06/2022

The text focuses primarily on the issue of the stratification of the Armenians in Romania as an ethno-political category, drawing attention to the processuality of its internal heterogeneity and the need for its periodic review. Starting from the general premise that this is not a single ethnic group issue, but a general phenomenon due to the regional and historical complexity of Romania, the study of each group – whether we consider them as a national minority or as part of a global diaspora – requires the application of dynamic analytical models based on the situation of multiple social actors. Accordingly, the analysis will outline the historical, cultural, and institutional profile of Armenian communities living in present-day Romania, with a special focus on the changes in the internal composition of the category in the decades after the regime change, by sketching the specific dynamics that determine the group’s current image and identity processes.

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Kisebbségi nyelvi jogok a kommunikatívvá váló tervezésben

Author(s): László Csák / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 06/2022

Planning is a social activity which aims at creating better places for communities. Participatory and communicative planning is gaining ground also in Romania, and there is plenty of research on the theory, practice, and ideology of planning regarding the involvement of the public, but there is a need to understand if there are language barriers here which might represent a bottleneck for linguistic minorities. The paper discusses this latter issue in the case of Romania’s design, town planning, and strategic planning.

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PERCEPŢIA TRADIŢIEI LA NEAMURILE DE GABORI. CÂTEVA CONSIDERAŢII

Author(s): Sînziana Preda / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 31/2021

The present work draws some lines concerning the vision the Yenish Romani have on the concept of Tradition, as an ensemble of imprescriptible behaviours that ensured and still do an unalterated existence, since time immemorial, according to the ancestors’ principles. Tradition is not in the case of Yenish a passive patrimonialization of material and spiritual cultural elements, but a set of active and articulated practices to normalize the raports between age and gender categories. Within a world exclusively directed toward future and individualism, the Yenish’s values speak about past and collectivity, about tradition and the reference points it can offer, living and living-together models, and solutions in managering the various problems the community metabolism can generate.

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