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The aim of article is the researching and generalization of theoretical approaches to the definition of “non-formal education” and its essence. Non-formal education is an important part of “lifelong learning“concept. Thereby it attracts attention of international organizations, international and domestic scientists. Non-formal education definition means the process of individual acquiring of knowledge and skills out of formal educational system. Non-formal education has some specific features – it is organized, planned, supported and as a rule doesn’t qualify, etc. It should be noted that non-formal education development is closely connected with innovational model of society development forming. Only complex system, which combines different forms of training, can ensure acquiring experts knowledge and qualification. Further investigation and development of non-formal education as well as its integration in formal education will allow Ukraine the opportunity to increase the efficiency of national economy under conditions to innovational model development transfer.
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This paper evaluates the impact of two active labour market measures providing financial contributions to cover costs related to spatial mobility of the unemployed. One supports daily commuting and the other resettlement. For the purpose of evaluation, administrative data from the obligatory social insurance database and the official register of the unemployed were linked. Three indicators of outcome are identified, commuting time, the income of individuals and employment after the end of support. The richness of the data allowed us to use propensity score matching in order to rule out possible selectivity issues. After achieving satisfactory balance, we have yielded comprehensive and robust, significant positive effects of both of the measures under evaluation. The estimated impact differs regionally and is based on the individual characteristics of the beneficiaries.
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This article examines the meanings of second-hand consumption in the city of St. Petersburg. The data were collected from observation and semi-structured interviews with young consumers and experts. The findings concern peculiarities of second-hand retail spaces in the city, specific features of used clothes attractive to consumers and reasons explaining why young people in St. Petersburg chooses consumption of used material objects.
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The significance of socially responsible consumption as well as the question of the knowledge and information that consumers may have about producers of consumer product are increasingly appearing in the literature. In the case of companies, responsible corporate operation and to examine how information could be transferred to consumers from companies have become key issues especially in the last decade.Socially responsible consumption, which is the incorporation of social and environmental concerns by individuals in their consumption choices, is growing. The aim of this research is to verify the existence of different profiles of socially conscious consumers and to study their social representation of consumption.
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Alexander Solzhenitsyn once said: “Violence is never used in isolation – it is always accompanied by a lie”. Meat is something that is inevitably linked to violence against animals. In 2005, Stowarzyszenie Empatia published a report “Animals in meat commercials”, which was an attempt to critically analyze images of animals on the packaging of meat products, advertising, and trademarks. Hundreds of gathered examples demonstrated consistency of the use of images of animals, for example: suggestion that the animals are satisfied volunteers for breeding and slaughter. Often, the animals are shown in a humorous and unreal way. Advertising directed to children uses specific techniques, for example diminutive names of goods. Publication of the report resulted in the modification of the Code of Ethics in Advertising provisions regarding the use of the animals’ image. Has anything changed since? Is writing a code is enough? Are the practices of Polish producers and traders unique? Is it possible to talk about the ethical ways of advertising meat, which itself is directly linked to animals’ suffering?
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The main subject of the publication is the use of the conceptual metaphor of cannibalism in mass communication. The author begins with describing the conceptual metaphor and defining the semantic field of cannibalism. This phenomenon is very common as a source domain of conceptual mapping, both in everyday speech as well as in mass communication. The examples of such metaphors include “politics is cannibalism” and “business is cannibalism”. The article analyzes sample publications containing phrases connected with these metaphors and their functions in the texts. The author proves that the two metaphors are permanently present in our social consciousness, they are universal and they shape the way we perceive politics and business.
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The article discusses factory workers’ nostalgia in the times of sudden and radical transformation of their work environment. It presents nostalgia’s sources, meanings, and functions in the light of a case study of confectionery factory in Poland. It shows nostalgia not only as a part of workers’ moral economy, but also as their tool to criticize transformation, which helps them to delimit their community and to interpret the changes in conditions of employment and organization of production.
