![Heritage Protection Measures and Propositions through the ”Ambulance for Monuments”. The Case of the Medieval Church of Strei (Hunedoara County)](/api/image/getissuecoverimage?id=picture_2018_47174.jpg)
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After the notorious persecution of its Khurasani protagonists, profiting from the political and ideological vacuum of the interregnum and the upsurge of the Shiite propaganda of the late 15th century, the Hurufi teaching penetrated Eastern and Central Anatolia, partly disguised under the tenets of different Batini indoctrinated groups, making these regions by the end of the century, its new stronghold. The main stage of the events became the Ottoman lands. Particularly in the years after the Ankara disaster of 1402, Asia Minor and the Balkans became a fertile soil for all unorthodox doctrines, especially those, like Hurufi one, nurturing apocalyptic or messianic expectations. Simultaneously, Persian and the Gurgani vernacular retreated before the Anatolian Turkish as its written medium. The paper concentrates on the exegetical attempts of the second generation of Fażl Allāh Astarābādī (d. 1394)’s disciples, in particular the first Turkish translations and commentaries on his seminal works.
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The series of events in Bosnia and Herzegovina during the early 1990s had an undeniable impact on society and contributed significantly to rupturing the continuity of popular and religious customs. In the meantime, social openness means that Bosniaks are increasingly exposed to religious and cultural influences from both the East and West. This situation has made it exceptionally diffcult to preserve the continuity of Bosniak religious customs. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate how the refraction of intercultural and inter-muslim influences in Bosnia and Herzegovina is reflected in Bosniak religious customs. The author therefore examines a selection of Bosniak religious customs related to the lifecycle: the birth of a child, marriage, and death, all of which show Bosniaks cleaving strongly to the regulations of Islam, with a gradual adoption of Western attainments and cultural values.
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The article analyses an Athonite poetical text which describes a conflict between the monasteries of Zographou and Chilandar over landed property situated inside the Holy Mountain. It refers to no place names, but pays special attention to the visit of a nameless Ottoman governor of Thessalonica, accompanied by the consuls of France, Russia and Austria, to Mount Athos. His intention was to solve the difference and to reconcile the two monasteries, but his efforts failed. He then granted a special document (ilam) to Zographou, and met an unnamed ex-patriarch of Constantinople in the monastery of Espigmenou. The authorized representatives of Zographou and Chilandar, Dositheos and Onouphrios, travelled to Constantinople in order to present the case to the sultan’s court, but during their stay in Istanbul cholera struck the city and the final decision was postponed until the end of the epidemy. Three Greek and two Turkish documents make it clear that Zographou and Chilandar were claiming the terrain of Giovantza on the northwest coast of Mount Athos as well as that the conflict was rather important for the two monasteries.
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The article focuses on problems relating to the Jewish community’s origin in medieval Tarnovo, the reasons that provoked the Bulgarian-Jewish conflict from the 1350ies and its aftermaths. The hypothesis that Tarnovo Jews originated from Byzantine and appeared in medieval Bulgarian capital at the end of the 12th century as manufacturers of silk is proposed. The religious clash from the 1350ies is ascribed to the influence exerted by some Talmudic anti-Christian texts on the local Jewish community, to the broken inner status-quo between Christians and Jews after the second marriage of the Bulgarian tsar Ivan Alexander and to the reactions of part of the Christian population against the breach of this status-quo.
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Review of: Mira Kolar-Dimitrijević - Ludwig STEINDORFF, Kroatien, Regensburg 2001., Verlag Friedrich Pustet, 272 str.
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The aim of this paper is to provide a starting point for a comparison between the four edited versions of the Palaea Historica: the Greek one, the first Slavonic translation, the Romanian translation and the recently published second Slavonic translation. The four versions diverge from the very beginning, with the Greek and the first Slavonic translation providing a discussion on the Holy Trinity before moving on to God’s creation of the world, whereas the Romanian version omits the theological introduction and expands the cosmogonical portion with a paraphrase of Epiphanius’ Hexaemeron. The second Slavonic translation omits the entire description of the six days of creation in order to focus on Adam and the symbolic importance of his name. Another point of interest is the treatment of a fragment condemning the heretical view that Satan was Cain’s father, which is not conserved in the first Slavonic version and the Romanian versions.
