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Bioethics in terms of christian morality

Author(s): Ştefan Adrian Andrieş / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2015

The moral action of the individual is directly proportional to his ideal or the transcendent experiences of the human species. Ethical actions most often have a decisive impact on the society and hence on the personal identity.The aim of this paper is to identify the relationship between the external action of the pragmatic and the culmination of the inner feelings of the individual, that provide the intensity of the prevalence of the essence of morality over the whole human edifice. The essay of a society’s actions is determined by arranging in an intellectual system all the religious events that bring the most intelligent species to a contradiction with its own identity in a limited system and most often with an impression of fatality regarding the existence. The erosion of altruism in the human consciousness entails the destruction of the entire basis that underlies the creation of the society and the individual as a person that is able to access a mystical type of knowledge, namely an extension of all his actions. We would like to show that the life of the society and the individual in collaboration with his own ego manages the historical events both at social as well as personal scale, and the interest in a Christian morality is the real itinerary of a person during the entire existence.

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Приобретение права собственности на самовольную постройку

Author(s): Olga Dobrynin / Language(s): Russian Issue: 4/2014

The study aims at an evaluation of the acquisition of the ownership of the unauthorized construction. The authors present this form of the acquisition of the right to property in the civil code of the Russian Federation emphasizing the necessity of fulfilling law norms.

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Challenges of Early Motherhood: Breastfeeding Difficulties and Life Satisfaction

Author(s): Željka Buturović,Suzana Ignjatović,Mirjana M. Rašević / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

Many studies have looked at benefits of breastfeeding for the baby and, less frequently, the mother. Though many women find breastfeeding difficult, few studies have looked at the potential costs of breastfeeding for this group. From January 19th 2015 through April 18th 2015, the total of 1,980 Serbian mothers completed an on-line survey consisting of 74 questions which addressed their satisfaction with various areas of life. Mothers were divided into four groups depending on their breastfeeding experience: those who enjoy breastfeeding (Group 1), those who breastfeed despite finding it difficult (Group 2), those who do not breastfeed because they find it difficult, but otherwise would (Group 3) and those who do not breastfeed because “it is their choice” (Group 4). There were 1,238 women (53.2%) in Group, 1, 546 (23.4%) in Group 2, 147 (6.3%) in Group 3 and 49 (2.1%) in Group 4. Group 2 scored lower than Group 1 on 25 out of 26 indicators of satisfaction. When these 26 indicators were averaged, there was a significant difference in the average scores between Group 1 (M = 6.87, SD = 1.10) and Group 2 (M = 6.33, SD = 1.20). Group 3 scored higher than Group 2 on 19 out of 26 indicators. There is a remarkably consistent difference in satisfaction across many areas of life between women who breastfeed joyfully and those who do it out of a sense of duty. As public pressure on women to breastfeed mounts, distinction between these two kinds of breastfeeding experiences should be kept in mind.

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Poverenje i ontološka sigurnost u mrežama društveno marginalizovanih populacija

Author(s): Marko Škorić,Aleksej J. Kišjuhas,Jovana Škoric / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2016

This paper presents the concept of trust as a precondition of individuals' adaptation to a complex social environment. Numerous studies show that trust in state and other institutions is declining, which presents a problem since trust is also a basic strategy for coping with an uncontrollable future for individuals, networks and communities. Trust is created in various ways through social interaction, which means that it is a dynamic aspect of human relationships that can be initiated, maintained, lost etc. It is important to see what characteristics influence the levels of trust that people have, and to bear in mind that it is an important element of negotiation in everyday life, as that it is connected to dimensions of power and risk-taking. In addition, this paper analyzes the concept of ontological security in the context of detraditionalization and the risks of modern society. This concept refers to the individual's fundamental sense of security in world, and it includes a basic sense of trust in others. Ontological security is necessary for a person to maintain a feeling of psychological wellbeing and to avoid existential anxiety. It is closely related to the phenomenon of trust, since trust is of crucial importance for the experience of the external world as being stable and coherent. To be ontologically secure, and to avoid existential anxieties, means that individuals can offer "answers" to the fundamental existential questions, including questions about the existence itself, and about the logical framework of external reality. The concept of ontological security is also crucial because it explains the social and socio-psychological mechanisms of survival and reproduction of social institutions through the everyday actions of individuals. Routinization and practical consciousness are being distinguished as the key mechanisms for this process. Finally, this paper demonstrates that the variables of trust and ontological security are especially important when it comes to the marginalized populations and populations that are being discriminated against. In this way, we show the theoretical and practical importance of the phenomena such as trust in others, a generalized sense of security, addressing the others in difficult situations and so on. Also, (the lack of) trust and ontological security are of great significance in the context of post-socialist societies that are often faced with ubiquitous problems of distrust, dishonesty and existential anxiety. In most cases, the marginalized and discriminated groups express trust and feel safest within their family, and perform most of their interactions within the primary social groups. In other words, the reactions of these populations to the modern societal risks are reflected in their relatively low levels of confidence in the wider community and other people, which is an important issue that must be addressed in an adequate manner.

