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Komparace metod získávání a vyhodnocování plantogramů

Author(s): Miriam Kalichová,Miloš Vysloužil / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2017

This paper deals with comparing methods of gaining and evaluating plantograms. The primary goal was to verify similarity of results of plantographic measurements that were carried out on two different platforms – Emed and PodoCam. The second goal of this paper was to evaluate and compare gained plantograms using three methods of evaluating plantograms, specifically Chippaux-Šmiřák (simplified), Sztriter-Godunov and Segment Method. While comparing the platforms we found out, using the Wilcoxon pair test, that plantograms gained on Emed and PodoCam platforms differ significantly. Emed generates plantograms testifying mostly high foot arches, while PodoCam with the same people reports foot arch to be standard or even slightly flat. While comparing three chosen evaluating methods on individual platforms, we primarily used Friedman ANOVA test. We notified statistically significant difference for plantograms gained on the PodoCam platform which Wilcoxon pair test confirmed. For plantograms from the Emed platform Friedman ANOVA did not show any statistically significant difference. Based on the upper mentioned results we recomend to use PodoCam and within the verified evaluating methods we recomend Sztriter-Godunov method. For evaluating high foot arch it would be appropriate to use Chippaux-Šmiřák method.

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Effect of 6-Month Fascia-Oriented Training on Jump Performance in Elite Female Volleyball Players

Author(s): Renáta Vychodilová,Martin Zvonař,Martin Sebera / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2017

Fascia-oriented training is supposed to enhance physical performance potential. Specifically, the employment of the catapult mechanism, the refinement of the elastic energy storage, remodelling, rehydration and release in fascia tissue are supposed to enable faster and more powerful jump performance. The authors of the present study reviewed that little applied research has been conducted to bring scientific evidence verifying these findings in sports practice. The study was conducted to assess the effect of a 6-month, fascia-oriented training programme, designed in accordance with the principles of the fascia-oriented exercise, on the height of vertical countermovement jump (CMJ) performance in well-trained volleyball players. Sixteen female players (age 17.31 ± 0.98; height 173 ± 5.26; weight 65.25 ± 6.75) competing in the national league were randomly assigned for the training (TG) and control group (CG). TG performed a supervised 25-minute fascia-oriented training twice a week for six months. Measurements were conducted before and after the training intervention; the subjects performed 3 trials of CMJ. The study hypothesized that after the application, the height of CMJ would increase more in TG than in CG. The results show that the height of CMJ in TG increased comparing to CMJ height in CG, though the difference is not statistically significant. The results of the effect size manifest the increase of medium level, by 2.2cm in TG. Thus we conclude that the results of the study indicate that the application of the 6-month, fascia-oriented training aimed to develop the vertical jump performance potential in elite volleyball players is not statistically significantly beneficial.

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Analýza vývoje výkonnosti v běhu mužů na 800 m v ČR 1945–2016

Author(s): Petr Bahenský / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2017

To overcome the performance of the previous generation is the goal of every top athlete. Level of performance continuously improving in all disciplines, including the 800 m run. Through professional and statistical analysis of time series, we have identified the circumstances that led to 800-meter performance changes from the end of World War II to the present. Many aspects influence development; in the 20th century, it was initially even, from the mid-1960s to the end of the 1980s, the performance curve was fluctuating, slightly increasing. The highest performance period for a wider base is in the 70’s and especially in the 1980’s. After 1989, there was a significant decline in performance and, after 1996, performance stagnation. Performance has stabilized at a lower level than in the mid-1960s. The narrow peaks are the same peak performance period, but after 1989 it did not fall, even a peak performance period occurred. Changes in performance include levels of state support for sport, social change, training development, and the functioning of centers. Although there has been a partial renewal of talent support, there is no longer a long-term increase in performance. The performance of the best 3 runners in the Czech Republic closely correlates (r = 0.857) with the performance of the broad base (average of the 50 best runners). Still, after 1989, the level of elite runners is relatively high, despite the lower level of the broad base.

