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Israel in Chinese Policy: Innovation and Strategic Importance

Author(s): Marcin Przychodniak / Language(s): English

The significance of Israel in China’s foreign policy is rising, especially as a source of modern technology in the IT sector and destination for infrastructure investment. The economic cooperation and political dialogue between China and Israel are also motivated by the protection of Chinese investment projects in, for example, Egypt and Iraq. China’s engagement in the Middle East could also translate in a reduction of activity in the European part of China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Enlargement of the Chinese military presence in the Middle East is also possible and could become a challenge for NATO.

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Izrael w polityce Chin: innowacje i znaczenie strategiczne

Author(s): Marcin Przychodniak / Language(s): Polish

Rośnie znaczenie Izraela w polityce zagranicznej Chin, zwłaszcza jako źródła nowoczesnych technologii w IT czy lokalizacji inwestycji infrastrukturalnych. Współpraca gospodarcza i dialog polityczny ChRL z Izraelem są również motywowane zabezpieczeniem chińskich projektów inwestycyjnych w Egipcie czy Iraku. Zaangażowanie Chin w tym regionie może się przełożyć na mniejszą ich aktywność na europejskim odcinku Pasa i Szlaku. Możliwe jest także zwiększenie obecności wojskowej ChRL na Bliskim Wschodzie, co stanowiłoby wyzwanie dla NATO.

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Russia on the Global Regulation of Cyberspace

Author(s): Agnieszka Legucka / Language(s): English

The Russian authorities actively use the digital space to achieve foreign policy goals. On Russia’s initiative, the UN General Assembly adopted two new resolutions in the field of cybersecurity. The first concerns the rules of conduct of states on the internet and the second deals with cybercrime. They were adopted despite opposition from Western countries. Russia is trying to protect the Russian network against external influence. The aim of these activities is ensuring the stability of the internal political regime.

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Rosja wobec globalnych regulacji działalności w cyberprzestrzeni

Author(s): Agnieszka Legucka / Language(s): Polish

Rosyjskie władze aktywnie wykorzystują przestrzeń cyfrową do realizacji celów polityki zagranicznej. Z inicjatywy Rosji Zgromadzenie Ogólne ONZ przyjęło dwie nowe rezolucje z zakresu cyberbezpieczeństwa. Pierwsza dotyczy zasad postępowania państw w internecie, druga – walki z cyberprzestępczością. Zostały one przegłosowane przy sprzeciwie państw zachodnich. Rosja stara się chronić rosyjską sieć internetową przed wpływami zewnętrznymi. Celem tych działań jest stabilność wewnętrznego reżimu politycznego.

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Information Systems in EU Migration Management

Author(s): Jolanta Szymańska / Language(s): English

The mass-migration crisis exposed shortcomings in the use of electronic databases for border control and internal security in the EU. In response to these problems, the European Commission (EC) has initiated the modernisation of existing IT systems and the creation of new ones while aiming to ensure interoperability. The development of information systems will support the management of human migration flows in the EU, which should increase internal security. However, it also creates a number of challenges related to the protection of collected and processed data.

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Scentralizowane systemy informacyjne w zarządzaniu procesami migracyjnymi w UE

Author(s): Jolanta Szymańska / Language(s): Polish

Kryzys migracyjny odsłonił niedociągnięcia w wykorzystaniu elektronicznych baz danych dla potrzeb kontroli granic i ochrony bezpieczeństwa wewnętrznego w UE. W odpowiedzi na te problemy Komisja Europejska (KE) zainicjowała modernizację istniejących systemów informacyjnych oraz tworzenie nowych, dbając przy tym o ich interoperacyjność. Coraz szersze wykorzystanie systemów informacyjnych pozwoli lepiej zarządzać procesami migracyjnymi w UE, przyczyniając się do zwiększenia bezpieczeństwa wewnętrznego. Rodzi jednak wyzwania związane z ochroną gromadzonych i przetwarzanych danych.

