TRYB PRZYPUSZCZAJĄCY W ROWERZE – CZŁOWIEK NA WELOCYPEDZIE UWEGO TIMMA

Author(s): Katarzyna Kończal / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

PL: Tekst analizuje niemieckojęzyczną powieść Uwego Timma Der Mann auf dem Hochrad z 1984 roku o pionierze jazdy na welocypedzie z prowincjonalnego miasteczka Coburg na tle przemian społeczno-obyczajowych i rozwoju technologii na przełomie XIX i XX wieku. Autorka proponuje nowe odczytanie figury welocypedu w powieści Timma, nie jako narzędzia służącego krytyce postępu technologicznego, lecz jako metonimię literatury. W tym celu włącza do swoich rozważań kontekst poetologicznych i autobiograficznych rozważań Uwego Timma zawartych m.in. w tomach Erzählen und kein Ende. Versuche zu einer Ästhetik des Alltags (1993) i Von Anfang und Ende. Über die Lesbarkeit der Welt (2009). EN: The text analyzes Uwe Timm’s German-language book Der Mann auf dem Hochrad (Man on a Velocipede, 1984), about a pioneering ride on a velocipede from the provincial town of Coburg, set against the background of the social and moral changes and technological advancements that took place at the turn of the twentieth century. The author proposes a new reading of the velocipede in Timm’s novel, not as a tool for criticising technological progress, but as a metonym of literature. For this purpose, he includes in his deliberations poetological contexts and the autobiographical reflections of Uwe Timm found in, among other places, the books Erzählen und kein Ende. Versuche zu einer Ästhetik des Alltags (1993) and Von Anfang und Ende. Über die Lesbarkeit der Welt (2009).

CSSR–Occupiers 4:3 - An analysis of one March night

Author(s): Jan Kalous / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In March 1969, events took place in the then Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (CSSR) that spelled the definitive end of the reform Communist programme of spring 1968. They were provoked by two ice hockey games, respectively the failure to control the situation after the second of them. The demolished office of the Soviet airline Aeroflot on Prague’s Wenceslas Sq. in particular became an unwanted symbol of victory over the Soviets. Incidents at 69 places in the CSSR turned into a clear protest against the reality of occupation. They became one of the dividing lines between the human sacrifices of Jan Palach and Jan Zajíc and clashes on the first anniversary of the occupation in August. The happenings of the night of 28 and 29 March 1969 led to the removal of Alexander Dubček, who was unacceptable to the Soviets, and to the installation of Husák and of an uncompromising party and (according to Moscow) genuine normalisation leadership, which did not wish to and in principle could not allow a fresh escalation of conflict with the occupying power – the Soviet Union.

Československé morálne víťazstvo nad Mussolinim. Prvá finálová účasť čs. futbalistov na majstrovstvách sveta na stránkach slovenskej tlače

Author(s): Matej Hanula / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

Futbal ako najpopulárnejší šport planéty a jednoznačne najrozšírenejší šport v stredoeurópskom priestore mal spoločne s ľadovým hokejom v bývalom Československu privilegované postavenie. Medzinárodné turnaje s účasťou reprezentačných mužstiev oboch športových odvetví boli najmä v čase masového rozšírenia rozhlasu a televízie celkom iste najsledovanejšími športovými podujatiami. Často si ich nenechala ujsť ani časť verejnosti, ktorá sa inak o športové dianie veľmi nezaujímala. Účinkovanie československých (čs.) kolektívov na spomínaných podujatiach najvyššieho svetového rangu malo neraz významné spoločenské presahy. Zrejme najznámejším prípadom sú v tomto smere dve víťazstvá čs. hokejistov nad súpermi zo Sovietskeho zväzu na majstrovstvách sveta (MS) v roku 1969 v Štokholme, ktoré spoločnosť vnímala ako revanš za okupáciu krajiny spred niekoľkých mesiacov. Po celej republike sa konali spontánne oslavy. Na druhé víťazstvo sa však v Prahe stihla nachystať Štátna bezpečnosť, ktorá rozvášnený dav v uliciach vyprovokovala na útok na kanceláriu sovietskej leteckej spoločnosti Aeroflot. Moskva incident využila na vynútenie si personálnych zmien vo vedení Komunistickej strany Československa, ku ktorým prišlo v nasledujúcom mesiaci.2 Udalosti z roku 1969 potvrdzujú, že šport môžeme najmä pre jeho masovú obľubu a sledovanosť považovať od 20. storočia za významný fenomén ovplyvňujúci spoločenské dianie.

