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Úroveň pohybovej výkonnosti mladých basketbalistiek, reprezentantiek Slovenska v kategórii U14

Author(s): Ladislava Doležajová,Tatiana Gallová,Anton Lednický / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2017

In Slovak basketball absent a systematic monitoring and evaluation of the development of young players. The first measurement of the wider selection of U14 (n = 44) was carried out at the initiative of a national coach of this age category. The results show us, that the basic somatic indicators need to be completed by subcutaneous fat measurement and the biological age of probands. Physical height of basketball players compared with the population was higher. Up to two-thirds of the players were in above the average group, respectively significantly above average. The independence of movement performance from somatic indicators in speed targeting tests was confirmed. In the area of the movement performance were carried out tests of general movement, which should have to be completed by special basketball tests

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Stav antropometrických parametrov a telesného zloženia u detí mladšieho školského veku

Author(s): Tomáš Hadžega,Václav Bunc / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2017

The aim of our observation was to measure selected anthropometric characteristics and to analyze actual body composition in children of younger school age from elementary schools in Prague. The group consisted of a total of 222 probands, boys (n-117) and girls (n-105) aged 8–11 years (average boys age = 9.0 ± 1.0 years, body height = 139.9 ± 8.6 cm, body weight = 32 ± 7.5 kg, BMI = 16.3 ± 2.4 kg.m–2). Average age girls = 8.9 ± 0.9 years, body height = 137.3 ± 8.8 cm, body weight = 30.5 ± 7.3 kg, BMI = 15.9 ± 2.4 kg.m–2). The BIA 2000 M multi-frequency apparatus (whole-body bioimpedance analysis) was used to analyze the body composition. Children of younger school age showed higher TBW values – total body water (boys 65.5 ± 6.0%, girls 66.6 ± 6.5%), low body fat (boys 16.1 ± 2.4%, girls 16.5 ± 2.9%) and higher ECM/BCM coefficients (boys 1.0 ± 0.13, girls 1.02 ± 0.11). The authors draws, attention to the importance of monitoring other body composition parameters. The percentage of fat-free mass (FFM) and the share of segmental distribution of body fat and muscle mass on individual parts of the human body.

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Pohybová aktivita seniorů s diagnózou diabetes mellitus II. typu

Author(s): Emil Řepka,Jana Pelclová,Andrea Trajková / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2017

Today’s society is confronting with a huge increase of noninfectious (affluence) diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes mellitus etc. and high prevalence of obesity and overweight. In all economically advanced countries the population is getting older. The problem of health and its determinant such as physical activity is getting more frequently not only credited term but one of the basic mainstays of healthy lifestyle too. The healthy lifestyle is one of the possible options of positive change. The Study has a descriptive character, the main aim was to analyze the volume of physical activity in seniors with diagnoses Diabetes mellitus type II. Further aim was to compare volume of physical activity between persons of different gender, age, BMI and type of disease treatment. Persons with diagnoses Diabetes mellitus type II. were involved into research sample. Research conducted on 40 respondents aged 60 to 70 years in České Budějovice from March to July 2013. Pedometers YAMAX SW-700 were used to determine the volume of physical activity. Five probands had to be excluded from the research sample due to uncompleted hebdomadal observation by pedometer. Hence, 21 women and 14 men were included into final data set. Women achieved 6132 steps/day and men achieved 6412 steps/day in the sample of persons diagnosed with Diabetes mellitus type II. According to classification Tudor-Locke and Bassett (2004), 57 % of men and 76 % of women fell into „low active“category. For people diagnosed with Diabetes mellitus type II there were not found any differences in the volume of physical activity between men and women, younger and older seniors, persons with normal weight, overweight or obesity, neither in persons with difference type of disease treatment. With respect to the findings, walking might be appropriate physical activity for persons diagnosed with Diabetes mellitus type II. Cooperation between physiotherapists, instructors of physical activity and attending physicians (practitioners, diabetologist, doctor of sports medicine) etc. is necessary and essential for long-term effect. For using the physical activity as a non-pharmacological remedy, there is important that diabetics understand the importance of physical activity and parameters which evaluated volume and intensity of physical activity.

