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NATO Policy on Cyberattacks: Defence and Deterrence

Author(s): Artur Kacprzyk / Language(s): English

Amid growing threats online, NATO made a ground-breaking declaration at the Wales summit, allowing the invocation of Article 5 in the event of the most serious cyberattacks. In the context of next year’s Warsaw summit, the implementation of the Enhanced Cyber Defence Policy requires not only a determination of the forms of collective response to different kinds of cyberattacks, but also strengthening of the Allies’ defence capabilities and further development of NATO’s assistance instruments.

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West and China Compete for Tech Influence in Arab Persian Gulf States

Author(s): Sara Nowacka / Language(s): English

New technologies are an increasingly important element of the Sino-American rivalry in the Persian Gulf. China has become the preferred partner in this area due to, for example, the dominant role of government (vs. private) investment in the technology sector in both China and the Gulf states. The intensification of cooperation between the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) and China in the field of new technologies may increase the influence of authoritarian states in setting technological standards.

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EU Starts New Partnership Mission and Continues Support for Moldova’s Security

Author(s): Aleksandra KOZIOŁ,Jakub Pieńkowski / Language(s): English

The EU Partnership Mission in Moldova was launched in May 2023. Its aim is to protect the country from hybrid attacks by Russia conducted in parallel to its aggression against Ukraine. The mission provides strategic advice to Moldova’s pro-European authorities - the government of Dorin Recean from President Maia Sandu’s Party of Action and Solidarity (PAS). This complements the efforts of the EU and Member States in supporting the capacities of the Moldovan civilian security structures and armed forces. Such broad engagement will increase Moldova’s overall resilience to Russia’s actions and contribute to stabilising the EU’s eastern neighbourhood.

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EU and NATO Countries Strengthen the Protection of Critical Infrastructure

Author(s): Filip Bryjka,Tomasz Zając / Language(s): English

New EU regulations on critical infrastructure could strengthen the resilience of the Member States to hybrid threats from Russia and China. The main challenge, however, will be to develop and implement precise standards for the protection of such infrastructure jointly with NATO. It will be necessary to exchange experience in this regard among states and on the state-private sector line. This may provoke resistance among some Member States reluctant to share sensitive information.

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New Opportunities for the European Chip Industry

Author(s): Oskar Szydłowski / Language(s): English

Europe’s dependence on semiconductor imports, mainly from Asia, is increasing. The European Commission plans to commit billions of euros to attract investment in the sector with the aim of doubling the EU’s share of the global semiconductor market to 20% by 2030. The most advanced project is Intel plants likely to be located in Germany, France, and Italy. This will help secure supplies for the EU economy and may make it easier to attract further investors.

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Prospects for the Launch of the Digital Yuan

Author(s): Oskar Szydłowski / Language(s): English

Among the digital currency projects developed by major economies, the Chinese digital yuan (e-CNY) is the most advanced. After pilot projects in selected Chinese regions, the biggest test was to be at the Winter Olympics in Beijing. The spread of the digital yuan will enable the Chinese Communist Party (CCP)to expand its digital authoritarianism through increased surveillance of citizens’ finances. It may also increase the Chinese currency’s share of international transactions in the region. The success of the e-CNY should accelerate the ECB’s work on a privacy-preserving digital euro.

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Prospects for the Negotiations of the EU Digital Markets Act

Author(s): Marta Makowska / Language(s): English

Negotiations of the Digital Markets Act (DMA), one of two flagship EU legislative proposals to regulate online platforms, are entering the decisive phase. France, presiding over the EU Council, wants to bring about an agreement between the states, the European Commission (EC), and the European Parliament(EP) by mid-2022. Adoption of certain EP amendments increasing the obligations of American platforms only may temporarily weaken the cooperation between the EU and United States in the area of digitalisation. Ultimately, however, it will gain momentum in the face of competition from China.

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EU Agrees the Digital Services Act

Author(s): Marta Makowska / Language(s): English

The Digital Services Act agreed in April between the Parliament, the Commission, and the Council of the EU is the first regulation in the world to set the rules for removing illegal online content, increasing the transparency of the functioning of websites, and improving the safety of network users. The implementation of the act in the European Union will be a challenge due to its wide scope, requiring increased involvement of the EU administration in the ongoing control of platforms. At the same time, the EU hopes that the act will become a model for similar laws in other parts of the world.

