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Today’s world is increasingly more dealing with a constant problem of finance and financial aspects whether it is the functioning of a state, company, household, sport club or an individual. After the outbreak of the world and financial and economic crisis, economic decision-making gets more and more to the forefront and all of the economic subjects mentioned above will think twice before they invest their money in some effort. The same goes for sport itself. In the Czech Republic sport receives money from three sources – from the state, from the sports club and ultimately also from households themselves. The state contributes a certain percentage of the state budget to the development of Youth and sports in the country each year, however this number is far from covering all the expenses that are necessary to provide for the needs and functioning the sport. The second source are the club owners who attract sponsors and other entities which provide financial assistance. Money can be obtained from sponsorships, advertising, TV rights etc.
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In the field of sport, we are currently witnessing a rapid increase in the number of innovations which are enhancing sports products, sport experience and related services and which are a rich source of entrepreneurship opportunities not only in professional sport but also in the public and non-profit sport sector. Therefore in this paper the links between sport specific features, sport-based entrepreneurship and innovations are explored. The proposed conceptual framework of innovation – based entrepreneurship in sport provides researchers with the foundation upon which further research in this area can be developed. This paper also offers interpretation of the context of how innovations occur in sport entrepreneurship.
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Organizational base of the Czech sport is going through a deep crisis. There are decreases in the number of members. The adverse demographic developments after 1990 has a negative affects to the age structure, the declining number of women etc. Significantly to this phenomenon manifests itself even a change the financing of activities of sports clubs after the bankruptcy of the SAZKA company. The aim of this article is to highlight growing negative trends in the development of membership which are associated with the decline of financial resources, which provided to sports organizations SAZKA.
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The paper focuses on the priority given to the technological and economic development of e-sports organizations with franchised networks. Attention is paid to the specificity of the process of timely upgrading of e-sports hardware, which involves the upgrading and introduction of new, more sophisticated and advanced gaming and other devices, which determines the number of e-sports disciplines and available e-sports events for the е-sports arena. The success of franchising networks depends on the quantity of the c-sports hardware, which should be similar to the hardware used by the main arena in order to ensure the functionality of a well-structured state-of-the-art training process for e-sport athletes. The purpose of the study is to present a basis for the technological and economic development of e-sports organizations with a franchising network within the formalized system in terms of finding optimal solutions to the problem of hardware upgrades. The study presents a model of technological and economic development of all e-sports organizations with franchised networks as а content area, posing the rules of operation, regulating the process of hardware upgrades and focusing on the sustainability of development. Dynamic programming methods based on Bellman’s equations and the formalization of the problem of hardware replacement through graphic notations, cloud computing in the AnyLogicenvironment are used to identify and illustrate the features of such solutions. The result of the research is a description of technological development of e-sports organizations with a franchise network with the use of a model that approximates the optimal way of operation and upgrade of related hardware. This development illustrates the optimal way of operation and hardware upgrade of Blizzard Arena and Overwatch League, represented by participants from the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, France, South Korea and Ukraine. The franchised Overwatch League includes the main arena (Blizzard Arena), as well as Florida Mayhem Club (Miami-Orlando, USA), New York Excelsior Club (New York, USA), London Spitfire Club (London, UK), Vault Club 15 (Kyiv, Ukraine), Immortals Club (Los Angeles, USA), NRG E-sports Club (Berlin, Germany), Misfits Club (Seoul, South Korea), PS4 Training Base (Beijing, China) and Xbox One Training Base (Paris, France). According to the obtained data, the formalization of the technological and economic development of Blizzard Arena suggests a solution to the problem of finding an optimal strategy relevant to optimization of hardware up to the moment of its transfer to the franchised network. Such formalization is highly relevant. They rely on the possible state of the system proposed in our research. That system state identifies the functional Bellman equations. Naturally, emerges a possibility to significantly reduce investment in the e-sports environment of the main arena and the franchise while controlling the quality and functionality of e-sports hardware. The organizations’ focus on two-stage upgrades will reduce investment in major hardware. The study illustrates the formalization of the techno-economic development of the Blizzard Arena through a two-stage upgrade of the Aerocool Advanced Technologies franchise (primary franchise - from producer, secondary franchise - from franchise Blizzard Arena operator). Based on the specific features of the Bellman equations, the development of the Blizzard Arena must take into account the model which determines the feasibility of hardware transferring to a franchised network during the third period of operation, where it operated as long as franchisees enter the maximum profit area. When using the Bellman equations, we suggest that the arena focus on the moment when the function values will correspond to the replacement state of the hardware and the franchise member on the stability of the environment. The formalization of the technical development will make it possible to orient the e-sport organizations with franchised networks to search for conditions sufficient for optimal operation and upgrade of their hardware. As a result, there will appear an optimized system with a content area, which will provide a stable environment for e-sports events at the arena and athletes’ training in franchise clubs.
