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The role of collective identifications in family processes of post-trauma reconstruction: An exploratory study with Kurdish refugee families and their diasporic community

Author(s): Ruth Kevers,Peter Rober,Lucia De Haene / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2017

While collective identifications of diasporic Kurds have attracted considerable scholarly interest, their possible role in familial processes of post-trauma reconstruction has hardly been studied. The aim of this article is therefore to develop an explorative understanding of the deployment and meaning of collective identifications in intimate family contexts by examining the interconnectedness between the transmission of cultural and political belonging and post-trauma meaning-making and coping in Kurdish refugee families. After contextualising diasporic Kurds’ collective identifications through an ethnographic depiction of the Kurdish diasporic community in Belgium, this article reports on findings from a small-scale, exploratory study with five Kurdish refugee families in Belgium. Thematic analysis of family and parent interviews indicates how cultural and political identifications may operate as sources of (1) dealing with cultural bereavement and loss; (2) commemorating trauma; and (3) reversing versus reiterating trauma. Overall, this study’s findings support an explorative understanding of collective identifications as meaningful resources in families’ post-trauma reconstruction.

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Uczyć uczenia

Author(s): Marcin Zasada / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2017

The Katowice branch of the Institute of National Remembrance created its own model of regional education.

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Lights and Shadows of Social Movements: Constructing a Collective Identity in Post-Socialist Macedonia

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Lights and Shadows of Social Movements: Constructing a Collective Identity in Post-Socialist Macedonia

Author(s): Byeongsun Ahn / Language(s): English Issue: 04-05/2017

The article analyzes the construction of a post-ethnic collective identity in the 2014-2016Macedonian social movements. Instead of looking at the large-scale political changes as a yard stick for the success or failure of a social movement, it focuses on the cognitive process of collective identity and social action, in which heterogeneous individuals come together as a collective entity, learn to understand their grievances in collective terms and nurture a new sense of group-identity in relation to the external environment. It concludes that this process – based on shared memories of a collective struggle for the common interest against the common enemy – is to be understood as a fruitful outcome of a social movement that generates new movement biographies for a sustainable and permanent ‘we-ness’. In light of Bernd Simon’s and Bert Klanderman’s ‘tripod approach’ to collective identity, the contribution further argues that the success of a long-lasting social movement is based on creating a politically relevant collective identity that appeals to social bystanders in the general public. This inclusive and societal context beyond ethno-nationalist rhetoric was the driving force behind the success of the 2014-2016 social movements in Macedonia.

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We Are European Citizens, Are We Not? Keys to a Real Citizenship

Author(s): Serge Dufoulon / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2017

For the European Union (EU), increasingly questioned by its inhabitants, the issue of citizenship is becoming more and more prominent. Citizenship is what united the inhabitants of a city in antiquity or what continues to unite them in a modern nation today by defining rights and duties of citizens. In this particularly delicate situation of re-emergence of populism in the EU, should we not finally try to understand whether the notion of citizenship does not cover other cultural, territorial and socio-economic dimensions than those commonly accepted? In this sense, since Europe precedes the EU, this article proposes to revisit Europe in the light of its history, its common cultural heritage and its modes of consumption in order to explore other ways of European unification apparently abandoned by European elites, thus it providing the keys to effective citizenship.

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Issues of European Identity

Author(s): Marta Zágoršeková,Zuzana Mészárosová / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2017

The exclusion of the cultural policy from the process of harmonisation nowadays appears to be the weakest part of European integration. Both authority of institutions and states´ soft power has weakened. This paradoxically happened in spite of the fact that the member states´ cultural sovereignty itself has strengthened. Hence, in this paper the hypothesis of the extent to which political or cultural EU institutions use soft power as a tool for strengthening supranationality as to a certain extent higher degree of European citizens´ identity was examined. Two opposing paradigms of the theory of European integration – institutionalism and intergovernmentalism and their advantages and disadvantages were investigated. At the same time it was dealt with the question of institutional participation at the individual and group European citizens´ identity fostering. The results of the analysis were used to show the differences between cultural and civic identity as well as to examine the symptoms of the European cultural identity crisis. The paper proposed conditions which have to be met in order to achieve a basis for multicultural, tolerant European society without xenophobia or ethnocentrism and nationalism in its negative sense.