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Sport Performance Structure in Female Pole Vault from the Point of View of Physical Activity Kinematic Parameters

Author(s): Peter Krška,Jaromír Sedláček / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2017

This research is oriented at explanation of sport performance by angle, speed, time and space char-acteristics of centre of gravity, positions of body, extremities and pole during approach, take-off and jump realization in female pole vault. Kinematic parameters were gained by two-dimension analyser Consport Motion Analysis System (CMAS). There are involved 19 female pole vault jumpers with sport performance 408.1–490.5 cm (average result 431.2 cm). From the point of biomechanical movement activity analyse we consider as a more objective performance criterion (dependent variable) maximal centre of gravity height that were reached at valid attempts by female pole vault jumpers. By two-dimension (2-D) analyse of group of female pole vault jumpers there were revealed 76 independent variables that entered into process of multiple correlation and regression analysis. On 1st sport structure performance factor level we isolated two complex parameters absolute grip and standing over by which we can explain dependent variable maximal centre of gravity height on 100%. With stated proceeding we could separate seven factors on 2nd level. Three of the parameters horizontal speed of centre of gravity at moment of take-off end, centre of gravity height at moment of take-off end and operating angle during take-off are bound with explanation of absolute grip variable. Four others parameters vertical speed of centre of gravity at the end of pull with turn, centre of gravity height at moment of end of lifting, time duration of take-off and climb angle explain standing over. 14 more factors are found on 3rd sport structure performance level. Thus we succeeded in this process to reduce number of decisive variables with their mutual relationships and hierarchy. Transparent and simplified model of female pole vault sport performance structure enables to coaches and jumpers improve technical training.

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Trasa stého ročníku cyklistického závodu Giro d’Italia jako prostor k obnovování italské národní identity (i představení Itálie zahraniční veřejnosti)

Author(s): Jiří Zákravský / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2017

It is possible to say that Giro d’Italia, the road cycling race through Italy, has had a huge popularity mainly, but not exclusively, among the Italians since it was held for the first time in 1909. Some authors even mention, Giro d’Italia did for the formation of the common Italian identity more than the political representatives of the state, which was born in 1861. The fact that the 100th edition of the race took place in 2017 is the proof of its popularity. In the context of this anniversary, its organizers wanted to prepare the wholly Italian race where it would be clearly observed the legacy of the Italian history and of the local cycling, including the presentation of the most famous cyclists from Italy in the history. The aim of this article is to analyse the route of Giro d’Italia 2017 and its presentation as a space that could help to Italians to recognize their Italian identity, even if the local cyclists were not as successful during the 100th edition of the race as the organizers would have wished. Also I would like to mention that in the second decade of the 21st century this cycling race is definitely a popular sporting event all around the world. Not only it has a potential to present itself to the foreign public, but also to promote whole Italy in the most positive way. I think, it is certainly possible to use Giro d’Italia as a tool of the Italian sports diplomacy.

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The Sports Mental Toughness Questionnaire (SMTQ): A psychometric evaluation of the Turkish version

Author(s): Bülent Okan Miçooğullari / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2017

The objective of this study was to adapt the Sports Mental Toughness Questionnaire (SMTQ) for use in Turkey, and to test its reliability and validity. With a sample of 184 males (mean ± s: age 24.22 ± 3.01 years) and 153 females (mean ± s: age 21.54 ± 3.82 years) total 337 athletes (mean ± s: age 21.76 ± 4.2 years) drawn from 20 sport classifications, confirmatory factor analysis technique to evaluate the psychometric properties of the SMTQ. Athletes completed 14 item SMTQ was applied to all volunteered participants. Afterwards Confirmatory Factor Analysis was conducted by Analysis Moments of Structures 18. Comparative fit index, non-normed fit index and root mean square error of approximation were used to check if the model fit the data. Chi-square/degrees of freedom ratio was found as (χ2/df) 1.46. The other parameters were determined as RMSEA= .74, NNFI= .90, and CFI= .90. The confirmatory factor analysis results supported the three-factor structure and indicated proper models should include correlations among the three factors. Internal consistency estimates ranged from .69 to .78 and were consistent with values reported by previous studies. Based on these findings, “Sports Mental Toughness Questionnaire” was found to be a valid and reliable instrument.

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Task and Ego Goal Orientations across the Youth Sports Experience

Author(s): Marc Lochbaum,Ville Kallinen,Niilo Konttinen / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2017