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Selected conditions of the senior tourism functioning on the example of Lower Silesia

Author(s): Julita Markiewicz-Patkowska,Krzysztof Widawski,Piotr Oleśniewicz / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2017

The article presents selected conditions of the senior tourism on the basis of a study carried out among a group of Wroclaw seniors. The theoretical introduction defines key tourism functions, with particular emphasis on the educational, cognitive, and social ones. Both the senior group and senior tourism were defined in the context of their participants, motivations, needs, season, etc. The empirical part presents the group of seniors who underwent the tests. The majority of participants were aged 60–79 years. The authors indicated the preferred forms of tourist recreation, and characterized the main motivations, stressing the influence of the professional suggestion of the doctors, ways of traveling, length of the journey itself, and major goals. Attention was drawn to the economic situation of seniors and their personal judgment about the influence of the recreational activity on their health conditions.

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Rozvoj vnitřní motivace ke sportování u dětí školního věku se zaměřením na pozitivní prožitky

Author(s): Adam Blažej / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2017

This article deals with the development of satisfaction and positive feelings and their effect on intrinsic motivation of children participated in physical activities. The author describes some attitudes and methods of trainers which could result to evoke such memories from training session that increases the possibility of creating a positive experience out of it. Which often results into an increase of intrinsic motivation to exercise and need of development in that physical activity. There are several theories about the development of intrinsic motivation and satisfaction of various areas of human being. These are described in detail in the article which includes some examples of their use in sport practice. The article is therefore primarily based on a survey of the theories of other sciences and disciplines (psychology, pedagogy) and their application to kinesiology.

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Sportem na cestě překonávání kulturních rozdílů

Author(s): Aleš Sekot / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2017

1st EURO-PAK International Conference on Sports Sciences & Physical Education:Sports & Sport Sciences – Reshaping LifeOctober 6–8, 2017, Islamabad, Pakistan

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Zpráva z konference 6th CZECH PHILOSOPHY OF SPORT CONFERENCE

Author(s): Emanuel Hurych / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2017

6th CZECH PHILOSOPHY OF SPORT CONFERENCE

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Vliv plyometrického tréninku (depth jump) na běžeckou a cyklistickou ekonomiku pohybu

Author(s): Jiří Bílý,Jan Cacek,Tomáš Kalina,Akaninyene Arnold Sunday / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2017

Endurance sport performance is influenced by many factors, such as motor economies. In this research we focused on running and cycling economies. Twenty-eight first year students of Faculty of Sport science of Masaryk University (age 20.29 ± 0.94 years, height 182.32 ± 7.98 cm, weight 76.98 ± 10.03 kg) were purposively selected to participate as subjects. The test subjects were randomized into experimental group (n = 17) and control group (n = 11). Pre-test and post-test were taken on RE and CE. The PI protocol was eight weeks, twice a week, eight sets per day, and ten repetitions per set. The results showed that short-term plyometric training using depth jump had no significant effect on RE when running at 10 and 12 km.h–1. Likewise there was no significant effect on CE using strain of 1.5 W.kg–1 and 2 W.kg–1. From the point of view of practical use we do not recommend apply analogous plyometric training using declared running speed and cycling intensity.

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The effectiveness of a 12-day training program restoring aerobic capacity after a break in training at football players’

Author(s): Tomasz Gabrys,Michal Garnys,Arkadiusz Stanula,Urszula Szmatlan-Gabrys,Marek Szczerbowski / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

The occurrence of detraining in sports disciplines characterized by an extended starting period has to be taken into consideration whilst devising the sports training program. The aim of this study was the evaluation of the effectiveness of the applied 12-day training program, which was to minimalize the effects of detraining in a group of Polish Major League football players. The training program applied, based on a total load volume, in two micro cycles in the particular zones: Io 28, and 31 km, IIo 24, and 26.5 km, IIIo 18, and 19.8 km, influences a significant aerobic capacity precipitation of competitors after a 14-day detraining period. The increase of indicator value were: VO2max by 12%, V.LT by 7%, and V.AT by 10%. Due to choosing the proportions of training loads in I, II, and III intensity range, it is possible to include competitors with various levels of aerobic capacity in one training group. The basis of such a solution is determining individual workout intensities while the volume is the same for the whole team.