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General works: Marcin Wołoszyn (ed.), Od Grodów Czerwieńskich do Linii Curzona. Dzieje środkowego Pobuża w wiekach średnich oraz postrzeganie formowania się wschodniej granicy Polski w historiografii XVIII–XXI wieku [From Cherven Towns to Curzon Line. The Lands on the Middle Bug during the Middle Ages and the Historiographic Perspective on the Formation of Poland’s Eastern Border, 18th–21st cc.], vols 1–2, Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii PAN, Kraków–Leipzig–Rzeszów–Warszawa, 2017, Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, Leibniz Institute for the History and Culture of Eastern Europe, 720+696 pp., indices; series: U źródeł Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej / Frühzeit Ostmitteleuropas, 1 Mateusz Ratyński, Jan Dębski (1889–1976). Polityk kompromisu [Jan Dębski (1889–1976): A Politician of Compromise], Warszawa, 2019, Muzeum Historii Polskiego Ruchu Ludowego, 414 pp., index of persons, bibliog., list of acronyms/abbreviations Marek Kornat and Rafał Łatka (eds), Polskie wizje i oceny komunizmu (1917–1989) [Polish Visions and Evaluations of Communism, 1917–1989], Warszawa, 2020, Instytut Historii im. Tadeusza Manteuffla Polskiej Akademii Nauk, Instytut Pamięci Narodowej – Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu, 384 pp., index of persons Wokół Pierwszego Marszałka Polski Józefa Piłsudskiego, męża stanu, wodza i bohatera narodowego [Studies on Józef Piłsudski, a Statesman, Soldier, and National Hero], ed. by Aleksander Smoliński and Jarosław Durka, Toruń, 2020, Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika, 348 pp., 16 ills Marta Kubiszyn, Niepamięć – post-pamięć – współpamięć. Zagłada lubelskich Żydów jako przedmiot kultury pamięci [Oblivion – Post-Memory – Co-Memory: The Annihilation of the Jews of Lublin as an Object of Remembrance Culture], Lublin, 2019, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej, 238 pp., index of names, bibliog., ills, list of ills, English sum. Wojciech Drelicharz, Unifying the Kingdom of Poland in Medieval Historiographic Thought, transl. Anna Skucińska, Kraków, 2019, Towarzystwo Naukowe Societas Vistulana, 477 pp., bibliog., maps, indices, ills, list of abbreviations Kamil Kajkowski, Obrzędowość religijna Pomorzan we wczesnym Średniowieczu. Studium archeologiczne [The Religious Rites and Rituals of Early Medieval Pomeranians. An Archaeological Study], Wrocław, 2019, Wydawnictwo Chronicon, 494 pp., indices of local names and supernatural beings, English sum., ills, maps, bibliog Stanisław Rosik, The Slavic Religion in the Light of 11th- and 12th-Century German Chronicles (Thietmar of Merseburg, Adam of Bremen, Helmold of Bosau). Studies on the Christian Interpretation of Pre-Christian Cults and Beliefs in the Middle Ages, transl. Anna Tyszkiewicz, Leiden–Boston, 2020, Brill, 442 pp., bibliog., indices, figures, map; series: East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 450–1450, 60 Adrian Jusupović, Kronika halicko-wołyńska (Kronika Romanowiczów) w latopisarskiej kolekcji historycznej [The Halychian-Volhynian Chronicle (the Romanovych Chronicle) in the letopis Historical Collection], Kraków, 2019, Instytut Historii PAN – Avalon, 208 pp., bibliog., English sum., index of persons, geographical and ethnic names, ills Andrzej Karpiński, in cooperation with Emil Kalinowski and Elżbieta Nowosielska, Pożary w miastach Rzeczypospolitej w XVI–XVIII wieku i ich następstwa ekonomiczne, społeczne i kulturowe. Katalog [Fires in the Cities of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries and Their Economic, Social and Cultural Consequences. A Catalogue], Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, Warszawa, 2020, 334 pp. Anna Grześkowiak-Krwawicz (ed.), „Najwyższa Pani swoich praw”. Idee