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The Foreign Fighter Phenomenon and Radicalization in the Western Balkans: Understanding the Context, 2012-2016

Author(s): Vlado Azinović / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Over the last five years, a rise in radicalizing forces in the Western Balkans has manifested in the emergence of the foreign fighter phenomenon – the single most obvious indication of radicalization into violent extremism in the region. This has brought new security challenges and risks, including the departures of citizens to rebel-held territories in the Middle East. While some of these individuals are women, children, and elderly people who have not become foreign fighters, it is believed that from the end of 2012 through the beginning of 2016, up to 950 persons from Western Balkans countries travelled to Syria and Iraq. [...]

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ALBANIA: Radicalization and the Governance of Islam in Albania

Author(s): Arjan Dyrmishi / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

With some hundred or more Albanian citizens having now joined the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), radicalization has become a salient issue in both policy and scholarly domains in Albania. Given the Albanian tradition of religious tolerance and moderation, the quest to understand and explain the foreign fighter phenomenon has sparked extensive debate – in media, among the public, and within academia. Explanations for this trend have focused mainly on the socioeconomic factors affecting certain local communities and individuals, and on the failure of state institutions in some sectors, including in security, intelligence, and education. In general, academic researchers and pundits alike argue in favor of a more robust response by the government. [...]

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ALBANIA: Albanian Migrants and Risks of Radicalization

Author(s): Ebi Spahiu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The case of Albania – a new NATO member and an aspiring EU state – reflects that of many Western Balkans countries which have seen their citizens, largely from Muslim-majority areas, join extremist organizations in the Middle East since the 2011 outset of the Syrian conflict. The number of foreign fighters hailing from Albania and the rest of the region peaked when Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi, the alleged leader of the so-called Islamic State (ISIL), declared the formation of a new “caliphate” in 2014, in territories in Syria and Iraq, and called on Muslims from around the world to migrate there. Security and intelligence services in the region quickly took action against homegrown extremist cells that recruited and facilitated the travel of citizens in response to Al-Baghdadi’s call. However, questions remain over what motivated citizens from Albania to join extremist organizations and the pattern of their radicalization. [...]

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BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA: The Complex Ecology of Islamic Narratives and Movements in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Author(s): Muhamed Jusić / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The current religious life of Muslims in Bosnia and Herzegovina is about returning to domestic traditions and reducing the post-communist euphoria in public demonstration of religion. The fall of the socialist order led to this euphoria, which was intensified by the aggression and war in Bosnia and Herzegovina – seen, in the minds of Bosnian Muslims, as aimed at destroying Bosnia and Herzegovina as a state and Bosniaks as a people. Meanwhile, the pluralization of the Islamic religious scene in Bosnia and Herzegovina has resulted in the emergence of non-traditional forms of Islamic religious practice. On one hand, this pluralization occurred within the Islamic Community as a consequence of its openness toward other madhhabs and Islamic experiences, and as a result of its exposure to globalization and other broader social and cultural shifts. On the other hand, it occurred outside the Islamic Community and, sporadically, against it, through advocates of different alternative, and in principle, sloppy and rigid interpretations of Islam. The vast majority of Bosnian Muslims perceive these alternative views as attacks on the traditional Bosnian practice of Islam, and they reject them as unacceptable attempts to replace a religion of joy, serenity, and tolerance with a religion of gloominess, discontent, and exclusiveness; attempts to abandon a religion that palliates in order to accept a religion that aggravates.