Futbal na medzivojnovom Slovensku

Author(s): Matej Hanula / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

The article analyses the expansion of organized football in the period of the 1st Czechoslovak Republic. Author focuses on changes in the structure of its competitions. Till the end of the first republic in 1938 football clubs in Slovakia remained divided between Czechoslovak and Hungarian football union which were both part of the Prague’s statewide Czechoslovak football association. But there was a positive side of this division, too. It had a significant impact on building of the Slovak national identity. The author outlines the increase of football’s popularity among the inhabitants of Slovakia and the enlarging place of this sport on the pages of Slovak newspapers. He tries to describe new phenomenon related to the growing number of football fans in Slovakia, too.

Życie naznaczone sportem. Stałe i zmienne elementy sportowych biografii

Author(s): Agnieszka Zalewska-Meler / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The purpose of the present text was to capture common and untypical elements of sports biographies that were part of the time of interest and later involvement in competitive sport. On the basis of individual sports history, they tried to determine their regularity, recognize the problems associated with building an authentic and very often independent vision of themselves in the field of physical culture. The analysis of biographical texts (in accordance with the principles of hermeneutic interpretation) was accompanied by a graphical presentation of the process of events and experiences that have a decisive influence on the understanding of the philosophy accompanying the building and development of sports careers.

Football player migration in Greece: Wage differences and crowding-out effects

Author(s): Panagiotis Dimitropoulos / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Athlete migration has been on the forefront of academic research for more than twenty years since the migration flows of footballers has increased significantly in Europe. Greece is among the top receiving countries of migrant football players in Europe despite the fact that the Greek championship is not highly competitive as other European leagues. The scope of this paper is to provide some initial evidence regarding the flow of foreign football players in the Greek league. The study analyzed a database of all migrant and local athletes that participated in the professional Greek football championship over the period 2001-2013 and performed descriptive analyses. Descriptive evidence suggests that football player migration has increased significantly from 2001 until 2013 yet the relative numbers of foreign athletes are lower than their natives’ counterparts. However, foreign athletes are utilized more by their coaches since they have more actual minutes of participation on clubs’ official matches and earn higher income than the native football players. These findings provide support to several voices echoing on the crowding out effect of native athletes by migrants.

Shovel Bike Parts

Author(s): Tihana Koprivnjak,Ivan Filipović,Ivona Adrić,Karla Bilandžić / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Shovel’s story starts in 2010 when it began producing high-end products, all of which are made by riders for riders. Its core products are bike components, such as a chain guide. Complex field testing, research and development are behind all of its products. All of this resulted in champion lightweight and advanced design that makes them different. Shovel is very proud of the fact that all of its products are developed and produced in its own workshop in Croatia. The idea behind their products is very simple, just install it and forget about it!

THE IMPORTANCE OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY OF THE ELDERLY IN THE PREVENTION OF CHRONIC DISEASES, QUALITY AND LENGTH OF LIFE

Author(s): Tatjana Bačun,Ivan Lekić / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Physical activity is beneficial to people of all ages and is associated with reducing morbidity and prolonging life expectancy. Exercise has been linked to several beneficial health outcomes, including improved bone and muscle health, reduced risk of obesity, diabetes, coronary heart disease, stroke, certain types of cancer, and overall mortality. It can also improve cognitive functions, reduce the risk of falls and fall-related injuries in older adults, and reduce stress, anxiety, and depression. The most common risks of exercise are injuries to the musculoskeletal system. More severe but less common risks include arrhythmias, sudden cardiac arrest, and myocardial infarction. The benefits of exercise outweigh the potential risks. By exercising the elderly improve mobility, strength, flexibility, and stability. It can improve daily functioning, reduce the risk of falls and consequent injuries, and help maintain independence. It is never too late for physical activity, and every physical activity has health benefits. Group exercise programs have the added benefit of social inclusion. Before starting physical activity, it is necessary to assess the current activity, determine the presence of symptoms and signs of known chronic diseases, and the desired intensity of exercise. Four categories of exercise are recommended for older adults: aerobic exercise, strength exercises, flexibility, and balance. It usually starts with moderate-intensity aerobic activities for 30 minutes five days a week or vigorous activities three days a week. Flexibility is significant for performing daily life activities; flexibility exercises should be performed twice a week for 10 minutes.