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Estonia as a Leader in Increasing Cybersecurity

Author(s): Kinga Raś / Language(s): English

Estonia's commitment to strengthening cybersecurity is a result of its experience as a victim of hacking. At the same time, Estonian authorities are consistently raising the country's informatisation level and lobbying for an effective digital single market in the EU. For Estonia, expertise in increasing cybersecurity has become the country’s unique brand, and the application of comprehensive and effective solutions means that it can be a model partner for Poland in digitisation and combating cyberthreats.

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Estonia jako lider w zwiększaniu cyberbezpieczeństwa

Author(s): Kinga Raś / Language(s): Polish

Zaangażowanie Estonii we wzmocnienie cyberbezpieczeństwa jest wynikiem ataków hakerskich, jakich doświadczyła. Jednocześnie estońskie władze konsekwentnie podnoszą poziom cyfryzacji kraju oraz lobbują na rzecz efektywnego jednolitego rynku cyfrowego w UE. Dążenie Estonii do zwiększania cyberbezpieczeństwa stało się wręcz jej znakiem rozpoznawczym. Stosowanie przez nią kompleksowych i efektywnych rozwiązań sprawia, że może ona być dla Polski wzorcowym partnerem w cyfryzacji i zwalczaniu zagrożeń cybernetycznych.

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NATO and the EU Should Urgently Strengthen Cyberdefence for Critical Infrastructure

Author(s): Wojciech Lorenz / Language(s): English

The cyberattack against Sony indicates the potential of cyberweapons, which could be used against critical infrastructure (CI) to undermine the stability of a country or even a whole region. To avoid such a scenario, governments and private companies have to advance coherent cybersecurity and defence standards. NATO and the EU should also take an important step towards interoperability by introducing standard operating procedures for computer emergency response teams (CERTs).

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Ochrona infrastruktury krytycznej przed cyberatakami – pilne zadanie dla NATO i UE

Author(s): Wojciech Lorenz / Language(s): Polish

Atak hakerów na firmę Sony ukazał słabość zabezpieczeń sieci komputerowych, od których może być uzależnione funkcjonowanie infrastruktury krytycznej, zapewniającej stabilność państw, a nawet całych regionów. Aby w przyszłości uniknąć ataków o znacznie poważniejszych skutkach, rządy i firmy prywatne muszą podjąć skoordynowane działania w celu wprowadzenia jednolitych standardów cyberbezpieczeństwa. NATO i UE powinny też jak najszybciej opracować wspólne procedury umożliwiające efektywną współpracę narodowych zespołów reagowania na zagrożenia teleinformatyczne (CERT).

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Building a Coalition - the U.S. Faces Down Competition with China in the Chip Sector

Author(s): Damian Wnukowski / Language(s): English

In recent months, the U.S. has intensified its international efforts to limit China’s ability to produce the most advanced chips. The result includes the introduction by Japan and the Netherlands of restrictions on the export of modern machines for chip production. In response, China is trying to attract foreign investment and develop its own potential in this sector. The U.S. actions may significantly slow the pace of China’s technological development and economic growth and limit its potential to further strengthen its military capabilities. This may make it difficult for China to support Russia with dual-use products and render possible offensive actions against Taiwan harder.

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Three Times Lucky? EC Decides on New Rules for EU-U.S. Data Flows

Author(s): Stefania Kolarz / Language(s): English

In its Decision of 10 July, the European Commission (EC) confirmed that it considers the newly agreed level of personal-data protection in the U.S. meets EU standards. While this will facilitate cooperation between European and American companies, it may prove to be a short-term solution. The European Data Protection Board (EDPB), activists, and others have already pointed out imperfections in the U.S. data protection system. Potential court complaints based on their arguments may lead to the annulment by the Court of Justice of the EU (CJEU) of another EC Decision simplifying the transfer of personal data to the U.S., following the strikes to the Safe Harbor and Privacy Shield Decisions.

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Ukraine’s Wartime Information Strategy

Author(s): Anna Maria Dyner,Maria Piechowska / Language(s): English

Since the beginning of the latest hostilities with Russia, the Ukrainian authorities have been carrying out a coherent strategic communication aimed at their own citizens, Russian society, and the international community. Coherent communication builds social morale and has an impact on the policy of the countries supporting Ukraine. It is also an instrument in the fight against Russian disinformation. The importance of having effective tools of strategic communication is also growing in frontline states, such as Poland, which are exposed to disinformation and hybrid threats from Russia.