Since the late 1980s, Achievement Goal Theory (AGT) has flourished in the competitive sports research across all age groups. One central proposition is the undifferentiated conception of ability exist until approximately 12 years of age. Given the volume of AGT age-specific studies, quantitative analysis of available youth studies allows for examining whether the goal orientations (i.e., task and ego) scores change based on age (i.e., undifferentiated to the differentiated conception of ability). Hence, the purpose of this quantitative based review was to determine whether task and ego orientation values differ based on age. To achieve our objective, we conducted a meta-analysis with 16 studies meeting specified inclusion criteria one being the use of Perceptions of Success in Sport Questionnaire (POSQ) resulting in 19 samples. The total sample size was 5,679 with 14 studies with mean samples greater than 13-years of age and five equal to or under 12-years of age. The articles came from seven different countries with the USA and Norway accounting exactly half of all represented countries. There was a mix of sports played. Results demonstrated that ego orientation scores did not differ by age category. Initially, task orientation scores appeared to decrease after the age of 12. However, with one outlier removed, a lack of statistical significance (p > .05) resulted. Theoretically, children move in youth to a differentiated conception of ability. It appears even though ability becomes not equal to effort in the minds of youth that self-reported goal orientation values as measured by the POSQ are stable. The implication of such results are many. One being children in competitive sports seemingly have a stable ego orientation score. A critical future research question concerns goal orientation differences among recreational youth sports participation as well as youth who discontinue both competitive and recreational sports participation. The role of goal orientations across these groupings and influence on participation rates is unknown.

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Pohybové aktivity studentů VŠB-TU Ostrava v kontextu sedavé společnosti

Author(s): Aleš Sekot,Irena Durdova,Tomáš Pětivlas,Jiřina Kračmarová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2016

Our cultural sphere is characterized by decreasing the importance of physical activity in the context of sedentary lifestyle. It results in increasing the importance of regular sports and physical activities as an integral part of the active responsible approach to life that supports good health and the overall physical and mental condition of the individual. A major contribution to this field is to promote physical activities at all levels of our educational system, including the university environment. Based on the evaluation of the public inquiry, the Department of Physical Education and Sport at VŠB – Technical University in Ostrava seeks to increase the attractiveness of the offer of sports activities for its students.

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Obsahová analýza kurikulárních dokumentů tělesné výchovy v Nizozemsku z hlediska vybraných faktorů kvality projektovaného kurikula: komparace s RVP ZV

Author(s): Michal Lupač / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2016

The study analyses the Dutch PE curricula documents and compares them with the Czech PE curriculum. Our research focuses mainly on the selected quality factors – internal congruence and instructional quality. The methodology is based on the qualitative (case oriented) problem approach and the comparison of the analysed documents. We present the educational content comparison of the selected curricula papers and highlight their similarities and differences. The study results indicate higher rate of the instructional quality and internal congruence of the Dutch documents compared to the Czech ones.

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Stabilita stoja po únave brušných svalov

Author(s): Daniel Gurín,Jan Novotný / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2016

In the pilot experimental study eight men with an average age of 33.5 ± 3.64 years were tested. The probands were tested on the Biodex Balance System before and after the exercise of the abdominal muscles. Exercise was carried out to the subjectively perceived maximum. The file was deliberately composed of mentally and physically trained individuals. Evaluated was the stability index, the smaller the nominal value, the better the stability. After the workout stability parameters were significantly worse than before the exercise (p = 0.025). The fatigue of the abdominal muscles thus negatively affects the stability of the stand.

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Porovnání závodní rychlosti plaveckého způsobu kraul a rychlosti dosažené během intervalů bez vlivu startu a obrátek

Author(s): Jan Šťastný / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2016

The race at 50 meters in freestyle swimming technique can be divided into four main phases -start, swimming at the surface, turn, and finish. With the usage of our measuring system called Tachograph, we mainly analyse the speed of swimming at the surface. Measuring principle does not allow accurate measurement of the speed after starts and turns, for that reason we evaluate the particular sections without the influence of the start and finish. We focused on the evaluation of the ratio of the measured mean swimming speed measured by the system Tachograph with the results of the current best racing performance from the 50 metre distance. For comparison we have processed the results of swimmers who participated in the semi-finals of 2010 European Championship. Our goal was to establish which results of the swimmers measured by Tachograph are at a sufficient level. The objective of the work has been accomplished with the help of statistical methods. Furthermore, we have ascertained that our recorded results differ from the results of elite swimmers whose results have been gained from the evaluation of the sections of swimming at the European Championship. We assume that the race results of our measured swimmers will differ as well. The error may be caused not only by the lack of motivation of the swimmers but also due to the constraints that our measurement system causes.