wolności, niepodległości i suwerenności Rzeczypospolitej 1569–1795 [“The Supreme Lady of Her Rights”. The Ideas of Freedom, Independence and Sovereignty of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 1569–1795], Warszawa, 2019, Muzeum Historii Polski, Polskie Towarzystwo Badań nad Wiekiem Osiemnastym, Wydawnictwo Instytutu Badań Literackich PAN, 345 pp., index of persons Piotr Ugniewski (ed.), „Skłócony naród, król niepewny, szlachta dzika”? Polska stanisławowska w świetle najnowszych badań [“Nation Conflicted, King Uncertain, Noblemen Savage”? Poland under King Stanislaus Augustus in the Light of Recent Research], Warszawa, 2020, Wydawnictwo Neriton, Muzeum Historii Polski, 282 pp., 4 ills in colour Dorota Malczewska-Pawelec and Tomasz Pawelec, Karol Szajnocha. Codzienność, kobiety, historiografi a [Karol Szajnocha. Everyday Life, Women, Historiography], Katowice, 2019, Uniwersytet Śląski, 284 pp., personal index, English and German sum. Grzegorz Kucharczyk (ed.), Pierwsza niemiecka okupacja: Królestwo Polskie i kresy wschodnie pod okupacją mocarstw centralnych 1914–1918 [The First German Occupation: the Kingdom of Poland and the Eastern Borderland Occupied by the Central Powers, 1914–1918], Warszawa, 2019, Instytut Historii PAN, 872 pp., index of persons, German sum. Metamorfozy społeczne [Social Metamorphoses], xxii: Wokół nowej syntezy dziejów Drugiej Rzeczypospolitej [Around a New Synthetic Review of the History of the Second Republic of Poland], ed. by Włodzimierz Mędrzecki, Warszawa, 2019, IH PAN, 192 pp., notes on authors, index of persons Dziennik Stanisława Borkowskiego, konserwatywnego ziemianina z jędrzejowskiego Lipna (1919–1921) [The Diary of Stanisław Borkowski, a Conservative Landowner from Lipno, County of Jędrzejów (1919–1921)], ed. by Mariusz Nowak, Kielce, 2019, Kieleckie Towarzystwo Naukowe, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jana Kochanowskiego, LXXXI + 201 pp., bibliog., webography, index Edyta Majcher-Ociesa, Interwencjonizm państwowy w przemyśle Drugiej Rzeczypospolitej w latach 1930–1939 [State Interventionism in the Industry of the Second Republic of Poland (1930–1939)], Kielce, 2019, Kieleckie Towarzystwo Naukowe, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jana Kochanowskiego, 439 pp., tables, list of tables, bibliog., index of persons, English sum. Piotr M. Majewski, Kiedy wybuchnie wojna? 1938. Studium kryzysu [When Will the War Break Out? 1938: A Study of the Crisis], Warszawa, 2019, Wydawnictwo Krytyki Politycznej, 458 pp., bibliog., ills, index; series: Seria historyczna, 36 Marek Rodzik, Polska a Wielka Brytania: od kryzysu sudeckiego do 15 marca 1939 roku [Poland and Great Britain: From the Sudeten Crisis to 15 March 1939], Warszawa, 2019, Instytut Pamięci Narodowej – Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu, 175 pp., bibliog., index of persons, list of acronyms/abbreviations, English sum.; series: Monografie, 141 Gustaw Herling-Grudziński and Jerzy Giedroyć, Korespondencja [Correspondence], i: 1944–1966; ed. by Włodzimierz Bolecki (chief editor), Sylwia Błażejczyk-Mucha, Andrzej Stanisław Kowalczyk, Aleksandra Siwek, Violetta Wejs-Milewska, Marzena Woźniak-Łabieniec, Mirosław Wójcik, and Marek Żebrowski, Kraków, 2019, Wydawnictwo Literackie, 900 pp., index, reproductions, ills; series: Dzieła zebrane. Gustaw Herling-Grudziński, 12
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This paper reviews five texts regarding Padmasambhava, which were written before Zangs gling ma (dBa' bzhed and four manuscripts discovered in Dunhuang – Pelliot tibétain 44, IOL Tib 321, IOL Tib J 644 and Pelliot tibétain 307), in an attempt to outline a historical portrait of Padmasambhava, different from the mythologized portrait shaped by Zangs gling ma and the revealed biographies following it.