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CROATIA: ISIL’s Western Balkan Caliphettes

Author(s): Anita Perešin / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

With the June 2014 establishment of a “caliphate” in the territories of Iraq and Syria, announced by the self-proclaimed “caliph” and leader of ISIL Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, his appeal to all Muslims to migrate to these territories has been viewed by some “true believers” in the Western Balkans as a mandatory religious duty. A new wave of Muslim men and women from the Balkans, motivated by a combination of religious and other factors, have left home for the “caliphate,” where the Balkan contingent has supported groups fighting the Assad regime since the beginning of the civil war in Syria. The number of Western Balkans citizens in ISIL territories is not precisely known, but up to 1,000 are thought to make up the Balkan contingent – including male fighters, a much smaller percentage of female fighters, women and children who accompanied their husbands and fathers, some women who traveled alone (often in order to marry), and a small number of teenagers, most of whom have left home without the consent of their parents. The motives and expectations of women in this contingent are difficult to grasp; for, despite ISIL propaganda that compares living in its territory to being at a “Disneyland for Muslims,” the group is among the most notorious terrorist organizations in the world, infamous for its brutal abuse, derogation, and mistreatment of women. [...]

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MONTENEGRO: Montenegro and the Foreign Fighter Phenomenon

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Like other countries in the region, Montenegro has had its fair share of citizens participating as foreign fighters on battlefields abroad; and for the purpose of this study, we will focus on Montenegrin foreign fighters in Syria and Iraq. Due to its geographical location and shared borders with countries that have dealt to a greater degree with this phenomenon – such as Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, and Albania – the number of Montenegrin foreign fighters joining the fronts of the so-called Islamic State has varied over time, reaching its peak in 2014. Numbers in 2016 were the lowest they have been since the start of the phenomenon; and one can argue that this is the result of legal and operational mechanisms implemented by the Montenegrin government in 2015. [...]

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KOSOVO: The Foreign Fighter Phenomenon in Kosovo: Covering a Blind Spot

Author(s): Shpend Kursani,Arbër Fetiu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The recent emergence of the foreign fighter phenomenon, which has entangled citizens of Kosovo, has attracted significant attention among policymakers, security analysts, and academics at the local and international levels. In Kosovo, the jihadist ideology linked to the phenomenon is unprecedented, at least insofar as its scale. Even the Afghan Wars (1978-1992 and 2001-present) and other Middle Eastern conflicts, which have attracted some 5,000 to 20,000 foreign fighters – many from Europe and the United States – have not inspired certain elements of Kosovo’s Muslim population like the recent conflict in Syria has. Many authors have pointed to the ease of travel and the proximity of the Syrian conflict as important factors in explaining the extraordinary numbers of European foreign fighters taking part in the war there. Yet, the Bosnian war (1992-1995), which attracted a few thousand fighters from around the world, including from other parts of Europe, did not attract fighters from Kosovo in any significant numbers, despite their even closer proximity and potential geostrategic interest in fighting Serbia. [...]

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SLOVENIA: From Conversion to Jihad: Contemporary Janissaries – A Slovenian Case Study

Author(s): Simona Hrastnik Čuček / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

As the Syrian crisis has escalated, Slovenia – like a number of European countries – has faced the departure of volunteers for Middle Eastern battlefields. There has been a growing interest among young members of local radical Salafi associations to engage in jihad, which compelled the first two such departures of young men, both converts, in the summer of 2013. They were followed by a third in October of that same year. The radicalization of these young men occurred very quickly, with less than a year passing between their conversion to Islam and their departures for foreign conflict zones. These cases serve as proof that the radicalization process can be expedited by aggressive religious propaganda, particularly that viewed on the Internet, which keeps adherents up-to-date on and personally invested in the situation in Syria and Iraq. The Internet is also the platform of choice for extremist activities of almost any type that address people in their local languages, as part of an effort to spread propaganda. [...]

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An Investigation on the Turkish Religious Foundation of the UK (Diyanet)

Author(s): Yakup Çoştu,Feyza Ceyhan Çoştu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

People referred to as Turkish immigrants in Britain are comprised of Turks, Kurds emanating from the borders of the Turkish Republic and Turkish Cypriots. Turkish Cypriots migration to Britain started in the 1940s following the World War II and increased throughout the 1960s (Ladbury 1977; Robins & Aksoy 2001). Turkish migration from mainland Turkey to Britain started in the early 1970s (Mehmet Ali 2001; Issa 2005). Ethnic Kurds from Turkey began to immigrate in larger numbers during the late 1980s and early 1990s, often seeking refuge and asylum status (Robins & Aksoy 2001; Atay 2006). These increasing waves of migration have resulted in a significant social and cultural presence within British society (Çoştu, 2013a).

