SOCIO-CULTURAL ANALYSIS OF SPORT
The review of “Sport, Culture and Society” by Grant Jarvie and James Thornton
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The review of “Sport, Culture and Society” by Grant Jarvie and James Thornton
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The authors consider numerous definitions of culture, health culture and physical culture. According to universal sociological definition, culture could be considered as a ‘stock’ of information and accumulated knowledge, way of thinking, feeling and acting that certain social group transmit to their offspring. We can apply this definition in the field of health culture and in the field of physical culture. Thus, health culture could be defined as a ‘stock’ of information and accumulated knowledge, way of thinking, feeling and acting related to health and different forms of health behavior. Similarly, physical culture could be defined as a ‘stock’ of information and accumulated knowledge, way of thinking, feeling and acting related to the field of physical education, recreation, and sport. Authors tend to underline the meeting points of health culture and physical culture and they consider physical culture and health culture as values. Finally, authors expose the results of empirical research regarding the physical culture values on the sample of students of first and fifth year of studying at the Faculty of Sport and Physical Education at the University of Belgrade. According to the results, students highly evaluate the health culture as the one of the primary and specific physical culture values. With the progress of knowledge within all areas of the study program, fifth year students expand their cognitive aspect and the evaluation of health component not only as a biological fact within the physical culture system of values, but also as the broader psychological, sociological, educational and cultural component.
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The factors of empathy of sport pedagogues are researched not sufficiently enough. The problem of the research work is that data, which would reveal the level of empathy components of sport pedagogues, is still lacking. The objective of the work is to define the influence of social training on the empathy of sport pedagogues (basing on the experience of Lithuanian Academy of Physical Education). The subject of the research is the level of empathy components of sport pedagogues. The research was based on questionnaire (Raigorodsky Empathy Scale ). The Social Skills Inventory was generated after providing an exploratory survey at Lithuanian Academy of Physical Education. The Empathy Scale demonstrated internal validity. The experiment was performed from 1998 till 2002. The experiment was performed with 230 students of the Faculty of Sport Educology, Lithuanian Academy of Physical Education, whom we divided in experimental group (136 students) and control group (94 students).
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The paper seeks to reveal the development of social preparedness of sport pedagogues in the context of social training. The work outlines the dependency of students' (future sport pedagogues') social preparedness upon pedagogic practice as one of the must important forms of social training. The research problem originates from the lack of data on what is the role of social training (in our case - pedagogic practice) in the development of social preparedness of future sport pedagogues in the context of social training.
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Scientific problem refers to the lack of investigations that provide answers to the question what social responsibility of sport pedagogues before social training and after it is. The purpose of the research is to define the peculiarities of social responsibility of future sport pedagogues in the context of social training. The following research methods have been applied in the study: Rotter scale (questionnaire), modified Dembo Rubinstein method, which was offered to estimate peculiarities of social responsibility. The investigation was organised in two stages. In 1997, 142 future sport pedagogues of the Faculty of Pedagogy, Lithuanian Academy of Physical Education, were tested. In 2000, the same investigation was repeated.
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The work of the Ethiopian Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA), which commenced in Addis Ababa in the early 1950s and spread to eighteen Ethiopian cities until the early 1970s, revolved around the de-velopment of a ‘balanced manhood’ through social, recreational, spiritual and educational activities among boys and young men. Similar to the UK and American templates, it combined inward-looking character develop-ment and outward-looking religiosity with the idea of a ‘muscular Christian-ity’. In the 1930s, the American YMCA linked these aspects with concepts of the ‘modern’ YMCA member as a leader with specific character traits. This approach met with the post-World War II needs for ‘progressive’ citi-zens and leaders in Ethiopia. Incorporating sports as a morally positive ac-tivity became a powerful strategy for the creation of a distinct life style and a legitimate form of self-improving leisure for educated males in Ethiopian cities, notably Addis Ababa.The following paper discusses the establishment of the Ethiopian YMCA and its contribution to the production of the ‘modern man’ along three lines. The first part places the emergence of the YMCA sports culture within broader developments of physical education in inter-war and post-war urban Ethiopia. In the second part I will look at concrete activities which attempted to channel the energy of young males for the good of the nation. The conclusion will discuss the question in how far these activities built on religious arguments which supported or opposed existing notions of acceptable bodies and perceptions of useful self-improving leisure.