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Enclaving of European Community and the Aftermath of Pereat Mundus. The Dynamics of European Values in Polish Society

Author(s): Jacek H. Kołodziej / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2017

Values have been defined as salient and lasting beliefs shared by members of a culture about what is good or bad, desirable or undesirable, useful or useless. Together with norms, they exert influence on a person's behaviour by providing broad guidelines in all situations. Since 19th Century, various different value systems have been recognised. The main purpose if this study was to reconstruct the system of values shared by Polish society nowadays, in comparison to the system of values publicly declared by the EU leaders and institutions as the core ‘European’ ones. The analysis was based on a national representative survey carried out before the elections to the European Parliament in 2009 and 2014, with the aim of collecting spontaneous declarations on the meaning of European values. Afterwards, the value categorisation was made, followed by a semantic and collocation analyses to reconstruct the dynamics of the European axiology shared by Poles. The results showed that, in part, Polish value system goes hand in hand with the European normative discourse (with ‘freedom to travel’ at the top, and a high level of similarity encompassing the basic norms and goals like ‘solidarity’, ‘peace’, or ‘security’. However, a strong devaluation tendency of once important basic norms like ‘democracy’, or ‘tolerance’ was found. The analysis led to the conclusion that the most significant patterns of change can be attributed to the process of material instrumentalisation and pragmatic approach to abstract and high European values, being slowly replaced by the need for security and material satisfaction.

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The Role of Identity in the Contemporary Global Terrorist Movement

Author(s): Dominika Kosárová,Jaroslav Ušiak / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2017

Members of Islamist terrorist organisations share a common worldview stemming from the radical Islamist ideology, which is a pillar of their identity. Islamist identity emerged in response to specific events in Muslim countries; however, today it has an unprecedented ability to attract also Muslims living in the West. Radicalisation in a sense of ideological socialisation represents the process by which original Muslim identity may shift towards Islamist one. Theory of radicalisation thus will be used to explain the nexus between identity and terrorism. The aim of the article is to outline a trajectory between identity and terrorism and hence to identify possible reasons and patterns of Muslim radicalisation in two different settings: Muslim countries and Muslim diaspora in the West (Europe, in particular). This article points out that a perceived threat to identity is a driving force of Muslim radicalisation in Muslim countries, while a crisis of identity is crucial within Muslim community in the West. Potential catalysts and paths of radicalisation outlined in the article are important in order to understand the roots of Muslim rage and the emergence of terrorist threat, and consequently, they need to be considered in the counter-terrorist measures.

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Understand the European Identity through the Institutional Embeddedness Theory: The Case of the Crisis of Migrants/ Refugees

Author(s): Louis-Caleb Remanda / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2017

The present article aligns itself to numerous questions related to the effects of the 2015’s identity crisis bursting from side to side within the European Union. As the homogenous block is facing one of its biggest challenges in a form of a “migrants/refugees” crisis, an issue that is still difficult to control, the essay focuses on the role of European institutions as “value inhibitors” and crisis corporate managers”. As such, the available literature emphasized the institutional embeddedness theory to understand how European identity is already integrated (Granovetter, 1985) in the spirit of its members, particularly since the formation of the continental project since the 1990s. However, theoretical findings coming from three major research areas allow us to understand the construction of a socialized European Union. These areas are International relations (IR), Public Administration (PA) and Organizational Theory (OT). Research then processes on thematic and chronological analysis of secondary data (press articles, press releases from institutions, survey results) dealing with the issue of migration movement. Major findings highlight the lack of symbolisms inside institutions to raise their standards and place European Union as identity superpower, even though they take significant initiatives to use the refugees/migrants crisis, with one and only purpose: Strengthening social relations between the state-members of the Union

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Western Border Issues of Ukraine in Crisis: Transcarpathia, Border Interface with the European Union

Author(s): Etienne CIAPIN / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2017

Not much observed when all eyes are directed towards Kiev or the eastern regions of Ukraine, the westernmost Transcarpathian region is a direct border interface with the territory of the European Union. As such, it provides an alternative input to political sociology to grasp the current issues of the country. After a short historical and socio-economic contextualisation, the present study investigates the current border uses for the population with neighbouring European countries and the main contemporary lines of work for decision makers looking for a regional integration. This overview is based on data collected on site from field observations and interviews with the actors. Transcarpathia appears to be deeply impacted by the crisis that Ukraine is facing, though geographically distant. There, it particularly exacerbates the contradictions of a border and marginal space, caught between the distant hope of a full European integration and the discouragement of the lack of support from Kiev. The current European neighbourhood policy and the bilateral efforts of neighbouring states are also put to the test by the crisis, raising the question of resilience and political will.