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Fransa’da Müslüman Kadınlar ve Feminist Hareketler

Author(s): Şirin Dilli,Senem Gürkan‬ / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Batı merkezli tarihsel feminist hareket, seksenli yıllarda İspanya gibi bir-çok Avrupa ülkesinde güçlenirken (Andújar, 2014; Nash, 2004) Fransa gibi diğer Avrupa ülkelerindeki yeni feminist akımlar hegemonyacı feminist teoriyi ve uygulamayı yeniden tanımlamaya başlamış ve tartışmaya açmıştır (Badran, 2010).

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Göçmen Radikalizmi ve Göçmen Nihilizmi Üzerine. Ortadoğu’dan Türkiye’ye Göçler Üzerine Düşünceler

Author(s): Mehmet Evkuran / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Hangi nedenle olursa olsun göç, sadece bir ‘yer değiştirme’ değildir. İnsanlar üzerinde derin ve kalıcı izler bırakır. Göç eden insan ve guruplar, dünyayı ve kendi değerlerini kökten bir yeniden gözden geçirmeye zorlanırlar. Bu radikal pozisyon, evdeki rahat ve huzurun bozulmasının bir sonucu-dur. Göç, eğer iç savaş gibi travmatik olaylardan kaynaklanıyorsa, değerlerin alt üst oluşuna da yol açabilir. Ya da tam karşıtı değer ve inançlara radikal dönüşlere de neden olabilir. Nihilizm ile radikalizm arasında bocalayan göçmen, bu sorunu aşmak için çeşitli yollar denemek durumundadır.

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Göç Olgusunun Dinsel ve Mezhepsel Kimlikler Üzerindeki Etkisi

Author(s): Sıddık Korkmaz / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Göç olgusunun dinsel ve mezhepsel kimlikler üzerindeki etkileri ve bu etkilerin tarihsel örnekleri nelerdir? Buna ilaveten tarihsel bir realite olan göç olgusunun iyi tahlil edilebilmesi için ne gibi hususlar göz önünde bulundurulmalıdır? Bu olgunun insan üzerindeki etkisi din ve mezhep anlayışına yansımaları nasıl olmaktadır? şeklindeki sorular, cevaplarını arayacağımız hususlardandır.

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Avusturya’da Türkler: Göçmenlik, Etnisite ve Din

Author(s): Ahmet Çekin / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Birinci Dünya Savaşı’ndan sonra üretim kapasitesini yeniden harekete geçiren Avrupa ülkeleri, İkinci Dünya Savaşı’na kadar yerli iş gücüyle kalkınmalarını devam ettirmişlerdir. İkinci Dünya Savaşı başlayınca savaşın öngörülenden daha uzaması ve erkeklerin büyük çoğunluğunun askere alınmaları sebebiyle kadın işçiler devreye sokulmuştur. Savaş sonunda oluşan nüfus dengesizliği, kadın işçilerin ağır sanayi koşullarında ihtiyaç duyulan işgücünü karşılamasına yetmemiştir. Bir yandan sanayinin çarklarını döndürmek, diğer yandan da savaşın yıkıcı etkilerini ortadan kaldırarak ülkeleri yeniden inşa etmek için acil iş gücüne ihtiyaç duyulmuştur. Bu ihtiyacı karşılamak ve sanayi ülkelerinin eksilen nüfuslarını ikame etmek için yeni bir yol bulunmuştur: “misafir işçiler”. Bu amaçla Avrupa dışındaki ülkelerden işçi alımına başlanmıştır.