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„Akt normatywny” jako przedmiot kontroli Trybunału Konstytucyjnego

Author(s): Marek Zubik / Language(s): Polish Issue: XXXI/2014

The Constitution of 1997, unlike its predecessors, regulates the proceedings before the Constitutional Tribunal very broadly and specifically. This limits the legislator’s freedom to regulate this issue. One of the key issues is the indication of which legal acts can be challenged before the Constitutional Tribunal. The Author analyzes the relevant provisions of the Constitution and presents in detail the current findings of the Tribunal in this regard. He starts from the assumption that in case of a constitutional complaint, courts’ questions of law and the motions of the National Council of the Judiciary the Tribunal should he eligible to examine each normative act, whatever its name or the mode of its adoption, if only the act formulates rules o behavior, which are addressed to individuals or entities alike.The Author proves that in these three cases, the Constitution of 1997 has brought different and wider solutions concerning to normative acts which may be challenged or indicated as a model of the control in the Polish constitutional process than in other cases. He points out, however, also the limits of such interpretation of constitutional provisions.

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Narcissism, Counter-Culture and Lifestyle. Towards a Critical Cultural Studies

Author(s): Wojciech Józef Burszta / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

The aim of the article is to show the way in which the technologically mediated culture of consumption determines what we call lifestyle in the perspective of the critical cultural studies paradigm. Contemporary consumption, based as it is on the counter-cultural ideas which appeal to difference, creativity and lifestyle, solves the central problem of consumerism – supplying a constant stream of novelty in a situation where things are losing just this quality. Lifestyle has become a life strategy, the framework for interpreting consumer choice suggests that freely made decisions concerning symbolic and aesthetic pleasures provide a sense of fulfillment in a successful and varied lifestyle. Culture is increasingly perceived through the prism of who we should be, and what we should have, in order to achieve by means of these an illusory goal, namely that of identity.

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Imagine Lenona oraz The Empathic Civilzation Rifkina jako przykłady nowoczesnych utopii (analiza porównawcza i krtyczna)

Author(s): Jacek Breczko / Language(s): Polish Issue: XXVIII/2016

In this paper I write about two counterculture utopias: the vision contained in the songs of Lennon's Imagine and an extremely extensive synthesis Jeremy Rifkin, in which mirror neurons and – based on them – empathy play a leading role. I start with a presentation and a comparative analysis of these utopias. The first can be seen as a version of "mini", other than as a version of "maxi" similar worldview. This worldview is a synthesis of the hippie counterculture and the "new left" and can be described as the ideology of "political correctness". In conclusion, I will add a few critical remarks. Above all, I pointed out the serious consequences of the vision of a united humanity, deprived of property, national states and institutional religion.

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Autorytet „na cenzurowanym”: kontestacja, sprzeciw i bunt

Author(s): Barbara Chyrowicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: XX/2014

Today’s fascination with human freedom and the belief that acting in accordance with one’s own conscience is the basis of moral identity diminish the role of moral authority and often reject it unjustifiably. While following the opinion of an authority uncritically is a mistake, it is also wrong to reject an authority’s judgments out of hand in the name of one’s right to pursue one’s own aims. No one should reject authority a priori, and we should ask whether the assertions of those who claim the right to act independently actually help people to achieve moral maturity. Authorities are needed, and the moral experience that we acquire over the years does not make us always and everywhere certain of what to do, nor ensure that our moral intuitions are always correct. It is appropriate to look to an authority wiser than we, at least in certain matters, for help in making a decision. Human authority is not absolute, so its acceptance will always be relative. Between mindless obedience to authority and its rejection are located the attitudes of ‘contestation’ and ‘opposition.’ Both of these attitudes call into question the regulations issued by an authority, which may prove inadequate when confronted by changing reality. They both question any judgment of authority that seems insufficiently justified. Yet while contestation involves questioning the judgments of an authority, opposition includes formulating judgments that attack or deny the position of the authority as such. Opposition does not, however, always involve a complete rejection of authority; one may disagree with a given opinion while still recognizing the authority and acknowledging that some of its other judgments are correct. Thus opposition to the dictates of an authority is not always a destructive action. ‘Rebellion,’ though, involves a firm rejection of authority.