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A stereoscopic view on a particular historical event, in which contemporary assessments are combined with mental stereotypes of a medieval man, allows a slightly different assessment of the chronicle plot about the posthumous “baptism of bones” of Oleg and Yaropolk, Princes of Kyivan Rus, in 1044. While from theological positions it is perceived as an absurdity and a direct violation of the rules of the church, in the Middle Ages this act did not contradict the mass religious beliefs. From an ethical point of view, the action of Yaroslav the Wise was regarded as concern for the souls of the ancestors who died pagans and therefore did not claim for the salvation. The soteriological optimism that prevailed in the eleventh century in countries of the late Christianization, including Kyivan Rus, gave hope that living people were able to influence the fate of the souls of the dead. From a political point of view, the baptism of the ashes of the ancestors and their reburial in the family tomb of the Princes of Kyiv in the Church of the Tithes was aimed at expanding the circle of heavenly patrons and protectors of the princely dynasty, expanding the period of the Christian history of Kyivan Rus, and, as a result, legitimizing the power of Yaroslav the Wise.
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This study looks at bells and bell ringing in the medieval Balkans byfocusing on historical Serbia and Bulgaria. It provides a comprehensive view of the use of bells for religious purposes from the thirteenth century until the early Ottoman period. The evidence examined is organised in two parts; the first one deals with written sources while the second is a catalogue of church bells preserved in the region under study. Dated to the thirteenth, fourteenth and fifteenth century, some of these instruments are recent discoveries while others are not well known among scholars. This is the first time that most extant bells from the region are analysed together, offering the opportunity to trace the development of these artefacts in the Balkans. In a third section the information from written sources and actual bells is discussed in conjunction.
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Monasticism appeared in the Church as an organised community after 313, i.e. after Christianity gained freedom. In Croatia, monasticism was also influenced by the West and the East, the Western and Eastern Churches, i.e. the Catholic and Orthodox Churches. Monasticism in Senj and the surroundings remained faithful to the West, however, it inherited the Glagolitic script and Old Slavic (Old Croatian) worship from the Eastern heritage, due to which it played an important role of local, national and even global proportions. The Benedictines came to the Senj area in the 12th century and had their abbeys in Sveti Juraj, Senjska Draga and Senj. The Templars also came to Senj in the 12th century, the Franciscans a century later, and the Dominicans in the 14th century. The Pauline monasteries in Ljubotina (today Spasovac) and Vlaška Draga (today Sveta Jelena) date from the 14th century, and their presence in Senj itself was recorded in 1634. Around 1622, the Augustinians operated in Senj for a short time. When it came to material support for the monks, the Frankopans stood out in particular, and after them were King Matthias Corvinus and his successors on the throne. Of the women’s religious communities that appeared later, the activities of the Sisters of Charity (in the 19th and 20th centuries), the Sisters of the Sacred Heart of Jesus (in the 20th century), the Sisters of the Immaculata (in the 20th century) and the Franciscans (also in the 20th century) were noted in Senj. The religious communities in this area made a great contribution in a religious sense, as well as in education, the spread of literacy and culture, and the development of the economy and construction. With the departure of the Sisters of the Sacred Heart of Jesus from Senj in 1997, the thousand-year continuity of monastic life and work in Senj and its immediate surroundings was interrupted.
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The study is mostly based on the writings of Father Arthur Droulez of Congregation of the Mission. Special attention is paid on his accounts about the Bulgarian Uniates in Macedonia, published recently (1839–1939) in French. The main themes are presented, supplemented by information newly obtained from the private Bulgarian archives.
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The article debates the issues of the personalist-communitarian concept of social life presented by Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński in the context of the political and social transformations taking place in Poland in the post-war decades. In his praxeological approach, Wyszyński perceives the breakdown of the Christian community and morality as the primary social problem caused by the destructive influence of a human being inscribed in the ideology of collectivism and individualism. Therefore, the above article analyzes the specifics of “incomplete” concepts of man, as well as criticizes the doctrines responsible for the adverse effects of the socio-political changes taking place in the post-war decades of Polish history. This paper also proposes ways in which contemporary models of social life can shape the socio-political reality based on a genuinely humanistic vision of man and citizen.