TRANSGENDER ATHLETES: THE BALANCE BETWEEN PERSONAL DATA PROTECTION AND THE FAIR COMPETITION PRINCIPLE

Author(s): Anna DI GIANDOMENICO / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The right of transgender athletes to participate in sports competitions no longer seems to be in question, even if this is a right only recently established. DSD (Disorders of Sexual Development), having a genetic nature, are more widespread than perceived (about one person affected every 2500 births). To these, we have to add all individuals whose sexual identification arises for psychological reasons. Given that, it is obvious how the question is much more important (in numerical terms) of what is currently emerging. We want to focus on the hard balance between personal data protection and the fair competition principle, after the entry into force of the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), on 25 May 2018. According to GDPR rules, it is prohibited to process data concerning health or sex life. Thus, data regarding sexual identity and/or any changes in gender-related sex fall under special protection. In terms of sports law, IOC Consensus Meeting on Sex Reassignment and Hyperandrogenism (November 2015) reformed previous Stockholm Consensus on Sex Reassignment in Sports (1973). According to it, the completion of surgical anatomical changes is no longer a sine qua non condition, being sufficient the declaration of the gender by athletes. Recalling how athletes have to compete according to the fair competition principle, we wonder if European regulation collides with the respect of this principle. How can we balance them? How can we solve this conflict under the GDPR rules, coordinated with the norms of legal sports systems?"

ROMANIAN MEN’S HANDBALL VS. THE TOP OF EUROPE MEN’S HANDBALL

Author(s): Vladi IONESCU,Silvia Teodorescu,Cezar Hantău / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This scientific paper proposes a detailed game analysis of the Romanian men’s handball team in the European competitions, given that since 1996 it has failed to qualify for any European Championship. As well, since 1995, with the exception of the years 2009 and 2011, it has managed to qualify for no World Championship and, since 1992, it has not qualified for any edition of the Olympic Games. Even if it succeeded to participate in some international competitions, most of the time, Romanian players had a middling performance, being far from the European or world podiums. We have started from the theory that improving team performance involves a deep analysis of the game strategy, the efficiency of technical and tactical combinations used in attack and defence (permanently related to the opposing team’s game), and last but not least, each athlete’s performance in the competitive game’s economy. So, we carried out an analysis of the Romanian men’s handball team results within the qualification games for the European Handball Championship 2022, which were played in 2019. We also studied the matches of the teams participating in the 2020 European Handball Championship that played for the 1-12 ranking in Europe. The technical and tactical aspects recorded in each match of each studied team (Romania, Spain, Croatia, Norway, Slovenia, Germany, Portugal, Hungary, Sweden, Iceland, Austria, Belarus, Czech Republic) allowed us to identify the causes, limits and disadvantages of the tactical strategy of our national team."

PERSONAL CONTRIBUTIONS REGARDING SELECTION, IDENTIFICATION AND PROMOTION OF TALENTS IN FOOTBALL

Author(s): Arben KAÇURRI,Irakli QURKU / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The term “selection” has provoked disputes among various people, some of whom, for institutional reasons, defending the cause of a sport that enjoys great popularity and aims to attract all possible talents on the football field. From our point of view, football selection is not a unique, singular action. It has a lasting character and is carried out in several stages. The efficiency of the selection greatly depends on the quality of the training process and is largely conditioned by the way in which the particularities of growth and development of children and juniors are taken into account. By using the scientific selection process in football, the path to achieving remarkable (often incredible) performance becomes shorter. The selected individual undergoes a careful training process and tries to obtain maximum efficiency in the shortest time (depending on the biological potential). Also, the purpose of this paper is to improve the duration of the educational and training process, based on the improvement of the selection process correlated with the sports training stages in the football game. Selection and training have to be regarded according to the following training-type models: children, juniors III, juniors II, juniors I, which must take into account the criteria: health status, social condition, physical ability, body size, general motor skills, favourable motor skills, psychological ability, technical and tactical training, and game testing. We believe that, by contributing to the knowledge of the above-mentioned particularities, this paper eliminates the possibility of methodological errors that can have irreversible negative consequences."