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Diagnostics of isometric and isokinetic strength in junior elite tennis players within the context of muscular dysbalances

Author(s): Tomáš Vodička,Tomáš Vespalec,Jiří Pačes,Jindřich Pavlík,Jiří Zháněl / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

This research aims to determine the strength level of muscle groups in wrist and forearm and to assess lateral differences in junior tennis player group (TEN, n = 10, aged 12–14) and a control group of boys who do not perform any sport activity (CS, n=10, aged12–14) by isometric (hand dynamometer GRIP-D TKK 5401, Takei, Japan) and isokinetic dynamometry (dynamometer Humac Norm CSMI, Stoughton, USA) methods. Diagnostics of concentric extension and flexion was carried out in concordance with Ellenbecker methodology (1991) in angular velocities of 90°/s and 300°/s, results are given in Newton metres (Nm). Data analysis proved substantive insignificant differences between TEN and CS group as long as age, body height and weight are concerned. Isometric dynamometry: using Cohen’s d there were proved substantially significant differences in the strength of dominant extremity in favour of TEN group (d = 0.76) and lateral difference in strength level of right and left upper extremity in TEN group TEN (d = 0.60). Isokinetic dynamometry: in angular velocity of 90°/s were proved substantially significant differences between TEN and CS group in the strength of extensors (d = 1.16) and flexors of right wrist (d = 1.33) as well as in extensors (d = 0.83) and flexors (d = 0.99) of left wrist in favour of TEN group. Similarly, there was proved substantially significant lateral difference in strength level of wrist flexors of right and left hand (d = 0.84). In angular velocity of 300°/s there were proved substantially significant differences between TEN and CS group in favour of TEN group, both in right wrist extensors (d = 0.94) and flexors (d = 1.39). Substantially significant differences in favour of TEN group have been proved also in non dominant upper extremity, both in left wrist extensors (d = 1.27) and flexors (d = 1.12). Neither in TEN nor CS group were proved substantially significant lateral differences in strength of wrist extensors and flexors – with the exception of lateral differences between extensors (d = 0.62) in CS group. Values obtained by assessment of extensors and flexors strength ratio in both TEN and CS groups in both angular velocities signal an increased risk of injury incidence in all cases. From conclusions described above, it is obvious that long-term game and training load significantly increases the level of maximal strength in junior elite tennis players in comparison with the group of their peers who do not perform any sport activity.

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Control in competitive sport as exemplified by a women basketball team in the Polish First League

Author(s): Mariusz Ozimek,Urszula Szmatlan-Gabrys,Tomasz Gabrys,Arkadiusz Stanula,Lidia Stanisz,Barbara Grabacka-Pietruszka,Jacek Majka,Wojciech Eliasz-Radzikowski / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

This article aims to present elements of control within the selected areas of motor preparation in competitive athletes established at rest and after exercise. Identifying the effect of fatigue on the values of the controlled coefficients allows assessing training effectiveness, comparing athletes for performance, as well as determining the kinetics of oxygen deficit, oxygen debt, oxygen uptake or the level of lactate concentration at different stages of continued exercise. This type of research provides both athletes and their coaches with immediate information on how well the former are prepared and enables the control of training results.

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Hodnocení individuální míry pohybové aktivity dotazníky IPAQ a Wellness Inventory: případová studie

Author(s): Jana Stará,Tomáš Vespalec / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2017

Questionnaire surveys are relatively quick, cheap and effective way of obtaining data and as such are used as a basis for designing intervention programs, and consequently also in individual work with a client. The quantitative nature of questionnaire method, however, does not cover the qualitative characteristics of individual changes in behavior and as such is limited as to the interpretation of individual behavior changes. This case study compared two questionnaire instruments – International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and Wellness Inventory (WI) in order to explain their advantages and disadvantages, and the ability to reflect the qualitative factors affecting the current level of physical activity of individuals. IPAQ was confirmed as a tool for monitoring the objective amount of physical activity with limited capacity for measuring individual changes. Conversely, WI focuses more on the subjective evaluation of the level of physical activity as one of the examined dimensions and is more burdened by subjective bias. Neither of the instruments directly reflected external factors (seasons, health, job change, motivation), whereas WI has been more sensitive to these influences. Both tools can be used to monitor changes in physical activity. To enhance the ability to interpret individual change it is recommended to supplement other instrumental and qualitative methods.