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This study investigates the moderating role of authentic leadership in the effect of toxic personality characteristic on sabotage behaviors. In the literature, it is suggested that there are some individual and organizational antecedents which underlie on sabotage behaviors of employees. In this study, scope of the individual and organizational antecedents, toxic personality characteristics and perception of authentic leadership are supposed to be effective on the attitudes and behaviors of employees Based on the findings, it is observed that narcissistic personality characteristic has a positive and significant effect on employees’ sabotage behaviors and it is found that there is a moderating role of authentic leadership in the effect of narcissistic personality on sabotage behaviors. However, paranoid personality characteristics has a positive and significant effect on employees’ sabotage behaviors and it is found that there is a moderating role of authentic leadership in the effect of paranoid personality on sabotage behaviors. Moreover, it has been seen that anti-social and obsessive-compulsive personality characteristics have no significant effect on employees’ sabotage behaviors.
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The paper considers the problems of the right of consumers to information. The purpose of the research is to develop a complex scientific idea for implementation of the right to information as the actual legal transition to the system of consumer relations. The following problems are solved during this research: to identify gaps in the legal regulation of obligations imposed on entrepreneurs; to provide analytical data of the controlling and judicial authorities, which confirm the increased threat of violation of the rights of consumers to information; to present a scheme of the civil legal mechanism for implementation of the right of consumers to information; to analyze the formation and expression of intentions as stages of the mechanism for implementation of the right of consumers to information. The research is carried out with the help of dialectic, systemic, and structural methods. The conclusion is made that gaps in the legal regulation of obligations imposed on entrepreneurs are associated with the lack of standards for disclosure of information in the sphere of consumption of goods, works, and services. The obtained analytical data of the controlling and judicial authorities confirm the increased threat of violation of the rights of consumers to information. The scheme of the civil mechanism for implementation of the right of consumers to information helps to understand the essence of obstacles for transition of consumers to the system of the consumer relations which are formed in practice. The formation and expression of intentions serve as stages of the mechanism for implementation of the right of consumers to information, which are structurally involved in the general civil legal mechanism of implementation of the rights of consumers, since implementation of the information opportunities enables free, if not particularly competent, choice of goods with the high probability of consumption of goods, works, and services complying with the safety and quality standards. The existing obstacles in implementation of opportunities that are pledged in the subjective right to information do not promote actual implementation of the system of other subjective rights of consumers. The author is convinced that enhancement of the existing Russian consumer protection law for the purpose of ensuring secured implementation of the right of consumers to information on the basis of accomplishment of precautionary and preventive functions by the standard massif is necessary.
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In this study, the resulting risk types in the construction sector and the exchange rate risks occurring in the construction projects using foreign currencies are examined. This purpose, two different types of risks, including strategic and operational categories, are established. Identifying two types of risk as general business risks and project risks, they are subdivided under the category of risk. In the subclassification, currency risk included within the scope of financial risks has arisen in construction projects carried out using different currencies. In order to measure the impact of exchange rate risks, construction projects whose revenues and costs of different currencies, have been taken as a sample. Revenue and cost calculations have been performed by taking into account changes in exchange rates over the years. In the calculations, differences have been detected in negative direction between initial projected cost and profit targets and multiyear occurred cost and profit.
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Innovation and digital technology have become part of everyday life. Using of Internet and electronic services is in progress. However, seniors have a place in the contemporary digital world? The aim of this paper is to show the relationship between household spending (pensioner) and purchases of seniors over the Internet in the last 5 years. In this case we used methods of scientific work, correlation and regression analysis in 6 categories of seniors purchases through the Internet. Strong dependence was confirmed in category of purchases clothing, sporting goods. Proved relationship between seniors’ expenditure and online purchasing is proof of existing level seniors digital consumption. This is a precondition for coming dynamization enterprise in the service sector and thus a creation of Gazelles.
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The paper deals with the topic of external offline media which are referred to as „Out Of Home“ media – also known under the abbreviation OOH. It briefly defines the key areas of OOH nowadays and explains particular approaches to be applied when creating visual advertising. The conclusion focuses on our new view of the approach towards these media so as an advertiser has a simple key how to use particular advertising space in the most effective way. Its main target is to enhance communication effectivity for target audience. The paper also highlights some of the main mistakes the promoters often make and recommend the approaches how to avoid them.