STUDY ON THE LEVEL OF SELF-ESTEEM IN VISUALLY IMPAIRED STUDENTS

Author(s): Valentin Claudiu Luca,Liliana Mihăilescu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The purpose of the research was to investigate the level of self-esteem in visually impaired children in order to determine, together with investigations on other levels (health, psychomotor ability, physical development), the level of their quality of life compared to children of the same age without impairments. The self-esteem level was investigated using the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory on a sample of 30 participants from the Special Secondary School for Visually Impaired Students in Bucharest, with an average age of 11 years. The applied test represents a modern psychometric instrument, which has been validated in a variety of research programmes. It helps to better understand the students evaluated regarding their self-esteem by measuring the evaluative attitudes of the self in various planes of their existence. The standard form for students contains five subscales: general perception of self, social self-peers, home-parents, school-academic experience and distortion scale. Following the application of the test, it has been noted that the level of self-esteem of the visually impaired is higher, on average, than that of the average population of Romanian students without visual impairments. Considering the results, some decisions will be made regarding the approach to teaching dancesport to the visually impaired and, at the same time, we will be able to observe how practising this sport can influence the evolution of self-esteem in the visually impaired, as an element of their quality of life."

IMPROVING SPORTS PERFORMANCE IN BREASTSTROKE SWIMMING THROUGH THE MEANS OF FITNESS

Author(s): Narcis Neagu,Nicoleta Leonte,Ofelia Popescu,Iancu Răchita / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

SMALL-SIDED GAMES AS MEANS OF TECHNICAL-TACTICAL PREPARATION AND EVALUATION FOR JUNIOR HANDBALL PLAYERS

Author(s): Cristina Romila,Silvia Teodorescu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Tactical training is a component of sports training through which technical procedures are highlighted and learned, and their level of improvement is observed during the game. The purpose of the research is to develop and implement a training model for the tactical training of junior III based on small-sided games with variable dimensions of the field using information from the analysis of the tactical content of official games. As a result, in the tactical training of juniors, we implemented means of training and tests organized in the form of training games where we followed the individual and collective tactical actions of the players. The games had different themes and were organized with small numbers of players: 2 against 2, 3 against 3, 4 against 4, 2 against 2 against 2, 3 against 3 against 3, and 4 against 4 against, on playing areas of different sizes. The indicators monitored during tests were also recorded during official matches. The research subjects are the female players of the Junior III women’s team born in 2005 and younger from the ACS Sporting Ghimbav, participants in the National Junior III Championship in the 2019-2020 competitive year. The conclusions of the study provided useful information during the training process.

DANGEROUS SPORTS IN PANDEMIC TIMES. ANALISYS FOR CHILDREN’S PUBLIC SPORT UNITS OF ROMANIA

Author(s): Andrei SIMION,Doina Croitoru / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In our study, we categorised sports for which there are public sports clubs for children organized in Romania – School Sports Clubs and Classrooms with Sports Programme. These are financed from the state budget and local public administration. Training grounds, auxiliary spaces, materials, and facilities widely differ. With this in mind, we have only considered the dressing room as an interaction space between athletes. We consider that training and competition interactions are different, but in most sports, there is a risk to facilitate virus transmission – including SARS-CoV-2. The list of the 41 sports practised in children’s public sports clubs was compiled. Private clubs were not included in the analysis, even though they had the same risk regarding virus transmission. For each sport, we considered the following dyadic interactions: athlete-athlete and athlete-coach, in both training and competitions, according to the rules of each sport. We also added the interactions between athletes in the dressing rooms and between athletes and match/competition officials (judge, referee etc.). Each interaction was subjectively graded with a number from 1 to 5: 1 = low interaction, at least 5 m distance; 5 = very close interaction, less than 1 m distance. The analysis showed that considering the current COVID-19 pandemic, organized sport is most of the time a dangerous environment for athletes, coaches, and officials, the most dangerous being the team sports. We believe that the current study might be of use in deciding which sports would be safer to “reopen” in the future.

STUDY ON THE EVOLUTION OF THE ROMANIAN WOMEN’S EPEE TEAM AT THE OLYMPIC GAMES

Author(s): Amalia Alexandra TĂTĂRAN,Silvia Teodorescu,Gabriela DINȚICĂ / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This study refers to the evolution of the Romanian Women’s Epee Team at the Olympic Games in terms of performance, but especially from the perspective of making up the team and establishing the strategy for addressing each goal-focused competition. The literature review reveals that one of the ways to increase both the quality of the training process in fencing and the success rate in team events lies in the team composition, but also in establishing the sequence of athletes competing in a match. Research purpose: The study aims to highlight the dynamics of the Romanian Women’s Epee Team through both a detailed analysis of the results achieved by athletes in their fight against various opponents and their comparison at different times of the matches. Methods: Bibliographic study, comparison, abstraction, induction and deduction methods, video analysis, mathematical and statistical methods. Results and conclusion: The sequence of athletes’ performance in team competitions and their effectiveness depending on the number of won/lost bouts, but also successful hits and recovery times were analysed based on the competition protocols for the Rio de Janeiro and London Olympics, and the performance of the Romanian Women’s Epee Team was compared with the performance achieved by other competing teams. The study has shown that, in today’s modern fencing (particularly the Epee), one of the most important factors for achieving performance in the team event refers to making up the team so that it can work as a whole in relation to the opposing team’s composition.