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Autorytet w obszarze społecznej gry

Author(s): Andrzej Potocki / Language(s): Polish Issue: XX/2014

The author is interested in the social functioning of authority. The article begins with definitional findings, emphasizing the complexity of the phenomenon and the multiplicity of its kinds. There follows a discussion of the social signifiers of authority. The article emphasizes the need for authority as a factor indispensable to the stability of axio-normative systems and, consequently, for the stabilization of an entire social system. From this perspective, authority is seen as a factor not to be underestimated. It creates bonds that stabilize social life, organize collective action, and ensure order. As such, authority is considered a positive force in common life. However, excessive confidence in authority carries risks. It may result in a stasis so far-reaching that it retards the more challenging undertakings connected with modernization. In extreme cases, it may prevent any modernization at all. This, in turn, can lead to an ossification of the structures and functions of the community. The author emphasizes that the dominance of one strong authority carries the risk of dictatorship, but that an excessive number of authorities may lead to atomization. Meanwhile, the lack of any kind of meaningful authority may result in anarchy. The author gives a comprehensive overview of contemporary Polish sociological research to document the scale of appreciation or rejection of authority. The article pauses to consider the thesis of a contemporary crisis of authority. The thesis of a transition from authority based on social roles to authority based on values is also considered. The article moves on to consider the theme of creating authority, and tries to identify authority’s ultimate source, with particular emphasis precisely on values. Finally, the article looks at the functioning of authorities, with special attention paid to the increasing movement away from traditional institutionalized authorities and towards individual autonomy. It examines the transition from morality of authority to the morality of conscience, although the latter is understood today in many different ways. The people recognized as authorities are a kind of personification of authority itself. The author discusses the leading personal authorities among young people in contemporary Poland. He concludes that today’s Poles are actors in a verification process of old authorities and values; they choose those that appear to be functional and responsive to present human needs. Thus, on the one hand, contemporary Poles are seen to be defying authority (since they seem to be sacrificing some values previously considered to be important), while on the the other hand they seek authorities as points of reference as they make important life-choices. In certain instances then, authorities are still deemed useful. Functional and useful authorities have pride of place. Usefulness is often measured according to what is supposed to help people attain what appears to be attractive.

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O naturze autorytetu, strategii i meandrach jego definiowania

Author(s): Robert Plich / Language(s): Polish Issue: XX/2014

Authority is not a natural object clearly distinguished from other similar things. Rather, it belongs to social phenomena, which are not cognizable directly or exclusively through the senses. Therefore it is difficult to encapsulate the essence of authority in an apt definition. This article addresses the relationship between intuitions about the nature of authority and possible strategies for formulating its definition. Each strategy has advantages and flaws. One possible strategy depicts authority as an ideal, and is therefore quite demanding axiologically, in particular morally, for candidates aspiring to the status of authority. For this reason, this strategy leads to a narrow definition of authority; many instances of what seem to be manifestations of authority fall outside the scope of the definition. It seems that ideal authority occurs in reality only rarely. Another possible strategy describes authority functionally, focusing on the efficacious influence that such authority exerts over others, without heeding the role of freedom or the values that may characterize this influence. This functional type of authority is manifested often in reality, but in some cases seems counterintuitive to a commonsense understanding of authority. In particular, influence wielded under the threat of punishment or promise of reward — which is the way legitimate power sometimes is exercised with respect to the common good — seems inadequate to the status of authentic authority. The most apt definition of authority seems to be one that occupies a position between these two, that is, a definition that describes authority as an influence that facilitates a free realization of true values. Because there are different types of goods or values, and the notion of “good” or “value” has an analogical character, so also the notion of “authority” has an analogical character. For instance, one may distinguish three analogical types of authority on the grounds of the Aristotelian distinction between the three analogical types of goods: the pleasant, the useful, and the virtuous. The essential feature of the person who is an authority is trustworthiness substantiated by his or her competencies, or by his or her recommendation or delegation by other competent persons, institutions or commonly-recognized procedures. Although some types of authority are necessary and cannot be removed from the life of society, no authority is a value in itself. Authority always has an auxiliary character in relation to the free realization of other values.