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Efektívnosť športovej prípravy mladších žiakov vo futbale

Author(s): Ľuboš Benkovský,Martin Mikulič,Pavol Gregora,Pavol Peráček / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2016

The project aimed to deepen and broaden knowledge about sport training in basic phases of sports training younger pupils in football. The project runs parallel to the two youth player selection team FC Spartak Trnava U12, Slovakia (n: 19, age: 12.46 ± 0.23, height: 150.9 ± 6.92 cm, weight: 38.5 ± 4.8 kg; RHR 63.85 ± 7.79) and ŠK Senec U12, Slovakia (n: 17, age: 12.34 ± 0.41, height: 146.3 ± 7.71cm, weight: 37.5 ± 9.4 kg, RHR: 70.95 ± 5.37). Applied have different approaches in terms of the complexity of the content of the training process (methodological forms) between groups, the activity we observed a change in the selected indicators (indicative of motor performance: speed of 10m, 30m, 50m, 5 x 10m, lie-seat, long jump, Leger test, vertical jump without countermovement) in phases over time DT0, DT1, DT2. When intragroup comparison of test phases by the time we found out at FC Spartak Trnava U12 statistically significant differences in almost all the tests at the time DT0 to DT2 and 1% level of significance. The team ŠK Senec U12 were found statistically significant differences at the 1% level of significance at the time DT0 and DT2 speed test in 10m, 30m, 50m, long jump and Leger test). When analyzing game performance were found major differences in the activity coefficient (Ka) and success (KU) offensive and defensive phases of play in FC Spartak Trnava U12. Experimental content of the training process more effectively influenced the group, which were selected training approaches based on greater complexity.

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Analýza úrovně antropometrických a silových charakteristik tenistů a tenistek ve věku 11−12 let

Author(s): Jiří Pačes,Jiří Zháněl,Tomáš Vodička,Pavel Mudra,Martin Vilím,Ondřej Hubáček / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2016

The issues of the significance of strength capabilities in sport and tennis are dealt with by many authors, in tennis, the strength of the playing arm primarily manifests in the speed of strokes, serve and locomotion movement. The goal of this paper is analysis of basic anthropometric and strength levels of male and female players’, comparisons and evaluation of inter-gender differences of anthropometric and strength characteristic. The research sample consists of Czech junior male tennis players (n = 221) and female players (n = 193) in the ages between 11.0 and 12.9 years. The data for this research were gathered during 2000-2010 period by regular testing using a test battery TENDIAG 1. Analysis of acquired data shows normal distribution characteristics. Values of measured anthropometric and strength levels statistic characteristic variables in the set of male tennis players (n = 221, body height: H = 155.10 ± 7.62, body weight: W = 43.50 ± 6.68, strength of playing hand: SH = 25.14 ± 4.59, relative strength of playing hand: RS = 0.58 ± 0.09) and female tennis players (n = 193, body height: H = 154.60 ± 6.94, body weight: W = 43.49 ± 7.71, maximum strength of playing hand: SH = 23.08 ± 4.61, relative strength of playing hand RS = 0.53 ± 0.09). Inter-gender differences between male and female tennis players were assessed using Cohen’s d values, substantively significant differences in mean values between male and female players files were detected only in the relative strength of gaming hand (d = 0.56, mean effect) and maximum strength level of game hand (d = 0.45, low effect). Size of effect was significant in the sample tennis players demonstrated between H and W (r = 0.71, r2 = 0.50; mean effect), among H and MS (r = 0.59, r 2 = 0.35; mean effect) and between MS and W (r = 0.59, r 2 = 0.35, mean effect). In a group of female tennis players has been demonstrated size of effect relation between H and W (r = 0.75, r 2 = 0.56; mean effect), among W and MS (r = 0.64, r 2 = 0.41, mean effect) and also between the maximum and the relative strength (r = 0.58, r 2 = 0.34; mean effect).

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Tvorba a struktura elektronického nástroje Videoweb tělesné výchovy

Author(s): Eva Valkounová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2016

Our paper describes creation and structure of electronic and research tool called Videoweb Physical Education (Videoweb PE – in Czech Videoweb TV), which is based on the videorecordings analysis. Videoweb PE is used to identify and to develop diagnostic competence of future physical education teachers in secondary education. This paper is also concerned with the evaluation research survey focused on feedback from students of the Faculty of Sports Studies (FSpS MU), who had the opportunity to work with Videoweb PE. During the evaluation research, we found out that students rated Videoweb PE as a very useful teaching study material. Based on the data obtained from the results of the evaluation survey there were outlined recommendations on the basis of which it is possible to optimize the Videoweb PE for its future use.