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Amerika'da Türkler: Göçmenlik, Etnisite ve Din

Author(s): Mustafa Bakırcı / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Göç ve göçmenlik kavramları, kişilerin kendi vatanlarını/ülkelerini bırakarak başka bir ülkeye/bölgeye yerleşmelerini ifade etmek için kullanılan kavramlardır. Bugün dünyada her 33 kişiden birisi göçmen konumundadır. 2012 yılı itibariyle yaklaşık 214 milyon kişinin, doğduğu ülkeden başka bir ülkede yaşadığı ve bu sayının 2050 yılına kadar 404 milyona çıkacağı öngörülmektedir. Bu nedenle, göç ve buna bağlı olarak ortaya çıkan siyasî, dinî, kültürel ve ekonomik problemler, özellikle yoğun göç alan ve veren ülkelerin gündeminde önemli bir yer tutmaktadır (Giddens ve Sutton, 2016: 717). Birçok açıdan farklılıklar içeren, hatta bazen insanların hayal edemeyecekleri durumlarla karşılaşmalarına sebep olan göç olgusu hem göçmenler hem de ev sahibi ülke açısından birçok farklı konunun gündeme gelmesine neden olmaktadır.

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Engelsova misao o (ranom) hrišćanstvu kao preludijum za sociologiju religije

Author(s): Nataša Jovanović Ajzenhamer / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

Engels’s study of the origins and ethics of early Christianity is an autonomous sphere of study that is independent of his works with Karl Marx. In several stages, Engels engaged himself in a critical study of historical sources on Christianity, as well as in the study of the revolutionary potential of religious movements in different historical periods. In this paper, we will first reconstruct Engels’ thought of Christianity, and then we will answer the question of whether Engels’ religious studies can be included in the corpus of research of the sociology of religion? The benefits of this way of designing the research problem are twofold: on the one hand, the history of the sociology of religion may pay more attention to Engels’s work and conclusions, while, on the other, it draws attention to another relatively neglected aspect of independent Engels study.

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Engelsovo »Rano kršćanstvo«: model kako proleterskim pokretima mijenjati društvo

Author(s): Ivan Markešić / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

Friedrich Engels was philosopher, social theoretician, historian and journalist but also an incorrigible and an incorruptible heretic. In the society of religious-ideological obscurations he sought for truth and equality. To this end, relying on Bruno Bauer’s work on the historical origins of Christianity, he makes a comparison of the origins of the newly formed proletarian movement with the emergence of early Christianity, with the social, political and religious reasons for its emergence and survival as well as with the historical circumstances in which it from the unwanted became the desired state religion of the Roman Empire. With this text Engels wanted to sensitize so called “Christian” philosophical and theological public for his idea of creating a just society by the actions of emerging proletarian movements that were similar to the first steps of Christianity as a religion of slaves, freemen, oppressed and disenfranchised. However, societies of “real socialism” shows how great Engels’ illusion was.

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Friedrich Engels, reformacija i rano kršćanstvo - Kratki doprinos za dijalog marksista i kršćana

Author(s): Mislav Miholek / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

This paper presents several topics related to the person of Friedrich Engels. It shows the basics of the critique of the religion by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Also, the paper presents the historical relationship between Christianity and Marxism, the creation and development of dialogue between Christians and Marxists in the Sixties of the Twentieth Century around the world and in Croatia. Part of the paper is devoted to Engels‘ thoughts about the Reformation and the reformers like Martin Luther, Jean Calvin and Thomas Müntzer, as well as Engels‘ relationship to early Christianity. The work is based on various sources, works of theologians of different traditions, philosophers and sociologists.