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Digitalisation in Germany: an overview and what lies behind the delays

Author(s): Sebastian Płóciennik / Language(s): English

The adaptation of the economy and the state to new information technologies – next to the energy transformation (Energiewende) – is viewed as one of the greatest civilisational challenges Germany is currently facing. However, progress in this area is lagging behind expectations: it fails to match the level of GDP per capita in relation to Germany’s competitors in the EU, the country’s export-oriented economy or its ambition to be Europe’s economic and political leader. The problems with digitalisation are not due to financial constraints. Their causes are much deeper: the approach to innovation, the lack of specialists on the labour market, Germans’ sense of unease towards new technologies, as well as previous mistakes made during the development of the transmission infrastructure.

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A New Opening Appears in the International Telecommunications Union - without Russia

Author(s): Szymon Zaręba / Language(s): English

Russia’s loss in the competition for the position of secretary-general and a seat on the Council of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) confirms that Russia’s position in international institutions has weakened as a result of the aggression against Ukraine. On the other hand, the success of the U.S. and the EU in the elections for key positions in the organisation gives them the opportunity to more strongly influence the shaping of standards in important branches of the modern economy, such as artificial intelligence (AI) or wireless communications. The quality of transatlantic leadership in the ITU may determine the chances of its extension to other UN specialised organisations.

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The Czech Republic’s struggle with e-government during the COVID-19 pandemic

Author(s): Martyna Wasiuta / Language(s): English

Against the backdrop of the CEE region, the Czech Republic stands out when it comes to the digitisation of the country’s economy and society. The achievements of its private sector in this field make it one of the leaders of digitisation in the EU. Czech programmers are among the world’s most talented IT specialists, which is demonstrated by the fact that one of the world’s most popular antivirus programmes was developed in the Czech Republic. However, this positive picture of digitisation is clouded by the country’s major delays in the development of public services and Internet infrastructure. The oligopolistic structure of the mobile telephony market is dominated by three large operators offering services at prices that are among the EU’s highest and forms a serious barrier to expansion of the infrastructure. In addition, the country’s delays in developing new solutions, combined with insufficient competence on the part of Czech officials, discourage citizens from using e-government services, which they consider not to be particularly user-friendly. Although the pandemic has triggered significant progress in this field, certain key problems remain unresolved. Another obstacle slowing down the pace of digitisation involves tension within the ruling coalition, which in turn undermines the coordination of digitisation activities in the public sector as a whole.

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The digitisation of Ukraine: anatomy of a success story

Author(s): Sławomir Matuszak / Language(s): English

On 23 August, on the eve of the 30th anniversary of Ukraine’s independence, a law came into force recognizing electronic ID cards and passports as equivalent to their physical counterparts. Earlier, on 6 August, President Volodymyr Zelensky signed a law providing for all offices to operate on a paperless basis. One of the main election slogans in his winning campaign in 2019was ‘the smartphone state’, and this has also been a key idea towards modernising the country on the anniversary of its independence. The idea assumes that most administrative services will – in as convenient a manner as possible for the citizen – be transferred online, in order to cut back on the need for visits to offices and reduce the role of officials. While many of Zelensky’selection promises have not been implemented, the country has in fact made impressive progress over the last two years with regard to digitisation as broadly understood. Mykhailo Fedorov, the minister for digital transformation, can be considered the father of this success. He brought about the launch of the Diia website and application, which has already made it possible to deal with most important matters online; by the end of Zelensky’s term of office, all administrative services are to be available via the Internet. Automating these processes will reduce the risks of corruption and improve the provision of public services – something which is often very burdensome in Ukraine – and also increase the competitiveness of the economy and the effectiveness of bureaucracy.