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The article deals on fraud practices of Pay per Click (PPC) advertising. We focused on regional PPC in Slovak Republic. The most of PPC advertising is redirect to the fraud web pages, which are focus to the “health”. The main goal of these web pages is to sell doubtful pills or medicaments. The problem is that these medicaments are not registered in Slovak Republic. The companies, who provide these fraud web pages, use fraud social network’s profiles, stolen photos, unknown names of experts, etc. This article shows the way, how to prevent the fraud of unfair companies that use PPC advertising. The customer is fooled by fake’s pictures and slogans. Fraudulent web pages or e-shops show more signs of fraud. On the first view, they look like perfect designed web pages. They use blog themes or they look like journals or magazine. Customer should be clever and before ordering they should check signs of fraud. The ways how to fool the customers are unfair practices of marketing. The fraudulent e-shops offer merchandise or services that promise huge muscles in one month, rapidly fat loss, high sexual potency, antidote against the obesity, penis enlargement and many others.
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This study provides benchmarking analysis of patent and trademark applications in the European Union. The objectives of benchmarking are (1) to determine what and where improvements are called for, (2) to analyze how other nations achieve their high performance levels, and (3) to use this information to improve performance in favor of the EU Internal Market. The benchmarking study provides benchmarking results about (1) patent applications of residents and nonresidents, (2) trademark applications of residents and nonresidents, (3) total patent applications, and (4) total trademark applications. The study also provides benchmarking analyses about patent and trademark application in relation to population and gross domestic product. The results of benchmarking cover the time period 1960–2013. The study provides some comparative statistical analyses and discusses whether there has been convergence in patent and trademark activity in the European Union. The study identifies top 10 champions in the different categories of patent and trademark activity. Key results will be reported in the forms of descriptive statistics, Pareto charts, and key statistical indicators. Some special indicators of innovation activity will be reported. The study provides some policy relevant results for the EU Internal Market development.
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This paper observes the implication of Musharakah Mutanaqisah (MM) in the current Malaysian Islamic banking arena. Musharakah Mutanaqisah was previously suggested as a better alternative for Islamic home financing to replace the controversial Bay` Bithaman Ajil (BBA). However, till date, almost half of the Malaysian Islamic banks that offer Musharakah Mutanaqisah financing have stopped providing it. Many studies have been done on the theory, Shariah issues, features and usage of Musharakah Mutanaqisah instruments, but there are limited studies conducted on the implementation of Musharakah Mutanaqisah from the viewpoint of the Islamic banks and customers. The objective of this paper is to discuss the implication of Musharakah Mutanaqisah implemented by the Islamic banks in Malaysia, focusing on the context of legal documentations from the perspective of academicians, banks, and customers. The result shows that due to the documentation issues, Islamic banks face higher risks, and there is an increase in the documentation costs for the customers while implementing Musharakah Mutanaqisah. The finding also shed some lights on the Islamic finance industry in Malaysia.
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The underlying principle and concept of Islamic Financial Institution (IFI) is Shariah. Shariah itself consists of aqidah (faith and belief), akhlaq (moral and ethics) and fiqh (law). These three components are the foundation of all IFI’s activities, including risk management activities. One of the concepts used in risk management is three lines of defense. The three lines of defense’s concept provide a clarity regarding roles and responsibilities of various risk functions within an organization. IFI should adopt the concept of three lines of defense as part of their Enterprise Risk Management framework to strengthen the effectiveness of their risk management function. The author proposes three lines of defense model for an IFI in this paper. The foundation of the proposed model is Shariah while its pillars are knowledge and Islamic culture.
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For Muslims zakat is obligatory and different jurisdictions in the world have different mechanisms to administer it. Maldives is a hundred percent Muslim country and zakat administration in the country is unique. As such the objective of the paper is to discuss the zakat administration in Maldives with special reference to zakat al mal and to discuss the challenges facing the existing way of zakat administration. The paper also includes ways to overcome the challenges. No literature on this area in Maldives could be found and as such reference to primary materials such as unpublished statistics, reports, brochures have been made. It is hoped that this paper will encourage further research on this area in Maldives.
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