GAME ACTION EFFICIENCY ON VOLLEYBALL GAME STRUCTURES ACCORDING TO THE OPPONENTS’ LEVEL

Author(s): Nicolae-Lucian VOINEA,Gloria RAȚĂ,Alexandru-Rareş Puni / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Performance volleyball is composed of two fundamental game structures, namely: structure I (at own service), which includes as game actions the service, block, dig, pass and attack, and structure II (at service reception), which is made up of game actions from service, pass, attack, block and dig. This study highlights the differences between the efficiency indices of game actions on game structures at the Știința Bacău team depending on the opponents’ level. This is based on analysing the performance of the teams during the Romanian National Women’s Volleyball Championship, 1st Division, which consisted of 18 games, out of which 10 games with level 1 teams and 8 games with level 2 teams. The research hypothesis aimed at verifying the dependence of the efficiency indices of game actions on game structures according to the opponents’ level. The subjects of this study were the players of the Știința Bacău team in the 2017-2018 season. As a result of this study, we have found that there are statistically significant differences between the efficiency indices of game actions on game structures according to the opponents’ level for service (p = 0.047) and dig (p = 0.006) in structure I and for attack (p = 0.015) in structure II, which confirms the hypothesis of our research.

Wychowawcza rola aktywności fizycznej – analiza procesu socjalizacji osób z niepełnosprawnością w sporcie i przez sport

Author(s): Jakub Niedbalski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Purpose of the conducted research was to analyze a processual dimension of transformations of a disabled person’s life, which take place under influence of experiences related to sport practicing. In the article I try to prove similarity of the sport structure with the educational system structure, where apart of the strictly educational functions, there are also socialization processes taking place, diverse in terms of measures and results. A basis for realization of the purpose mentioned above were personal experiences of the researched individuals. Hence, the research exploits qualitative data, collected during participant observations and in-depth free interviews, conducted among the disabled practicing sports. Analysis and interpretation of the research material was performed in accordance with procedures of the grounded theory. The article has been prepared as a consequence of research carried out between 2012 and 2015, among a society of the disabled, who practice professional sports. The studies refer to characteristics of the sport career path of persons with disabilities, which regarding its specificity, has strong roots in institutionalized practices related to inclusion, continuance and maintenance of the main action, i.e. sport practicing.

Epistemological Landmarks of the Specialists Managerial-Legislative Training in the Field of Physical Culture

Author(s): Liliana Budevici-Puiu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Radical changes that take place in all society spheres (economic, social, political and cultural) of a state, directly and indirectly affect the development and functioning of the socio-economic system of physical culture and sports. A new category of human resources employed in the field of sports management is emerging, given that sports organizations are interested in forming a management system that ensures high performance, development opportunities and a stable market position. In the last decade, the system of physical culture and sports management has undergone substantial changes, as a result of the emergence of new sports events, the development of sports movement, the creation of innovative services and the production of special equipment / installations in accordance with the legislation in force, as well as due to modern trends in entrepreneurial activity in market conditions. The fulfillment of the management functions in these conditions, at a higher level, generator of performance and success can be ensured only by qualified persons who have received a special professional training (including additional, continuous training) and requalification. This training is necessary for all activities specific to the field of physical education and sports management, for the development and proper functioning of sports organizations. Management and marketing activities, innovative for physical culture and the national sports movement, require special knowledge, skills and an effective professional training of the specialists in the field

Doping Control in the Republic of Moldova: Specific Features

Author(s): Ecaterina Lungu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Recently, there has been a strong effort regarding all sports organizations in order to reduce the universality and frequency of doping in sport. However, the efficacy of current strategies to fight against doping might be improved by using anti-doping polices adjusted to the features of doping in each sport. Contemporary sports activity is regarded as a complex phenomenon that involves both physical components, as well as a variety of medical, legal or economic aspects. In recent times, sport worldwide is marked by severe discussions on doping and its effects. In this context, athletes and team members must know the facts that may empower violations of anti-doping legislation and regulations on the doping control procedure. The acquisition of these legal and medical rules will motivate the development of sports, with the effect of preventing risks represented by the doping phenomenon.