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Nácvik a zdokonaľovanie tečovania a dorážania puku v kategórii dorast

Author(s): Lukáš Opáth,Rastislav Paľov,Tomáš Kolofík / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2016

Tečovanie puku patrí medzi herné činnosti jednotlivca, ktorej sa podľa nás nevenuje dostatok pozor-nosti. Ľadový hokej sa časom neustále zrýchľuje, hra sa stále rozvíja, hráči sú silnejší, rýchlejší, strelysú tvrdšie. Tým, že hra je stále rýchlejšia, majú hráči omnoho menej času a priestoru na streleniególu. V súčasnom hokeji sa najviac gólov dosahuje tzv. dorážkami a tečovaním puku (Andrejkovič,2010). Brankári prvú strelu väčšinou chytia alebo vyrazia pred seba, čo umožňuje útočiacemu hráčovivyrazený puk dopraviť dorážaním puku do bránky. Podľa nás je veľmi dôležité, aby sme túto hernúčinnosť vštepovali hráčom už od detstva. Hráči si musia uvedomiť, že akcia nekončí hneď po prvejstrele. Treba ich naučiť, aby po každej strele korčuľovali k bránke, pretože len vtedy majú možnosťpo prípadnom vyrazení dorážať puk do bránky. Veľa hráčov má od detstva zlozvyk, že po strele jehoakcia skončí. Akcia je však ukončená až pri dosiahnutí gólu a nie, keď brankár puk vyrazí. Ak sapozrieme na reprezentačné hokejové družstvá ako Kanada, Rusko, Spojené štáty americké, tak u nichdominujú práve tieto činnosti. Príkladom je finálový zápas na olympijských hrách vo Vancouveri2010, kde tri z piatich gólov padli po dorážaní. Kanada strelila dva góly práve vďaka tejto hernejčinnosti a stala sa víťazom celého turnaja. Väčšina družstiev, ktoré majú túto hernú činnosť dobrenacvičenú, patria medzi najúspešnejšie. Samozrejme, že vzhľadom na úspešnosť v hre je nevyhnutnézvládnuť aj ostatné činnosti, ale ak hovoríme o vrcholovom hokeji, tak zápas rozhodujú väčšinou gólypo dorážaní. Preto ak chceme, aby boli mladí hráči v budúcnosti úspešní, treba ich naučiť dorážaťpuk po streľbe na bránku čo najskôr.

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Marketingové plánování a řízení vrcholové sportovní akce – Czech Open

Author(s): Adam Blažek / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2016

My work describes practical hypothesis of the organizational coping of a sport event – international tennis tournament Czech Open. My work also focuses on content and form of a marketing plan and the role of a manager by the creating of a marketing plan. Discussion is held with main managers of the TK Plus s.r.o. who are responsible for the course of this event. The method of directed dialogue was used in this part. The discussion is based on 15 questions that cover all problems of the organization of this sport event. The questionnaire and answers are a component of my work (in the text and appendix). Conclusion offers some generalization of the acquired results and assessment of the presumption for the organizational coping of a sport event.

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Lateralita a rychlostně reakční schopnosti v badmintonu

Author(s): Lenka Doležalová,Pavel Korvas / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2016

In this study we focused on the impact of the lower limbs laterality on the speed of the movement to the particular directions on the court. The main goal was to measure the time of the reaction ability to the particular directions (related to the specific movements of the badminton player) and to evaluate whether the differences are significant and related to the laterality of the probands in the research group. The research group consisted of 40 randomly chosen recreational players, 30 of them were righ- -handed and 10 left- handed. The results were elaborated based on the measurement made during the research of quick reaction abilities of the badminton players. The average time for the right-handed players to the front directions was 1497 ms ± 186 to the right and 1492 ms ± 171 to the left, to the back directions it was 1687 ms ± 339 to the right and 1743 ms ± 366 to the left. For the left-handed players the average time to the front directions was 1674 ms ± 288 to the right and 1635 ms ± 217 to the left, to the back directions it was 2289 ms ± 506 to the right and 1864 ms ± 370 to the left. After the processing of the results we can state that right-handed players have quicker reaction ability to the back right direction while left-handed players to the back left direction. In the directions to the front the differences are not that significant. Both right-handed and left-handed players proved quicker reaction ability to the left right corner. The important difference between righ-handed and left-handed players was measured for the direction to the back right corner (p = 0,0001), to the front left corner (p = 0,04) and to the front right corner (p = 0,39). The results of this study should be helpful for the preparation of the trainers and for the players themselves.

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Historie výuky tělesné výchovy na Masarykově univerzitě 1919–1989

Author(s): Zora Svobodová,Věra Večeřová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2016

Historical reference

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Budova tělocvičny Pod Hradem

Author(s): Zora Svobodová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2016

Historical reference.

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Za Milošem Lukáškem

Author(s): Milena Strachová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2016

Obituary

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