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We adapted the approach used for the integral assessment of the status of ecosystems in order to assess population status. Classic theoretical concepts of fish population dynamics are the basis of this approach. The convolution of information about changes in several structural and functional characteristics into one integral index was performed using the analytical function of desirability. The index varied 0 to 1 and quantitatively characterizes the state of the population. This approach was tested on the example of the European grayling Thymallus thymallus (Linnaeus, 1758), inhabiting the Vym River (basin of the Northern Dvina River, North of the European part of Russia). The materials were collected during the environmental monitoring carried out by the Institute of Biology of Komi Science Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IB FRC Komi SC UB RAS) in 2002, 2005–2019. The population parameters used in the calculations (relative abundance; average and maximum age of fish; the proportion of matured individuals in the 4+ age group; average specific growth rate of fish at the age of 6+; body weight of fish in the age group 6+) were characterized on the basis of the control net catches. Compared with the period 2005–2006, the value of the integral index in 2015–2018 decreased by almost two times. This indicates deterioration in the condition of the grayling group in the study area. There were no serious disturbances in the fish habitat in this area. The main hydrochemical and hydrobiological indicators have not changed significantly. The main reason for the observed changes is likely the significant increase in the impact of recreational anglers. The proposed integral index may be useful both for assessing the state of fish populations and for developing measures for the rational management of fish stocks.
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Olive has many important pharmacological activities such as anticancer, hypoglycemic, hypocholesterolemic, anti-inflammatory and anticancer because of its phenolic compound content. Due to its importance, it is grown in many regions, especially in the Mediterranean region, and studies on it are continued. In addition, olives are important components in the daily diet of a large part of the world's population. Nutrition is an important part of the preparation of active people and athletes for exercise. Athlete nutrition, on the other hand, is a special nutrition program prepared for the development of both the training of the athletes and their athletic performance during the competition, according to the sports branch they are doing. It is very important to include foods with important pharmacological activities that will also benefit the athlete's activities in this nutrition program. In this study, antioxidant activity studies were carried out on olive leaves, which were collected from Ödemiş, İzmir and dried under suitable conditions. Accordingly, DPPH and ABTS capacities and total phenolic content that supports these activities were determined. As a result of the experiments, the EC50 value for the DPPH capacity of the olive leaf extract used in the study was determined as 16,774 ± 0.25 µg/mL, the ABTS capacity was determined as 73.625 ± 0.49 µmol/g and the total phenolic content was determined as 39.26 ± 1.12 mg gallic acid equivalent / g. With this study, which will also contribute to the literature studies, the importance of olive in the sports nutrition program has been emphasized.
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This study aimed to investigate the effect of a 9-week strength and endurance training on the aerobic performance of female basketball players. The study group consisted of athletes (n=15 mean age=16±0.7) who are actively competing in the basketball development league (BGL). Before any assessment informed consent form obtained from the parents of the athletes. In the study, additional strength (10 days) and endurance (20 days) trainings were applied to the existing basketball trainings for 9 weeks. The 30-15 Interval Fitness Test was applied to the athletes in different time periods, 9 weeks before and after the program, and the data were recorded statistically. In the study, as the data showed a normal distribution parametric statistical tests were used. As a result of the study, it was found that there was a significant difference p<0.05 in the values of running distance and maximum aerobic speed (MAS), as well as significant differences in the body weight, body mass index and height of the athletes.
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Athletes have to cope not only with their opponents but also with many psychological factors for success. The aim of this study is to test the validity and reliability of the "Challenge And Threat In Sport Scale” developed by Rossato, Uphill, Swain and Coleman (2018) for Turkish culture. The psychometric properties of the scale were tested on 75 female (27.3%) and 200 male (72.7%), total 275 (average age= 17.91±2.82) athletes. There are a total of 12 items and 2 subscales in the original of the Challenge And Threat In Sport Scale. To test the construct validity of the scale in Turkish culture, explatory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis was applied. Internal consistency co-efficients were calculated for each subscale of the measurement tool. As a result of the confirmatory factor analysis, it was seen that the Turkish version of the scale, as in the original scale, consisted of 11 items and 2 subscales: "challenge" and "threat". It was fastened down that the factor loads of the items that make up the scale varied between .40 and .81. According to the confirmatory factor analysis results, it was calculated as χ2 / df = 2.64, GFI = .94, AGFI = .90, CFI = .94, IFI = .94, SRMR = .07 and RMSEA = .07. Cronbach Alpha internal consistency coefficients of the scale were calculated as .84 for the "threat" subscale and .80 for the "challenge" subscale. As a result, it can be said that the psychometric properties of "Turkish Challenge And Threat In Sport Scale" is an adequate measurement tool to evaluate the challenge and threat levels of competing athletes in various branches.