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"MUSLIM by NATIONALITY" and the upcoming Neo-Ottomanism

Author(s): Ilie Iulian Mitran / Language(s): English Issue: 01/2017

The upcoming years are vital for the stability of the Balkans. The degree in which stability, or the lack thereof, will be present will highly depend on how well aligned are the political elites and intellectuals with the radical ideologies that are surfacing. A very firm act of disownment of radicalism that would come from the elites would raise some red flags among the mainstream society in regard to the danger that such ideologies pose. Even so, we must take into account, that in the case of states of the Balkans, information has more difficulties in reaching people in short time. This is mainly due to the rugged ter-rain, lack of efficient technology and poor infrastructure. The radicalization of Islam can be only perpet-uated through exploiting the weakest points of the local societies, mostly having to do with poverty and the lack opportunities for communal development. Using personal, material, gains as a means of twisting the minds of otherwise peaceful people and drawing them into fundamentalism is a technique that proved to be often efficient in the case of communities that are struggling with poverty. As time will progress, we will see the confrontation between the two Islamic traditions, now present in region, to be more visible, the future stability of the region will also be determined by which will gain the most ground.

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Unpacking Silence and Distortion: Mapping Misogyny in Serbia

Author(s): Marina Hughson / Language(s): English Issue: 7/2017

This paper aims to exhibit and discuss the outcomes of a major feminist project in Serbia, which lasted from 1998-2004, and resulted in two volumes, including more than 60 authors, under the title “Mapping Misogyny in Serbia: Discourses and Practices” (Vol. I, 2000 and Volume II, 2004). The project started after the defeat of civic protests in 1996-1997, when the civic movement in Serbia became largely discouraged in its efforts to overthrow Milošević, and was conceived and conducted with the purpose to empower and recover the feminist intellectual scene, which was at that time, severely disillusioned about the possibility of positive political and social change. The intellectual aim of the project was to deconstruct misogyny as a cultural practice and a discourse, in very different domains of social life, and at different social levels. The specificity of the project was that it was conceived and carried out as a ‘patchwork’ project in a post-modern sense: it was a multidisciplinary ‘patchwork’ project based on different genres, including essays and academic texts, as well as visual contributions. The nature of the project thus corresponded to the nature of the phenomena in question, misogyny, which takes many different forms. The contributions provided for theoretical steps towards a better understanding of the social phenomenology of misogyny and it created contextualized knowledge about the gender regime in Serbia.

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ИДЕИTE ЗА (ЈУЖНО)СЛОВЕНСКО ЕДИНСТВО И МАКЕДОНСКОТО ПРАШАЊЕ

Author(s): Valentina Mironska Hristovska / Language(s): Macedonian Issue: 69/2017

The idea of united Slavs existed through the Middle Age, but in the XIX century it became a leading one. This study deals with the development as well as the ideological changes of this idea. At the beginning of the XIX century all Slavic peoples accepted the idea Seslovenstvo (all Slavic peoples’ Union). This idea had its roots in the Cyril and Methodius tradition. It was based on their postulates for cultural and economic unity of all Slavic peoples, and that would be autonomous and equal without domination of any of them. Macedonian people, under the influence of Pan-Hellenism, accepted this idea in the name of “brotherhood” and “Slavism”. But when the process of founding the states and nations began, this idea dispersed into political projects with ideas for: Pan-Slavism, Illyrianism, Uniatism, Balkan federation, which united and divided the peoples of the Balkans at the same time. Macedonia became the object of interest of Greece, Serbia and Bulgaria on one hand, and of Russia and the Great powers on the other. The political situation was very difficult. Macedonian people were growing skeptical of Pan-Slavism. Russia opposed to the idea of entering a Union with the Catholic Church, an idea which was very popular in Macedonia in the 1850s. Macedonian people saw in it the realization of their desire for independence. The Macedonian intellectuals and revolutionaries started viewing the idea of a Balkan federation as a way out of the long years of slavery, a union of equality of the peoples living in it. In this aspect, the Macedonian, as well as European intellectuals were unanimous in their attitude: “There is no Balkan federation without autonomous Macedonia”. Macedonian people, giving priority to Macedonian national identity over the Slavic and South Slavic identities, began to increasingly believe only in themselves and their struggle for independence. Hence the idea for “separatism” with the slogan: “Macedonia for Macedonians”

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Nowe szanse antropologii polityki