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Microchips and Semiconductors: The U.S. Seeks Autonomy

Author(s): Andrzej Dąbrowski / Language(s): English

The United States has turned to support of the domestic microchip industry in response to the increased risk of Chinese aggression against Taiwan, one of the leading producers, as well as to address disruptions in supply chains caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. A law on this passed with bipartisan consent and is intended to help finance a more resilient American sector towards global changes in manufacturing these components. Thanks to the CHIPS Act, the U.S. can reduce its dependence on microchip imports and undermine China’s ability to dominate the market.

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Towards greater resilience: NATO and the EU on hybrid threats

Author(s): Piotr Szymański / Language(s): English

In recent years, NATO and the EU have taken greater responsibility for countering hybrid threats. This group of threats covers a wide range of hostile methods used by states and non-state actors. It includes both military and non-military activities, for instance special forces operations and irregular warfare, and also disinformation and cyberattacks. NATO and the EU are involved in facilitating international cooperation on countering hybrid threats and protecting their own structures and institutions against them. In this way, both organisations reinforce the efforts at the national level, since fighting hybrid threats is primarily a task of the member states. Nevertheless, NATO’s and the EU’s actions in this respect are constrained by insufficient financing, and by the member states’ unwillingness to enhance the sharing of intelligence and sensitive information related to, for example, critical infrastructure protection or cybersecurity. The recent spike in anti-Western COVID-19 disinformation campaigns clearly shows that both NATO and the EU could do more to counter hybrid threats.

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Digital (R)Evolution: Germany on Plans to Introduce an E-euro

Author(s): Sebastian Płóciennik / Language(s): English

A single e-currency is seen by Germany as an opportunity to create more effective payment systems, accelerate the digital transformation, and strengthen the economic and political position of the European Union. However, possible side effects for the banking sector and concerns about the extent of protection of citizens’ privacy will lead Germany to introduce the e-euro as a complement rather than an alternative to cash, and to strictly regulate it.

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Uganda Demonstrates the Growing Influence of Social Media on Politics in Africa

Author(s): Jędrzej Czerep / Language(s): English

In Africa, the frequency of politically fuelled internet blockages is increasing. This strengthens authoritarian tendencies and threatens business, for example, in Uganda, where the authorities switched off online access before January’s election. This undermined the election’s credibility and caused financial losses. Just as much controversy was sparked by Facebook’s attempts to restrict content supporting the candidacy of the incumbent, Yoweri Museveni, by shutting down government accounts.

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Taxation of Digital Content: the Case of Facebook in Australia

Author(s): Oskar Szydłowski / Language(s): English

Under the influence of a strong lobby of traditional media - television and press - the Australian government attempted to adopt what it called a “link tax”, which is a fee on external content available through digital platforms. Although Facebook responded with a kind of extortion - blocking links to certain sites for users in Australia - the law on the tax was passed on 24 February, albeit in a softer version. The law resulted from a split in the negotiating front of the main platforms, Google and Facebook, numerous lawsuits and scandals involving them, as well as the public’s increasingly unfavourable sentiment towards the tech giants. The Australian example may serve as a catalyst for regulations around the world on the activities of large technology companies (i.e., Big Tech), not only in the area of media.

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Online Warfare: Russian Policy on International Information Security

Author(s): Agnieszka Legucka / Language(s): English

Russia in April this year updated its policy on international information security (IIS). Compared to the previous version of the document from 2013, Russia points to the possibility of an interstate conflict as a result of activities in cyberspace. Russia also promotes the concept of “sovereign internet” and aims to increase its influence in the field of global regulations concerning the development of the network. The publication of the document confirms the priority for information security in the national security strategy and in the foreign policy of the Russian Federation.

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Strengthening the EU’s Role in Cybersecurity

Author(s): Aleksandra KOZIOŁ / Language(s): English

The ongoing pandemic has increased the use of digital technologies and intensified the threats they pose. Therefore, the EU faces the need to strengthen its ability to detect and respond to hostile cyber activities. New initiatives should, above all, improve the cooperation of EU institutions with Member States and private entities. However, their effectiveness will be limited by low and dispersed financing.

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