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Analýza efektu vysoce intenzivního intervalového tréninku (HIIT)

Author(s): Roman Kolínsky,Jan Cacek,Kateřina Strašilová,Jiří Zháněl / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2017

The HIIT – High Intensity Interval Training has become an increasingly used term in foreign publications and this method is frequently implemented in training processes of many athletes. However not every athlete or trainer is aware of the physiological changes which are caused by this form of training. In order to improve the training process it is important to compare the effectiveness of HIIT with the continual training method or other forms of the interval training. The aim of this publication is to analyze and describe the effect of various forms of HIIT according to the set markers: primarily VO2 max (maximal oxygen uptake) – interval training effectiveness marker, secondarily lipid utilization, and last but not least hormonal and enzymatic level changes. Another objective of this publication is the clarification and explanation of energy coverage, metabolism and cardio-respiratory function during the application of HIIT method. Within the research plan we focused exclusively on the foreign studies (n = 150) conducted in years 1978–2015 from which we chose 70 studies from databases such as SportDiscus, Web of Science, ACSM Journal, PubMed. The selection was based on the preselected criteria – length of the research, nature of the research group and intervention frequency etc. For the purpose to extend the theoretical bases of the problematics of energy coverage, metabolism and cardio-respiratory function were analyzed several chosen studies from last 10–15 years. The analysis of the individual markers was conducted based on the publications from the last decade. The research has shown that the HIIT has a significant effect on the increase of VO2 max. Further findings also showed that the subject is able to adapt to this type of training in just two weeks which enables the duration of training process to shorten. This type of training also leads simultaneously with EPOC effect (post-exercise oxygen consumption) to higher energy consumption in tens of hours. The presented results can be used in Sports practice to overcome the performance stagnation and lead to performance improvement as a result of the HIIT method implementation. Certain studies show that the HIIT method is also successfully applicable to the overweight individuals, patients with Diabetes mellitus and people with sedentary lifestyle. However, it is always necessary to ensure the individual approach and to avoid the risk of overtraining.

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Studentské hodnocení sportovní výuky

Author(s): Vladimír Jůva,Eva Valkounová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2017

Importance of student evaluation of teaching (SET) growing currently as a response to demands of improving the quality of university education. The paper deals with SET aimed specifically at sports university education. The introduction briefly describes the concept, function and significance of SET. It also identifies selected specifics of student evaluation of university sports teaching. The empirical part of this text describes the methodological aspects and selected results of the evaluation carried out investigation and research aimed at the creation and verification tools for student evaluation of sports university teaching. The following discussion analyses selected issues that accompany this particular SET. Conclusion presents suggestions and asks other questions related to SET focused on university sports teaching.

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Kde jsou výsledky, kde popis zápasů? Proměna sportovních rubrik v pondělních vydáních českých deníků

Author(s): Ondřej Trunečka / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2017

The massive development of new media has influenced the traditional media, including the printed daily newspapers. Their sports sections are likely to be affected more than other parts of print media. This article describes the on-going changes and presents the results of an extensive sports journalism research project. The years 2001 and 2015 include the expansion of sports content on the Internet and the development of specialized TV channels, therefore this study analyzes how the sports sections of chosen Czech daily newspapers, MF DNES, Právo, Lidové noviny and Hospodářské noviny, have changed. It focuses on their Monday editions, which usually summarize the rich weekend program of matches, races and other events. The study proves the reduction of sports content, results and statistics, as well as demonstrates a move from pure sports reporting to other forms. This trend is evident even in instances where sports sections have been growing.

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Adaptační kurz jako nástroj změny sociálních vztahů ve třídním kolektivu

Author(s): Lucie Kalkusová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2017

The article contributes to the illustration of the importance of outdoor courses for development of social relationships in school classes. Following text is a pilot study for future research. The research sample consisted of 17 pupils of Grade 6 primary school, average age 11.24 years, who participated on a three-day outdoor course. The course focused on the development of team dynamics, cooperation and social relationships. The participants filled in the same questionnaire before and after the course which enabled to compare the changes. The questionnaires were based on rating all classmates according to the preferential relationships. The strength of these relationships was transformed visually in sociomaps showing the structure of social relationships. The sum of ratings given by the whole class increased from 1583 before to 1751 points after the course. The general colour of sociomap changed after the course showing increased sympathies between the classmates after the course. Sociomapping showed to be a useful and lucid method for illustration of positive impact of the outdoor course for the development of social relationships in the school class.