Author(s): Jacek Wódz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2009

L’Auteur commence par un constat général concernant la recherche empirique en sciences politiques dans la Pologne de ces dernières années : le nombre de ces recheches est incontestablemenet très faible et, parmi celles qui sont menées, la plupart s’appuie sur une méthodologie quantitative. Les recherches de ce type visent à recouvrir le pays entier et produisent, en effet, une vision statistique s’adressant au « Polonais moyen » et faisant l’impasse sur bon nombre de dissemblances sociales, économiques et culturelles qui caractérisent les différentes régions et communautés territoriales du pays. Pourtant, la renaissance des vieilles identités culturelles régionales (là où cette identité a toujours été très forte; à l’exemple de la Haute Silésie) et l’engagement d’un processus particulièrement dynamique de construction de nouvelles identités culturelles régionales (là où elle était faible par le passé) constituent des résultats des plus manifestes de la démocratisation de la vie sociale. Par ailleurs, la reconnaissance des identités culturelles suit en Pologne un processus d’une récente envergure qui dote celles-ci d’une forme nouvelle politisée où « le culturel » fait ressurgir « le politique ». Cela est surtout observable aux niveaux des voïvodiesrégions car on trouve dans chacune d’elles une collectivité territoriale autogérée par un conseil de voïvodie (dietine - Sejmik) issu d’un scrutin démocratique. Cette politisation ouvre un véritable champ de travail pour des recherches de l’ordre de l’anthropologie politique car chaque cas de voïvodie devient spécial. Ainsi, les cas bien définis – tel celui la Haute Silésie où l’on a même noté des revendications dans le sens d’une autonomie culturelle – feront figure de cas spéciaux. Contexte dans lequel il devient impossible de saisir cette spécificité par le biais d’une approche qualitative. L’Auteur suggère alors la création, à côté des recherches quantitatives déjà existantes, d’une série de recherches qualitatives basées sur la méthodologie de l’anthropologie politique de manière à pouvoir compléter le tableau des résultats déjà obtenus dans le cadre des recherches quantitatives connus depuis 20 ans de la Pologne démocratique.

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Problem tożsamości politologii

Author(s): Czesław Mojsiewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2009

Każda dyscyplina naukowa dąży do zachowania tożsamości. Ramy dyscyplin są określone, np. w filozofii, socjologii, historii, ekonomii, psychologii, i w ich obrębie specjalizują się pracownicy, tak naukowi, jak i dydaktyczni. W nauce istnieje pojęcie pól naukowych kompetencji, a w ich ramach – problem naukowych specjalizacji – są dziedziny wiedzy i wąsko pojętych ram specjalizacji naukowej. W nich występują pola naukowej kompetencji i koncepcje specjalizacji naukowych. Historia pokazuje istnienie ściśle wytyczonych granic pól istniejących w całokształcie wiedzy o jednostce ludzkiej i społeczeństwie w poszczególnych jej dyscyplinach. To ogranicza występowanie tzw. omnibusów naukowych i dydaktycznych. W praktyce mamy do czynienia z problemem pola kompetencji naukowych i granic specjalności (specjalizacji). Występuje trudność w określeniu pogranicza między poszczególnymi dyscyplinami (pedagogika-psychologia, pedagogika-socjologia, pedagogika-filozofia, politologia-historia itp.). Jak wytyczyć granice podziału naukowych i dydaktycznych zainteresowań, działalności pracowników? Na tym tle stale toczą się spory i dyskusje.

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EUROPEAN IDENTITY VS. NATIONAL IDENTITY

Author(s): Ganka Cvetanova / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2011

The discussions regarding the significance and relevance of the identity represent an inevitable segment of the current sociological, anthropological and philosophical debates. On the other hand, the concept of the European identity formation is one the most relevant topic in the scientific and political sphere. There are several approaches or several aspects from which the European identity can be analyzed and defined as such. One of the existing definitions states that the European identity dwells on the idea of a cultural family. According to another definition, the European identity is founded on the idea of United Europe. Very often, European identity is equated with “universal values”, such as individualism, social cohesion and tolerance. Defined in such manner, European identity is transferred to the sphere of politics and it is given a political dimension i.e. it becomes a political identity. This paper examines comparatively the patterns and basis of European identity formation and national identity formation, using an approach based primarily on nationalist theory with special emphasis on cultural aspects. In other words, for the purposes of this paper the nationalist theory is the one that is providing a framework for the analysis of European identity formation. The paper is focusing also on the sustainability of European vs. national identity.