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Towards a Data Single Market in the European Union

Author(s): Marta Makowska / Language(s): English

Along with the digitisation of the economy, the amount of produced data has increased dynamically. The European Commission (EC) wants to stimulate data usage and sharing between enterprises, citizens, and the public sector in the EU. Creating a “data single market” aims at increasing innovation and economic growth in conditions of extensive international competition. The main challenge is achieving the EU’s ambitions of becoming independent from American cloud service providers and growing European enterprises’ share in the data market.

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The Clean Network Initiative as an Element of the U.S.-China Competition

Author(s): Andrzej Dąbrowski / Language(s): English

Fearing China’s global dominance in the field of information and communications technology (ICT), including high-capacity 5G telecommunications networks, and the country’s access to new markets, in August 2020 the U.S. launched the Clean Network Initiative (CN). The coalition of states, institutions, and companies participating in it aims to prevent Chinese ICT from dominating the economies of America’s allies. The U.S. may determine the future level of cooperation with allies on the degree of saturation of their economies and infrastructure with Chinese technologies.

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The Future of Russia’s Sovereign Internet

Author(s): Agnieszka Legucka / Language(s): English

So-called “sovereign internets”, which are networks cut off from the global internet, is attractive to authoritarian regimes such as Russia, China, and Iran. Russia declares that it has achieved the technical capacity to implement it, which would allow the Russian authorities more control over society but could cause problems for business. The Russian authorities therefore will limit its use to a preventive measure at key moments and for blocking foreign networks and communicators inside Russia to try to control public moods in the country.

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The EU’s New Agenda for the Mediterranean: Towards a Digital and Green Economy

Author(s): Elżbieta Kaca / Language(s): English

The revision of EU policy towards its southern neighbourhood focuses on supporting green and digital transformations in order to boost the economic development of this region. However, the proposed solutions may bring limited results due to structural problems and the economic crisis triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic. To increase the effectiveness of this policy, the EU can strengthen local actors. Poland can promote the good practices of the Eastern Partnership in this regard.

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Perspectives on the Introduction of a European Digital Identity

Author(s): Stefania Kolarz / Language(s): English

The European Commission’s (EC) proposal to introduce a European Digital Identity (eIDA), enabling electronic confirmation of personal data, is the next step in the development of the EU digital market. The eIDA is intended to increase trust among users of electronic services and may facilitate and speed the flow of documents between EU countries. Challenges include ensuring compatibility and the security of systems operated by individual Member States.

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The CCP’s Tightening of Control over China’s IT Sector

Author(s): Oskar Szydłowski / Language(s): English

Contrary to the Chinese Communist Party’s (CCP) expectations that China will develop production of semiconductors, robots, and artificial intelligence (AI), the local IT sector has been most successful in creating social networking and trade-support platforms. The CCP is concerned about the growing political and economic influence of IT companies and their leaders, especially the potential of the data processed there. Consequently, it has adopted new regulations, started investigations of companies, and enacted repression of Chinese CEOs with the aim of subjugating the sector to the state.

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China’s Digital Silk Road: Economic and Political Significance

Author(s): Damian Wnukowski / Language(s): English

China is developing what it calls the Digital Silk Road (DSR), a network of cooperation with selected countries in the field of technology, including 5G networks and e-commerce. The rivalry with the U.S. and importance of the digital sector during the COVID-19 pandemic has put pressure on China to develop the DSR. It also aims to promote its own technological standards, which is a challenge for many countries, especially in the area of security. China’s approach may also push the EU and its partners, including the U.S., to cooperate more closely in developing competing alternatives.

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№179: The Challenges of Making the EU) Fit for the Digital Age

Author(s): Marta Makowska / Language(s): English

Rapid digitalisation of the global economy mobilises the European Union to adapt to the new reality. Emerging competition from the United States and China poses a risk of stifling European economic growth potential and, in the longer term, also the sustainability of its welfare system. The main challenges include tackling the untapped potential of the digital single market, increasing monopolisation of the platform economy, and differentiating the interests of the Member States. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic (SARS-CoV2) may be a turning point in accelerating digitalisation and innovation on an unprecedented scale. Projects such as Common European data spaces, digital skills education, “Destination Earth,” or European supercomputers can both improve the EU’s global competitiveness and have a positive effect on the everyday life of its citizens.

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