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Vztah mezi tělesnou zdatností a pohybovými dovednostmi u dětí středního školního věku

Author(s): Vlado Balaban,Damir Bešič / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2017

The main aim of the research was to test the gross motor skills and physical fitness among children of middle childhood children with TGMD-2 and Fitnessgram tests and assessment of relations between components of these two tests. A partial goal was to analyze gender differences. The research sample consisted of 51 boys and 49 girls aged 9–11 years. The results indicate that the sample of boys have better results in most subtests of physical fitness and a higher level of manipulative gross motor skills. Girls have a higher level of flexibility and locomotor gross motor skills. Relations between subtests TGDM-2 and Fitnessgram showed mainly a positive correlation between manipulative skills and cardiovascular fitness. For middle childhood children is important to choose physical activities developing cardiorespiratory fitness during their physical education classes. For girls it is especially important to choose a sports, which including manipulative gross motor skills.

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Analýza ukazatelů výkonové motivace u studentů sportovního gymnázia

Author(s): Jitka Králiková / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2017

Achievement motivation is part of every performance, not just in sport. The aim was to find out what the average indicators of achievement motivation of students in sports gymnasium are and compare them with indicators of the general population, between men and women, between the youngest and oldest classes and types of sports played. For the measurement of achievement motivation has been used a standardized questionnaire achievement motivation (D-M-V). The results found that the achievement motivation among students of sports gymnasium is the average, we can find the highest motivation in athletics, achievement motivation of men and women is the same, the youngest classes show a lower level of achievement motivation compared to the oldest classes. Utility of the research is mainly for directing sports gymnasium that can improve teaching less motivated sports. Also for parents deciding between a sport offered by school or by an individual. Trainers and PE (physical education) teachers can make use in their job of the fact that achievement motivation is the same on both sexes, and they can use the same motivational methods.

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The role of personality traits in development of overtraining syndrome in elite athletes in adolescence: a review study

Author(s): Sára Hutečková,Kateřina Bartošová,Zuzana Frydrychová / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

Sport performance of elite athletes is accompanied by long-term intensive training. Without adequate period of rest this intensive training can cause overreaching of young athlete. Stress, fatigue, lack of rest and load before and during competitions increase the risk of overtraining that leads to a decrease of performance, persistent fatigue, reduced ability to compete and mood disorders. The main purpose of this study is to map the theoretical background and previous empirical research work to integrate existing knowledge about a role of personality traits in development of overtraining syndrome of young elite athletes and to create basis for a further research in the field of sport psychology. The review of quantitative researches covered the period from 1999 to 2016. Nine relevant studies fulfilling the criteria were chosen. Neuroticism and Conscientiousness were found to be significant predictors of athlete’s performance. The differences between athletes and physically inactive population were found for dimension of Neuroticism, Extraversion and Conscientiousness. Differences between individual and team sports were found in all five dimensions of personality. Some differences occur also in female and male athletes and athletes competing on national and international level of competition compared to those competing on regional level of competition. Due to the symptoms of overtraining syndrome and areas that can be affected by it, it is possible to assume certain changes in personality traits, caused by long-term overload of the athletes. High level of Neuroticism and Conscientiousness are considered as possible risk factors for development of overtraining syndrome.

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Mentální dovednosti českých sportovců: validační studie české verze dotazníku OMSAT-3*

Author(s): Michal Vičar,Hana Hřebíčková / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2017

The Ottawa Mental Skills Assessment Tool, OMSAT-3*, (Durand-Bush, N., Salmela, J. H., & GreenDemers, I., 2001) is a dialogic tool used all around the world to assess the quality of mental skills of both professional and amateur athletes. This article deals with translation and formation of a Czech version. It analyses the findings related to sports talent with an emphasis on sports talent identification and mental skills. OMSAT-3* is comprised of forty-eight questions. The questionnaire focuses on twelve psychological characteristics of mental skills divided into three groups – Foundation skills (self-confidence, commitment and goal-setting), Psychosomatic skills (stress control, fear control, relaxation and activation) and Cognitive skills (focusing, refocusing, imagery, mental practise and competition planning). The Czech version of the questionnaire was administrated to athletes (n-254) aged between 11 and 42 years from 26 sport disciplines of various performance levels. The scales reliability was verified in goal-setting, self-confidence, commitment, activation, focusing, competition planning and mental practise, with population more experienced in sport also in stress control. The remaining dimensions (relaxation, fear control, imagery and refocusing) show too low internal consistency. Neither the validity of the Czech version of the questionnaire nor its factor structure were therefore confirmed. Based on an analysis of the translation deficiencies, a new Czech version of the OMSAT-3* questionnaire was created.

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