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This study was conducted to examine the academic motivations of students studying at the Faculty of Sports Sciences according to personality 410 students studying in the third and fourth grades of the Faculty of Sports Sciences of Muğla Sitki Koçman University, Physical Education and sports teaching, Recreation, Sports Management and coaching education departments formed the research working group. A total of 27 items were to personality types and 20 of which were related to academic motivation. The " A and B personality scale “developed by Friedman and Rosenman and adapted to Turkish by Aktaş and Arikan and the” academic motivation scale “developed by Bozanoğlu (2004) and consisting of three sub-dimensions were used to measure academic motivation. Analysis of the data was carried out in SPSS 22 program. According to the results of the normality test conducted with the Shapiro-Wilk test, it was observed that the lower dimensions of the academic motivation scale used in the study and the personality types scale were not normally distributed. The research also used the Mann-Whitney U test for comparing binary variables and the Kruskal-Wallis test for comparing multiple variables. Correlation analysis was performed to see if there was a significant relationship between the lower dimensions of academic motivation and personality types of participants. As a result of the research, it was concluded that the academic motivation of the Faculty of Sport Sciences students differed significantly according to the personality type, gender, age, course load and class variable, but did not show a significant difference according to the department variable. It has been concluded that the academic motivation of students with personality type A is higher than those of personality type B, when the course load increases, the academic motivation of students decreases and the academic motivation of female students is higher.
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The study aims to reveal whether the gender variable has a regulatory role in the effect of self-efficacy of outdoor recreational events participated by individuals on recreational risk-taking behavior. The sample group of the study consisted of 370 leisure time participants who participated in different outdoor recreation activities. Personal information form, Outdoor Recreation Self-Efficacy (ORSE), and A-Domain-Specific Risk-Taking Scale Short Form (DOSPERT) were applied to the participants in the study. It has been found following the analysis that there is a causal relationship between outdoor recreation self-efficacy and recreational risk-taking behavior and the p-value is statistically significant. After the regulatory impact analysis, significant differences were found in the relation “outdoor recreation self-efficacy and recreational risk-taking behavior” (β=.39 in female and β=.38 in male for skill and efficacy and recreational risk-taking, p< 0.001; β=.41 in female and β=.34 in male for achievement and pleasure and recreational risk-taking, p< 0.001)
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The aim of this study was to investigate of the effects of 12-week recreative exercise programme on body weight, hand grip strength, back strength, leg strength, elasticity and body composition of female. A total of 67 females, 32 subjects and 35 controls, participated in the study voluntarily. The mean age of the subject group is 43.12 ± 11.17, the control group is 36.82 ± 9.82 years. The first measurements were made before the exercise program of the subject group and the second measurements were made on the end date of the exercise program. Body weight, hand grip strength, back strength, leg strength, elasticity, push-ups, sit-ups and body fat measurements were measured depending on the exercise program of the subject group female and control group females. The obtained data were used t-test, with p 0.05), the differences between the body fat measurement values of the females in the subject group were obtain to be statistically significant (p <0.05). After the 12-week recreational exercise program, there exist differences emerged in the participants in terms of physical, physiological and anthrepometric characteristics, depending on the exercise program applied as a result of the measurements taken from the subject group females before and after the exercise. Consequently, it was observed that the recreational exercise program improved the physiological and anthropometric characteristics of the subject group females.
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The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between university students' leisure time attitudes and self-confidence levels. 1095 (487 female, 608 male) students who studied at Kocaeli University participated in the study voluntarily. As a data collection tool in research, "Personal Information Form" created by researchers, "Leisure Attitude Scale" developed by Ragheb and Beard (1982) the validity and reliability of which was adapted to Turkish by Gürbüz and Akgül (2011), and the "Self-Confidence Scale" developed by Akın (2007) were used. In the analysis of the data, frequency analysis was used to examine the participants' personal information distributions, skewness-kurtosis values were examined to determine whether the data showed normal distribution, Manova, Tukey and Post-Hoc tests were used to determine the differences between the variables, correlation analysis was used to establish relations. As a result of the analysis; It was found that there was a high positive correlation between leisure time attitude and self-confidence scales of students from the Faculty of Communication, Faculty of Engineering, Faculty of Education and Faculty of Sport Sciences (p0.05). Significant differences were found between faculty variables with leisure attitude scale, sub-dimension and self-confidence scales (p<0.05). It can be said that Sport Sciences, Education, Engineering and Communication Faculty students with high leisure attitudes have high self-confidence levels.