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This article discusses the original translation style of St. Euthymius the Athonite (10th11th centuries), a great Georgian monk working in the Iviron Monastery of Athos (Greece), which was called an ‘omission-addition style’ in the scientific literature, and was entirely conditioned not by linguistic but by cultural-religious context. The main goal of the article is to examine that unique phenomenon we are dealing with in the form of his translations, that sheds light on how a translator may turn linguistic tools into cultural vectors of a society, a country, determining the main path for spiritual and intellectual development of the nation in a particular historical epoch and along the centuries. From the rich Greek theological literature, Euthymius the Athonite selected for translation those works that would best reflect the knowledge accumulated in that field at the time, and presented them to Georgian readers, still less knowledgeable in theological matters, in such a way that would best suit them and strengthen their Christian faith, on the one hand, and introduce them to the advanced Western thought, on the other. Research focus is on the translations of theological content. Based on the comparative analysis of the Greek-Georgian texts, I examine those methods and means that Euthymius the Athonite used to keep the Georgian nation from possible religious threats, misunderstandings, and difficulties that accompanied the misinterpretation of religious texts in the Middle Ages. Euthymius the Athonite laid a solid foundation for the process of Europeanization of Georgian literature and culture, which his descendants continued with dignity.
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“The Law on Freedom of Religion or Beliefs and Legal Status of Religious Communities of 27 December 2019 is becoming a problem of “national survival”. The Serbian Orthodox Church (SOC) has not shared or accepted the efforts of the authorities in Podgorica to establish a Montenegrin identity. The authorities have qualified the attacks on the law as a challenge to Montenegro’s national, cultural and religious identity. The opposition claims that the Law is an offhand attempt to expropriate lucrative church properties. SOC has organized mass protests “in defense of the holy places against lawlessness”. Citizens are forced to choose among religious affiliation, national identity and affiliation to patronage networks. In 2020 the ruling party suffered its first electoral defeat in the past 30 years. The new government repealed the contentious provisions on church properties. Nevertheless, the dramatic “conflict of identities” in Montenegro remains unresolved.
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The article is devoted to the 1934 philosophical and historical essay by Petar Mutafchiev entitled The Priest Bogomil and St. John of Rila. The Spirit of Negation in Our History (Поп Богомил и Свети Иван Рилски. Духът на отрицанието в нашата история), discussed in the context of both the author’s general historiographic output and the spiritual and cultural explorations of Bulgarian intellectuals in the interwar period. The study examines certain external influences on Mutafchiev’s scholarly work, first and foremost Benedetto Croce’s views on ‘absolute historicism’. It also investigates three central historiosophic concepts of the Bulgarian medievalist: 1) the ‘saltatory’ development of Bulgarian history, 2) the destructive impact of Byzantinism on the political, religious and cultural life of medieval Bulgaria, as well as 3) the superficial character of the Bulgarian people’s religion – the effect of receiving ‘foreign’ Christianity from the very same Byzantine hands. In this regard, Bogomilism appears to be an ‘external’ doctrine, having incorporated older dualist ideas, which passed through Byzantium and therefore also reflected the destructive Byzantinism to some extent. Mutafchiev’s original conception goes off the beaten paths of earlier views and testimonies, attesting to the excellency of both the essay itself and the historian’s overall vision of Bulgarian history.
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To understand a religious tradition, it is very important to know the socio-cultural accumulation of the community, which has that religious tradition, such as folklore, mythology, literature, and art. This is because ethnological data are used to understand and interpret the actions, mutual relations, belief systems, religious societies and institutions, rituals and customs of religious people or people with a religious tradition. In the light of these data, literary works that mirror the society in particular reflect the human understanding and worldview of their civilizations in a sense by revealing the quality of their relations with their individuals, society, culture and Creator. In this study, it is aimed to make a historical phenomenological comparison of two different worlds, namely the worldviews and cultures hidden behind these two literary texts by evaluating the perspectives of eastern and western cultures on human, society and socio-cultural life, which are revealed within the framework of Ḥayy and Robinson models.
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In this article I return to St. Marina, on whose folkloric image and faith I worked many years ago. My goal is to supplement my previous observations with new ones and to expand the territorial scope. Special attention is paid to the veneration of the saint’s sacred relics in the Mediterranean and the reactivation of her cult. I also consider the transformational models in the believers’ notions of the cave and nature, and the periodic renewal of those notions through archaization and return to archetypes personified in the cult of St. Marina.
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