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RELIGION AND NATIONAL IDENTITY IN MONO-CONFESSIONAL AND MULTI-CONFESSIONAL COUNTRIES IN EUROPE AND IN THE BALKANS

Author(s): Nonka Bogomilova,Ružica Cacanovska / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2011

In this paper, the authors will firstly analyze the different places and role of religion in relation to national identity, subject to the prevalence of one or more religions. Secondly, in this context the authors will pay due attention to the role of religion in relation to the historically shaped either strong or weak connection developed between religion and the ethnos. Based on the analysis of the available empirical material, the authors will draw conclusions on the ambivalent potential of religion regarding national identity, depending on the combination of both of the abovementioned factors. The conclusion remarks will be illustrated by two case studies, of Macedonia and Bulgaria in order to notice and to elaborate the specificities and similarities of the basic topic of this paper.

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National identities and socio-economic development in European Union

Author(s): Cezar Teclean / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

This paper analyses the relationship between identity and level of socio-economic development in the member states of the European Union. This work is an empirical study which uses original data on the number of national mottos and country logos, GDP/ Capita and Human Development Index (HDI) for 2016 disaggregated by states of the EU28. Our findings suggest the existence of a symmetrical interdependence between the consistency of national identities and the degree of socio-economic development, between which there is a relative territorial overlap. We attempt to demonstrate that the symmetry of their arrangement with each other maps out a community-wide asymmetry, resulting in a territorial cohesion deficit and segregated segregation of the Union, generating an asymmetric European Union with more identity-development speeds.

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Multikulturalizam i kulturni identitet

Author(s): Irena Musa / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 3-4/2011

Ovaj tekst bavi se pojmom multikulturalizma koji je kanadski proizvod kojem je trebalo manje od tri desetljeća da postane prepoznatljiv dio političkih i akademskih rasprava koje se odnose na karakter suvremenih društava. Multikulturalizam kao eksplicitna politika zaštite partikularnih kultura i kulturnih identiteta materijalizira se u obliku posebnih programa najprije u Kanadi i Australiji, potom u Velikoj Britaniji, SAD, itd. Posljednjih godina multikulturalizam se dovodi u pitanje, napada se i s desna i s lijeva. Američki konzervativni kritičari u multikulturalnom obrazovanju vide narušavanje nacionalnog jedinstva, “balkanizaciju”američke republike. Između zagovornika i protivnika multikulturalizma na svjetskoj razini vode se oštre debate, ali ih je sve manje. Trebamo li multikulturalizam i probleme na koje ukazuje zaboraviti.

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Românii și idealurile lor politice din perspectiva unui soldat german din trupele de ocupație (1916–1918)

Author(s): Eugenia Bârlea / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 57/2018

In the month of December 1916, one of the thousands German soldiers who came with the army of occupation in the defeated Romania had been keeping a diary from the beginning of the war. The greater part of this diary is dedicated to the time he spent in Romania, in Bărăgan and Bucharest. The author, a jurist and an intellectual, while working in the units tasked with population's control and requisition or sightseeing in Bucharest, was always in direct contact with the people among he was living and whom he described with kindness and compassion. His rich observations, his criticism of the war and his sympathy for the Romanians, for their traditions, customs and for their political ideals made his diary the most important source for time of the occupation seen through the eyes of German soldier.

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Global Contemporary Terrorism on the Platform of Identity

Author(s): Ivan Predraga Petrović / Language(s): English Issue: 21/2017

Today, when the positive and negative consequences of globalization are united, the reformation of “old values” strives for the creation of unique identities. These processes in themselves contain multiple challenges, which may call into question personal, collective, religious, cultural and national identity. The basis of personal identity always has the need to show its limits to the world and people. Its organization is the perception of itself as a different being, in accordance with itself, and separate from others. It shows the relative consistency in behavior and experiencing oneself. It slowly changes throughout life, and it reflects the stages through which the individual passes. The human being strives to establish identity in the collective identity as well in order to find the meaning of life. The religious segment of the identity combines national affiliation and the denomination as an inseparable dyad. Cultural identity, a part of a self-consciousness of a group emerges and develops depending on the criteria that this group establishes in relations with other social groups. In the end, the need to define someone as a member of his state is in the personal identity segment, with multiple roots. The danger of losing identity in globalization processes gives terrorism a new dimension. This kind of terrorism does not know cross-border and regional elements; it is global, more targeted, unpredictable, more organized, and its diffusion gives a new dimension to threats. Given that modern terrorism has these characteristics and that its consequences are multiplied, the essence of this paper explains the deep dimension of terrorism in which motivational terrorist base lies the acquisition, preservation and defense of identity on the basis of religion, culture and nationality, and the defense of individual and/ or collective identity in terroristic activity, and caused by the negative consequences of globalization.

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