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Research on sport migration spans many disciplines and strands of inquiry, with some studies seeking to analyse the academic outputs. However, these studies sometimes are focused on certain specific contexts or offer only qualitative analysis. This present study aimed to analyse the literature on sport migration. Through a systematic review, we combined data from the articles to propose a classification of the sport migration research field. The results show that research in sport migration have focused on athletes who are mostly men, working in elite sports, and with attention to more globally practiced sports, such as football. Regarding migratory flows, they are often carried out from peripheral countries to central countries. Considering all advances in academic output on sport migration, this line of research needs to broaden, observing other dynamics involved, such as other migratory routes, groups of migrants, and social agents.
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Multidimensional scaling analysis, which is one of the multivariate statistical analysis techniques, aims to determine the positions of these observations in k-dimensional space based on similarities-differences, proximity-distances for p variables measured for n objects or living beings. In this study, 6 match statistics values determined for 18 teams in the Euroleague Basketball league were determined as variables and multidimensional scaling analysis was used to compare the performances of these teams. Today, the variety of statistics that are calculated quickly and reliably in sports competitions increases the importance of comparing teams as a result of using these statistics as variables and using multivariate statistical analyzes with different and visual aspects.
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There is extensive knowledge of innovation management, but less is known from a sports perspective. Innovation plays an important role in sports today. Innovation through new ideas, change and innovation helps shape how the sport is played, watched, and organized. In other words, innovation affects the role of sports in society. Despite its importance for the development of sport, innovation has not received the scientific attention it deserves. However, in recent years, sports innovation has started to emerge as a research area in its own right. This article aims to synthesize current knowledge on sports innovation by reviewing previous and current research on innovation and sports. Based on the reviewed literature, a typology of sports innovation has been developed. The purpose of this article is to bring together the fields of innovation and sport by proposing a research agenda focusing specifically on sports innovation management. This will help bridge the gap between sports and innovation studies by suggesting future research directions and managerial implications.
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Experiences in our age, where the dynamism of time and space perceptions increase, fuels the migration process as it has the ability to drag individuals or groups physically and socially. Immigrant population data drews attention where the population migrates due to war, political reasons, education, natural disasters etc is mostly consist of young and children in the immigrant population. In this context, the social acceptance of young and child immigrants and the development of belonging have great importance in terms of ensuring the environment of peace and security in the society, the formation of a culture of coexistence, and the guarantee of a prosperous future. Considering that the social interaction of young people and children is increased and more active in sports activities, it is thought that developing adaptation studies for them in this direction will be an effective policy. As a matter of fact, the research focuses on the integration of young and child immigrants through sports-based policies. Integration studies based on sports for the integration of young and child immigrants; The psychological and social support it provides to immigrants, its place in reducing the stigmatizing discourse towards immigrants, its role in ensuring social cohesion, and the transformation of nation-state ideology in the social order are the focus points of the research.