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Hartova teorija prava – osnovne crte

Author(s): Goran Dajović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3/2011

One of the key insights of Hart’s jurisprudence is the idea that legal systems are not only comprised of rules, but also grounded on them. Instead of Austin`s idea of an unlimited Sovereign who makes all of the legal rules, Hart proposed a thesis that the rules actually make the Sovereign. Consistent with this “fresh start”, he also proposed a concept he described as the Rule of Recognition. This rule is a special sort of social rule which determines the status of every other rule as a part of a particular legal system. According to this, the article mainly deals with three questions: Hart's critic of Austin's imperative theory of law and afterwards, with two central tenets of Hart's theory. First of all, it is his theory of social rules (so-called practice theory of rules). In the core of this theory is the idea of internal point of view or acceptance of social rules. The internal point with regard to a certain constant pattern of behavior makes this pattern not only regular, but regulated as well (by the accepted social rule). The internal point makes a difference between two widespread social practices: social habit and social normative practice, exhibited in the social rule. Secondly, author analysis the concept of Rule of recognition. The Rule of recognition is the master rule that exists by virtue of the fact of social acceptance (it is a kind of social rule) and it establishes criteria of validity for all other legal rules. Some of the essential properties of the Rule of recognition as a theoretical concept are listed. In the conclusion, author points out that Hart's crucial theoretical achievement, i.e. his conventional explication of legal system via the concept of the Rule of recognition is still viable and fruitful ground for debates in modern jurisprudence about the nature of law.

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Ssąvokos kaip vi suomenė s pokyč ių atspindys

Author(s): Heribert Picht / Language(s): English Issue: 20/2013

Let us firstly recall the standardized definitions of the object and the concept. ISO 1087–1:2000 defines these two concepts as follows: Object: anything perceivable or conceivable. Note: Objects may be material (e.g. an engine, a sheet of paper, a diamond), immaterial (e.g. conversion ratio, a project plan) or imagined (e.g. a unicorn). Concept: unit of knowledge created by a unique combination of characteristics. Note: Concepts are not necessarily bound to particular languages. They are, however, often influenced by the social or cultural background which often leads to different categorizations. Both definitions are not wrong, but rather knowledge sparse. Obviously, a more detailed reflection on both concepts seems to be indispensable for further progress in the theory of terminology.

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Déshumanisation et dépersonnalisation en captivité – prise actuelle de l'époque totalitaire

Author(s): Livia Rău (Marcu) / Language(s): French Issue: 3/2011

The survival of the human being in captivity generates essential mutations, felt either as a self -alienation, as a liberating compromise, or as an inexorable life failure. Matei Visniec, in the novel ‘Mister K. released’ (2010) and Herta Muller in ‘The Cradle of breath’ (2009) created parables of the totalitarian system. ‘Remembering’ equals to recovering the lost time and regaining the long ago lost and distant paradise, meanwhile, offering the hero the illusion of freedom. The upside down perspective on the relationship word (logos) – life has postmodern origins, by ironically recovering the past, simplifying the speech, valuing clichés and by ostentatiously mythologizing common things. The novel turned into metatext is the salvation through writing of a plain hero, entrapped into memories. The self-reflective text offers the character the illusion of reliving and returning to a voluntary captivity this time, that being the solution of the human resigning himself to history.

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Узагальнюючі характеристики стану і результатів дії інститутів суспільства

Author(s): I. V. Timoshenkov / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 22/2015

In the paper, the main criteria for assessing the state and performances of societal institutions are identified. The definitions of concepts of institutional effectiveness and institutional quality are given and the relevance of using these concepts as generalized characteristics of an institutional system is substantiated.

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TRANSGRESSIVE DRINKING PRACTICES AND THE SUBVERSION OF PROSCRIPTIVE ALCOHOL POLICY MESSAGES

Author(s): C. Hackley / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2015

This research makes a new contribution to alcohol policy practice and theory by demonstrating that transgression of officially sanctioned norms and values is a key component of the sub- and counter cultural drinking practices of some groups of young consumers. Therefore, policy messages that proscribe these drinking practices with moral force are likely to be subverted and rendered counter-productive. The qualitative analysis draws on critical geography and literary theories of the carnivalesque to delineate three categories of transgression: transgressions of space and place, transgressions of the body, and transgressions of the social order. Implications for alcohol policy are discussed.