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Many nations, new approaches are used to increase the physical activity levels of young people. It is one of these approaches to adventure recreation in leisure. The aim of the study was to examine the self-confidence of young people who participate in adventure recreation as leisure motivation. For this purpose, the young people who went to the adventure parks in the city of Gaziantep and the young people who attended the activities in the Erikçe Forest adventure park formed the sample. The "Leisure Motivation Scale" developed by Pelletier et al. (1991) for the collection of data, first adapted to Turkish by Mutlu (2008) and later by Güngörmiş (2012), and the self-confidence scale developed by Akın (2007). used. SPSS 22.0 statistics program was used in the analysis of the data. The normality distribution of the data was examined and Independent Samples t test, One way Anova test and correlation analysis were used. As a result, significant differences were found according to the participation in adventure recreation and athlete license status before. No difference was found according to gender and age. A midlevel positive correlation was found between leisure motivation and self-confidence. It can be said that adventure recreation in leisure supports self-confidence. It has been found that the self-confidence of the youth participating in adventure recreation is also high. It is recommended that local governments expand adventure recreation areas, provided that nature is preserved.
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As in most branches, being fast, power and strength is a prerequisite for a good performance in taekwondo. Also, many different opinions are put forward for the improvement of strength performance in children. In this context, this study investigated the effect of tabata exercise, which is which is frequently reported to have positive effects on aerobic, anaerobic and strength performance in both adults and children. Thirty children (age 14.3 ± 0.21 years, height 159.1 ± 2.04 cm, body weight 50.9 ± 2.11 kg) who received Taekwondo training voluntarily participated in the study. The participants were randomly divided into two groups as the Tabata group (n: 15) and the control group (n: 15). In addition to their routine taekwondo training, tabata group was trained 3 days a week for 8 weeks. Tabata group, the fisrt session consisted of four exercise with training progressed to seven exercise in the final session. On the other hand the control group participated in their own routine taekwondo training 3 days a week for 8 weeks. Vertical jumping, standing long jump, medicine ball throwing, sit up and push-up tests were applied to all participants at the beginning, 4th week and at the end of the study. SPSS 23 package program was used in the analysis of the data. The test results of the research group at the 1st, 4th and 8th weeks were used with the Repeated Measures ANOVA Test to determine from which group the difference was caused by the Bonferroni test. Statistical significance level was accepted as p<0.05. In the study, when the evaluation was made within the group, a significant difference was found in the vertical jump, medicine ball throwing and sit up tests in the tabata group. A significant difference was found only in the sit up test on behalf of control group. When comparing between groups, there was no significant difference in all parameters between the two groups. Finally, it can be said that tabata exercises have a positive effect on strength performance in children aged 13-14 who received taekwondo training.
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The purpose of the article is to identify the features of historical development and the evolution of technical and compositional features of the choreographic form of the competitive type of sports ballroom dance formation. Methodology. The historical method was applied, which contributed to the consideration of the genesis and development of formation; the comparative method, which revealed the common and distinctive features of dance formation in the twentieth century. and at the present stage, which have helped to determine the characteristic stylistic and technical-compositional features of the formation, and others. Scientific novelty. Peculiarities of the historical development of the choreographic form of the competitive type of sports ballroom dance formation have been studied; the term "formation" is specified; the evolution of technical and compositional features of formation in dancesport at the beginning of the XI century is considered; the generally accepted traditional method of training, which is based on repeated repetition of the competitive composition, is analyzed; outlines the prospects of formation in modern dance sports. Conclusions. Active development of ballroom dancing at the beginning of the XXI century. contributed to its formation in the format of a complex and coordinated sport, which accordingly led to the development of sports and technical skills of dancers, as one of the components of the overall training system. At present, the perfect ballroom dance technique is understood as the most rational and effective way of performing, which allows achieving the best result. Over the past few years, dance formation has changed greatly – increased speed and dynamics of performance, there were numerous gradual changes in position without a complete stop, as well as the trend towards direct construction, which increased dance technique requirements and positively affected national and international competitiveness.