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This paper focuses on sports-related public spending in the Member States of the European Union (EU). Based on the public procurement database of the EU (TED), a sport-related public procurement database was built and analysed. Using data from 33 countries for the period 2017–2019, the paper describes the characteristics of sport-related public procurements. The research highlights that the public database is an adequate way of making the data on public procurements available, where traditionally the latency was high. The characteristics found for the eight most active Member States include a high proportion of construction works. There is a connection between countries and the dominant type of purchasing organisations, although the involvement of central purchasing bodies is not a game-changer in this area. Higher value contracts usually lasted for longer and the length of contracts has a strong connection to the contract types. Non-negotiated types of procedures show a far higher average contract value than negotiated procedure types. When the lowest price criterion was applied, the total procurement value was significantly lower.
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We aim to explore whether ongoing digital innovations in Premier League clubs may substantiate a prospective change in their business model and potentially lead to a solution to the financial sustainability issue in professional football. Our exploratory study is to identify ongoing digital innovations and what changes can be foreseen in future years. The empirical analysis is based on information collected from club webpages, their selected social media pages, and top sports business journals. Our results indicate that despite the numerous digital innovations already implemented in the clubs, their utilisation has not reached a level to justify a more complex business model innovation. However, several changes indicate that such a fundamental transformation will likely happen in the foreseeable future. Our work's scholarly contribution is exploring a novel field of study concentrating on the digitally focused business model innovations of professional clubs, unlike most football business model analyses that focus on leagues. We have concluded that clubs can and should apply business innovations to look for more financially sustainable operations, even without necessarily waiting for changes to be made in the generic competitive structure they perform in.
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This study aimed to examine the effect of kefir consumption on body composition in sedentary individuals who exercise at a submaximal level for 4 weeks. The study was an experimental study and 32 sedentary subjects voluntarily participated in the study. The groups were randomly selected as experimental and control groups. Both groups started to exercise at the same time and the exercise protocol continued at a submaximal level for 4 weeks. Measurements were taken twice as a pre-test and post-test in the 4-week exercise program. The exercise protocol was calculated with the Karvonen formula and applied to the participants every other day. The mean duration of exercise was 60- 90 minutes and planned as a warm-up, cardio exercises, and weight training. In addition to exercise, a high protein diet was applied to the control group, while an extra daily 500 ml of kefir was added to the experimental group. In the evaluation of the data; Descriptive statistics, independent group t-test, and dependent group t-test were used. Moreover, time-dependent percentage changes between groups were calculated using the formula “%Δ= (Post-Test-Pre-Test) /Pre-Test*100”. As a result of the analysis, no statistically significant difference was found in the weight, waist circumference, muscle ratio, fat ratio, and BMI pre-test mean scores of the experimental and control groups as a result of the independent group T-test (p>.05). In the dependent T-test results, a statistically significant difference was found in the experimental group as a result of the comparison of the pre-test and post-test mean scores in the same parameters, and a statistically significant difference was found in the control group (p<0.05). However, when the intra-group BMI changes were examined, it was observed that the changes in the kefir group were higher.
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This study was conducted to examine the leisure satisfaction levels of individuals participating in the Ultra Trail (trail running) organization as recreation. The sample group of the study consisted of 313 individuals selected from the Salamon Cappadocia Ultra Trail organization by random sampling method. The personal information form used in the study was created by the researchers. Besides, "Leisure Satisfaction Scale" was developed by Beard and Ragheb (1980) and adapted to Turkish language by Karlı et al. (2008). The data obtained in the study were analyzed using the SPSS 20.0 (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) program. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to analyze whether the data showed a normal distribution or not, and Mann Whitney U test and Kruskall Walliss tests were used in the data analyze. When the findings of the study were examined it was found that male and single participants had higher leisure satisfaction scores. In addition, the total score rankings of the leisure satisfaction scale psychological sub-dimension of the participants in the 29-38 age group were significantly higher than the other groups.
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This research was conducted to examine the nutritional habits and ergogenic aid use of arm wrestling athletes during training and competition periods. 215 licensed athletes, who have been active in arm wrestling for an average of 4 years, voluntarily participated in the study. The study was designed as a quantitative survey study. Participants were determined by simple random sampling method. The data were collected through “Google Forms”. Frequency and percentage analyzes were performed on the obtained data using the Microsoft Excel program. According to analyzed results, it was determined that the participants showed similar eating habits during the training and competition periods. Besides, it was determined that majority of the participants did not use ergogenic aids.