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Moje telo, ja: kontracepcija

Author(s): Nada Sekulić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2017

The aim of this paper is to provide preliminary empirical frameworks for the operationalization of the thesis about the “political body”, that is, about the connection of internalized body experience and bodily practices and social norms concerning women’s body. One of the basic dimensions of gendered oppression is achieved through the appropriation of female reproductive capacity and sexuality, which is expressed as the socially constructed loss of control of women over their own bodies (regimes of sexual, marital, reproductive life, regimes of female and male dressing, gender regimes of spacial use, etc.). In operationalizing this goal, in this paper we examined the cultural-political framework of the use of contraception. In the paper, an analysis of empirical data (a survey on the birth culture conducted at the beginning of 2017 on the territory of Serbia and northern Kosovo on a sample of 1,560 women) showed that contraceptive culture is not only a matter of women’s health but rather a matter of women’s emancipation. It is built as a system of values, it is linked to the wider political representations of women about the position and role of women in society, and it is also related to the quality of women’s lives, which depends greatly on whether women will be regarded as having the right to their own body integrity or not. At the same time, the paper questions the idea that free education or even widely accessible contraceptives can automatically change the cultural pattern that affects the low contraceptive culture. In addition, the analysis has shown that the patriarchal system of values does not represent a socio-cultural space in which women feel comfortable even if they conform to patriarchal values. Just the opposite, the higher level of patriarchal values is related to higher feeling of guiltiness, a loss of autonomy and a lower degree of life satisfaction among women.

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Обдарована особистість – як творець цінностей «елітарної» культури

Author(s): Oksana Mykolayivna Havelya / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 29/2012

The article covers the basic concept of the «elite» culture. The article focuses attention on gifted person who is the cultural layer, which is smaller but best mentally and morally part of society. Gifted and genius is an important strategic resource of any country. The article is determined by the ratio of the concepts of «cultural elite» and «gifted personality».

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Von Zigeunern und Menschen

Author(s): Jacqueline Hénard / Language(s): German Issue: 05/1993

The Gypsies are the most unpopular people in Europe. They have no home and no lobby. Their number makes them the largest ethnic minority on the continent. With six to eight million people, their group is larger than many state-building people. After the decimation of the Jews, the expulsion and return of ethnic Germans, they are the only European people. They have never won political influence. Only a handful of Gypsies across Europe - Nicolae Gheorghe in Romania, Santino Spinelli in Italy - have made the leap into the academic bourgeoisie and kept their gypsy identity. The non-gypsy advocates - Grattan Puxon, Jean-Pierre Liegois, Tilman Zülch or Mirella Karpati - are largely unknown and largely ineffective. Nobody feels like a racist because he does not like Gypsies.

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Zásah, který změnil underground

Author(s): Ladislav Kudrna,František Stárek Čuňas / Language(s): Czech Issue: 01/2015

During preparations for the 14th congress of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSČ) measures were taking against “long hairs”. Until the 1970s the State Security (StB) had been primarily focused on “right-wing opportunists” (communists expelled from the party after August 1968). However, the “sudden” emergence of an underground community of “long hairs” had been an unpleasant surprise for StB officers.

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Water is life, life is water: (Un)sustainable use and management of water in the 21st century

Author(s): Gauri Shankar Gupta,Annamária Orbán / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

Few issues have a greater impact on our lives than water. Water is a paradox: seemingly it is abundant and renewable resource, whereas only a tiny amount of it can be accessed and drinkable. Moreover, global water resources are unevenly distributed and many of them have been contaminated. Millions of people struggle with water scarcity, many times leading to water related international conflicts. Water is an international public good, with CPR and collective action problems, calling for international cooperation and actions to solve. Well-developed ancient civilizations have disappeared because of human environmental degradation, bad resource management and related socio-political problems. We should learn the lessons from our ancestors therefore wisely manage our natural resources. Such socio-cultural aspects as sustainable water governance, policy and communication can be as important as high-tech engineering for human survival from a historic perspective. Our paper is a theoretical overview and analysis of the most challenging water related issues and problems, providing theoretical as well as practical, policy oriented solutions in the end.

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