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The purpose of the article is to analyze the Olympic ceremonial costume of the XVIII Winter Olympic Games "Nagano-1998" and set the components demonstratively symbolizing the national identity in the design of clothing of the Olympic ceremonial costume. Methodology. Heuristic methods in art analysis were used to solve the set tasks, namely: visual observation; description; an attempt to establish components demonstratively symbolizing national identity in the design of Olympic ceremonial costume clothing; logical generalization of the obtained results. Scientific Novelty. According to the results of the art analysis of the Olympic ceremonial costume of foreign teams participating in the competitions (USA, China, Greece) of the XVIII Winter Olympic Games "Nagano-1998", one of the determinants of artistic and informational identification of the Olympic ceremonial costume was established for the first time and its components, which demonstratively symbolize a national identity in the design of clothing. Conclusions. Art analysis of the Olympic ceremonial costume, the reflection of socio-political influences of the historical context on its formality and informational compliance with the principles enshrined in the Olympic Charter [5, p. 11–12] competitions, give us reason to establish for the first time a demonstrative symbolization of the national identity of the design of clothing of the Olympic ceremonial costume as one of the determinants of artistic and informational identification. Given the ceremonial guidelines for identity in costume, which have been followed by all teams since 1936, the most important manifestation in this period (1998) is the semiotic accent in costume. Expression of their state independence, national identity, as well as the importance and identity of their culture at the turn of the era, with the help of such demonstratively symbolizing national identity in the design of Olympic ceremonial costume components, such as 1) Construction - the formation of the suit and the material used are tectonically displayed on the figures of athletes. By designing items of clothing, a visual image is built, which allows obtaining a silhouette identifying result; 2) Sign - stylization of the sign/signs is done by applying a pattern, graphic elements, combinations of graphic elements, embroidery, and possibly other creative innovative stylizations on clothes and accessories. Signs visually identify athletes, allow you to read the underlying meanings of the semantic information content of the costume; 3) Color – appealing to the colors of the national flag and reproducing with the help of color images of well-known objects of cultural heritage are the most popular methods of identifying the country during the Olympic parade. However, when choosing a color and its outflow, its compliance with the values in the host country and the prevailing trends overtime is taken into account. 3) Color – appealing to the colors of the national flag and reproducing with the help of color images of well-known cultural heritage sites are the most popular methods of identifying the country during the Olympic parade. However, when choosing a color and shade of color, its compliance with the values in the host country and the prevailing trends of the time is taken into account. It is worth noting that the visual image that translates national identity can be obtained by combining these components in the design, both together and separately, which was found during the art analysis of the Olympic ceremonial costumes of sports teams of the United States, China, and Greece.
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The purpose of this study is to explore the current state of risk management practice and the influences on it, particularly concerning competitive positioning, in the sports goods industry in the city of Sialkot, Pakistan. This study is based on the analysis of twenty semi-structured interviews. It was conducted with the owners and other key decision makers of sports goods SMEs in Sialkot. The findings indicate that the main obstacle faced in improving risk management practices relates to underestimation of their link to competitive strategizing while determining the long-term strategic options. The value of this study lies in its potential to highlight the competitive situation of Pakistani SMEs within the sports goods industry in the face of increasing competition on the international scale. This study identifies the mutual impact of various types of risks, such as financial risk, reputational risk, strategic risk and price fluctuation risk, on adoption of a particular competitive strategy by SMEs. Altogether, it raises SMEs’ awareness of various business scenarios which would allow them to recognize risks earlier and improve their competitive standing.
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Factors that motivate persons with physical disabilities to engage in physical activity have been analysed in this paper. The analyzed topic is in line with the priorities to increase the level of physical activity among different social groups, especially taking into account that the current level of physical activity is insufficient. With reference to this, a search for decisions, aimed at increasing physical activity of persons with reduced mobility, is relevant. This can be achieved only when factors, that motivate such persons to engage in physical activity have been identified. The study revealed that motivation to engage in physical activity draws on three dimensions - intrinsic, extrinsic motivation and amotivation. Results of empirical study confirm that persons with reduced mobility are motivated to engage in physical activity by both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation.
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