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This study was conducted to determine whether there is a difference in anthropometric characteristics, vertical jump height, and spine flexibility of elite kickboxers between the categories. Approximately 225 randomly selected elite athletes, women between the ages of 18-36 and men aged 18-40, from different sports clubs in Turkey, participated in the study. Athletes were divided into three groups, point fighting (n=75), light contact (n=75), and kick light (n=75), according to the branches they participated in kickboxing competitions. An anthropometric set and tape measure were used in the measurements. The height, body weight, circumference measurements, length measurements, diameter measurements, skin-fold thickness, vertical jump height, and spine flexibility were determined, and the differences were compared between the branches. SPSS 25.0 statistical package program was used in data analysis, and the significance level was accepted as p<0.05 in all statistics. While the differences between the anthropometric characteristics of female athletes mainly resulted from the groups of Light Contact and Point Fighting, these differences in male athletes vary in all three groups. Spinal flexibility was found lowest in the Point Fighting group while it was found to be highest in the Light Contact group in both genders. Vertical jump height was found to be significantly highest in the Light Contact group in males and significantly lowest in the Point Fighting group in females (p<0.05). As a result, it is seen that the anthropometric characteristics, vertical jump height, and spine flexibility of kickboxers may differ according to the competition categories in which they were specialized. It was concluded that these differences according to the genders should be taken into account when choosing a competition category.
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Breathing, as the basis of human life, has been studied for a decade. Training periodization has been a part of sports science for a long time, but exercise scientists are still trying to find the perfect individual plan for each athlete. According to this knowledge and with the aim of achieving invincible results, scientific research is increasing including respiratory exercises in tactical and technical preparations. Sound knowledge of respiratory physiology leaves a quality background to the researchers for finding and explaining the impact of conducting breath exercises as an important part of training periodization. Certainly, breathing exercises in professional and amateur athletes give consequently better vital capacity results, utilization of VO2max and economy of movement. The main goal of the study is to explain how breathing exercise impacts physical performance and how respiratory system exercise develops maximal oxygen consumption. Evaluation of databases (PubMed, Cochrane and Elsevier) has given valuable results for this study. Although the sport and medical science have a lot of high-quality knowledge and information about the importance of breathing and the positive effects of respiratory training, it is still not included in everyday behaviour, by nor average person, or professional athletes.
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Introduction: Handball is one of the most popular and physically most demanding sports, with increasing number of injured players. Players are expected to push their endurance limits, which causes overtraining syndrome. The most common overtraining syndromes are: painful groin, Achilles tendon, jumpers knee, lower leg pain in runners, back-side hamstring muscle syndrome, tennis elbow, painful shoulder syndrome, impinigment syndrome. Despite of increasing number of injuries, only few studies are concentrated on injuries and overtraining syndroms or kinesiotherapheutic procedures of prevention and rehabilitation. Objective: To find research on overtraining syndrome in handball, as well as proven and successful rehabilitation plan and program for jumpers knee. It was our intention to emphasize knee injury (jumpers knee) as the most frequent overtraining syndrome, to investigate the most successful rehabilitation program and to offer some helpful guidelines to kinesiotherapists/physiotherapists in practice. Material and method: Online research of different scientific papers and articles in English in PubMed base. Carrying out case-based rehabilitation program, as suggested by Dimnjaković and his associates. Collecting data based on VISA questionnaires Result: Our research has shown that the most effective rehabilitation method is eccentric contraction in squat performance. Discussion: After taking the already proven scientifitic results into consideration and based on rehabilitation program, we can conclude that eccentric contractions in squat performance, within the period of 12 weeks (whereas exercise should be done twice a week), is the most effective jumpers knee rehabilitation method. Conclusion: Athletes in eccentric group were satisfied with their recovery and remained active, but athletes in concentric group underwent surgical procedures or were cured by sclerotic injections.
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