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Conflicting Methodological Metaphors Pertaining to Sameness and Difference: Eliade and Deleuze in Dialogue

Author(s): Carl Olson / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In this paper, I propose to examine the postmodern challenge to hermeneutics exercised by historians of religions by using the hermeneutical method of Mircea Eliade as an example of an approach that has been used in Religious Studies scholarship. This hermeneutical method is compared to the postmodern approach of Gilles Deleuze and special attention will be focused on the importance of difference among postmodernists. We will witness that Eliade’s approach to the study of religion is shaped by fundamentals of Enlightenment philosophy and its representational mode of thinking that is evident in his use of the phenomenological method, intentionality, intuition, morphological classification, and his stress upon order over chaos instead of the simulacra discussed by numerous postmodern thinkers. It is possible, of course, to also find romantic thinking and the influence of Eastern Orthodox religiosity on Eliade’s thinking, but such considerations can be suspended for another paper. The phenomenological aspects of Eliade’s method presuppose a metaphysical stance and a coherence theory of truth, which are diametrically opposed to the overall postmodern position of Gilles Deleuze and his emphasis on difference. Moreover, this paper is narrowly focused on Eliade’s morphological classification expressed by the metaphor of a tree, which is compared to Deleuze’s rhizomatic method and its reliance on the metaphor of the root. This essay also compares the two thinkers on the problem of time and history because of their relationship to the hermeneutics of the two thinkers. Moreover, this paper examines the presuppositions of both positions and the advantages and disadvantages of these approaches for the future study of religion.

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Zašto i kako smo istraživali?

Author(s): Belinda Milanović / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Publication Year: 0

Koliko se poznajemo je istraživački projekt koji je realiziran u okviru Odjeljenja društvenih nauka Akademije nauka i umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine. Ovaj istraživački projekt je sociološko istraživanje međusobnog poznavanja studenata katolika, pravoslavnih i muslimana u BiH kao preduvjet za dijalog i izgradnju kulture mira. Rat vođen u Bosni i Hercegovini (1991—1995) u nekim periodima poprimio je i religijsko/konfesionalne karakteristike. Dovelo je to do još veće međusobne udaljenosti između katolika, pravoslavnih i muslimana (a u popisu 1991. godine 96,6 % stanovništva se tako samoidentificiralo).

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Koliko se (ne)poznajemo toliko smo tolerantni? Muslimanke i muslimani o sebi i drugima u Bosni i Hercegovini

Author(s): Zilka Spahić Šiljak / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Publication Year: 0

U ovom radu analiziramo koliko studentice i studenti koji se deklariraju kao muslimanke i muslimani poznaju sebe i svoju religijsku tradiciju, koliko prakticiraju islam, ali i koliko poznaju druge religijske tradicije u svom okruženju te kakve stavove imaju o svojim komšijama katolicima, pravoslavnim, jevrejima i onima koji se izjašnjavaju kao ateisti i agnostici. Građani Bosne i Hercegovine uglavnom žive u etnički i religijski podijeljenim i homogenim sredinama i mladi se socijaliziraju i obrazuju u takvom okruženju, uz religijsko konfesionalno obrazovanje koje pohađa većina djece. Sociološko istraživanje pod nazivom ”Koliko se poznajemo” ima za cilj pokazati da li u kojoj mjeri nepoznavanje vlastite a posebno religije/konfesije drugoga doprinosi socijalnog distanci, te da li je to prepreka dijalogu i izgradnji kulture mira. Stupanj religioznosti mladih je analiziran kroz ideološku, obrednu i intelektualnu dimenziju, kako bi se utvrdilo koja je razina religijske pismenosti. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju koje vrste autostereotipa muslimanke i muslimani imaju o sebi, uglavnom pozitivnih, u odnosu na druge, ali i koje vrste heterostereotipa imaju prema svojim komšijama. U konačnici, koliko muslimani kao najbrojniji u BiH (50,7 procenata ukupne populacije) pokazuju socijalnu distancu prema svojim komšijama jevrejima, katolicima i pravoslavnim, ali nereligioznim osobama, i koliko to utječe na njihovu opredijeljenost za prihvaćanje različitosti, a ne samo pasivnu toleranciju?

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